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Angelo Codevilla
Angelo Codevilla
Angelo Codevilla
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Angelo Maria Codevilla (May 25, 1943 – September 20, 2021) was an Italian American professor of international relations at what is now the Pardee School of Global Studies at Boston University. He served as a United States Navy officer, a foreign service officer, and professional staff member of the Select Committee on Intelligence of the United States Senate.[2] Codevilla's books and articles range from French and Italian politics to the thoughts of Machiavelli and Montesquieu to arms control, war, the technology of ballistic missile defenses, and a broad range of international topics. Articles by Codevilla have appeared in Commentary, Foreign Affairs, National Review, and The New Republic. His op-eds have appeared in The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, The American Spectator and The Washington Post.[3] He has also been published in Political Science Reviewer, Intercollegiate Review, and Politica.[1]

Key Information

Early life and education

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Angelo Maria Codevilla was born on May 25, 1943, in Voghera, Italy,[4] son of Angelo (a businessman) and Serena (Almangano) Codevilla. He emigrated to the United States in 1955, and became a United States citizen in 1962.

He graduated from Rutgers University in 1965, having studied natural sciences, languages, and politics. After receiving a Ph.D. in 1973 from Claremont University Center, Codevilla began to teach political science.[1]

Career

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In 1977, Codevilla joined the U.S. Foreign Service but quickly transitioned to Capitol Hill, where he served on the staff of the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence as an aide to Senator Malcolm Wallop, a position he would hold until 1985. During this time, he also began teaching political philosophy at Georgetown University.

By 1980, Codevilla was appointed to the teams preparing the presidential transition for the United States Department of State and the Central Intelligence Agency.[5][3][6] His contributions to national security included helping to conceive the technology programs that, in 1983, were relabeled the Strategic Defense Initiative. Throughout his time in government, Codevilla published on intelligence and national security and taught.

In 1985 Codevilla returned to full-time academic life as a senior research fellow at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University. He was professor of international relations at what is now the Pardee School of Global Studies at Boston University from 1995 to 2008.

Political and social views

[edit]

Codevilla held conservative views, advocating non-interference by government in public life.[7]

Pollard case

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While acknowledging that Jonathan Pollard was guilty of espionage, Codevilla was one of many who publicly objected on procedural and substantive grounds to the life sentence given the convicted Israeli spy. In 1984, Pollard had sold numerous closely guarded state secrets, including the National Security Agency's ten-volume manual on how the U.S. gathers its signal intelligence, and disclosed the names of thousands of people who had cooperated with U.S. intelligence agencies.[8] He admitted shopping his services—successfully, in some cases—to other countries.[9] In 1987, he was sentenced to life in prison for violations of the Espionage Act. He was released on November 20, 2015, and moved to Israel.

On November 5, 2013, Codevilla wrote to then-President Barack Obama concerning Pollard. He stated, "Others have pointed out that Pollard is the only person ever sentenced to life imprisonment for passing information to an ally, without intent to harm America, a crime which normally carries a sentence of two to four years; and that this disproportionate sentence in violation of a plea agreement was based not on the indictment but on a memorandum that was never shared with the defense. This is not how American Justice is supposed to work." He further stated that his opinion, as those of DCI James Woolsey, former Attorney general Michael Mukasey, and former Senator Dennis DeConcini, is based on a thorough knowledge of the case. Codevilla concluded, "having been intimately acquainted with the materials that Pollard passed and with the 'sources and methods' by which they were gathered, I would be willing to give expert testimony that Pollard is guilty of neither more nor less than what the indictment alleges."

In a contemporaneous interview with The Weekly Standard, Codevilla said that, "The story of the Pollard case is a blot on American justice", and that the life sentence "makes you ashamed to be an American."[10][11][12][13][14]

Personal life and death

[edit]

Codevilla married Ann Marie Blaesser on December 31, 1966. His children are David, Peter, Michael, Elizabeth, and Thomas. He served in the United States Navy Reserve 1969–1971, leaving active duty as a lieutenant, junior grade. He received the Joint Service Commendation Medal.[1][5] Codevilla died in a car accident in Tracy, California, on September 20, 2021, at the age of 78.[4]

Selected publications

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Books
Articles

See also

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References

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[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Angelo Codevilla

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Angelo Maria Codevilla (May 25, 1943 – September 20, 2021) was an Italian-American political scientist, professor emeritus of international relations at , and senior fellow at the , whose scholarship and writings dissected the dynamics of power in the United States, particularly the ascendancy of a detached over the interests of ordinary citizens, while advocating a prudent, ends-focused approach to and . Born in , , Codevilla emigrated to the with his family in 1955 at age twelve, later earning a B.A. from , an M.A. from the , and a Ph.D. in , U.S. , and political theory from Claremont Graduate School. His early career included service as a U.S. naval officer and , followed by roles in intelligence oversight as staff for the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (1977–1985) under Senator and on President Ronald Reagan's State Department transition team. Codevilla's intellectual contributions spanned fifteen books—such as War: Ends and Means (1989), The Character of Nations (1997), and Advice to War Presidents (2009)—and dozens of essays, most notably his 2010 American Spectator piece "America's —And the Perils of Revolution," which popularized the distinction between a bipartisan unified by progressive , credentialism, and administrative control, and a diverse " class" adhering to traditional American norms and . This framework highlighted how the 's policies eroded republican virtues and fueled domestic estrangement, influencing later critiques of institutional overreach and populist realignments. In , Codevilla applied , faulting U.S. intelligence agencies for politicized analyses and strategic myopia, while arguing for limited wars aimed at clear political ends rather than or indefinite commitments, as evidenced in his assessments of threats like Saddam Hussein's . His tenure as a Hoover Institution senior research fellow and frequent contributor to the underscored a commitment to first-principles reasoning over ideological conformity, often positioning him at odds with prevailing academic and policy consensuses.

Early Life and Education

Immigration and Family Background

Angelo Maria Codevilla was born on May 25, 1943, in , a town in near , to parents Angelo Codevilla and Serena Almangano Codevilla. His father, who worked in the printing business, died before his birth, leaving Codevilla and his mother in postwar economic hardship amid II's aftermath in . As a child, Codevilla experienced severe enough that he recounted stealing fruit from orchards to stave off . In 1955, at the age of 12, Codevilla emigrated with his mother to the , settling initially in areas like , where he navigated the challenges of assimilation as an Italian immigrant family. This move marked a pivotal shift from wartime scarcity to opportunities in America, fostering in Codevilla a lifelong toward his adopted country, which he later described as a refuge that enabled his rise from penniless immigrant origins. He became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1962, solidifying his commitment to American institutions despite his foreign birth.

Academic Formation

Codevilla earned a degree from in 1965, during which he studied physics. He then pursued graduate studies at the , obtaining a degree. Codevilla completed his doctorate at Claremont Graduate School, receiving a Ph.D. focused on , U.S. , and political theory. This academic trajectory equipped him with interdisciplinary expertise bridging natural sciences, philosophy, and , informing his later analyses of power dynamics and strategy.

Professional Career

Government and Intelligence Service

Codevilla served as a United States Navy officer early in his career. Following his naval service, he joined the , working as a in the Department of State. In the late 1970s, Codevilla transitioned to Capitol Hill, serving as a professional staff member on the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence from approximately 1977 to 1985, primarily under Senator Malcolm Wallop (R-WY). In this role, he focused on oversight of the U.S. intelligence community's budget, operations, and quality, conducting rigorous inquiries into agencies such as the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). His work involved scrutinizing intelligence performance and advocating for reforms to enhance effectiveness, often challenging bureaucratic inefficiencies and politicization within the services. Codevilla collaborated with key figures including CIA Director William Casey and contributed to presidential transition preparations for the State Department and CIA around 1980. During his Senate tenure, Codevilla was offered senior positions at the CIA on multiple occasions but declined them, preferring the oversight role that allowed him to critique and push for accountability in operations. His approach emphasized the need for intelligence services to prioritize imperatives over institutional , drawing from his firsthand experience to argue for more capable, less compromised capabilities. This period informed his later writings on the flaws in U.S. , including critiques of the CIA's analytical and operational shortcomings.

Academic and Advisory Positions

Codevilla held early academic positions as an of at from 1972 to 1974. He subsequently served as an at State College. Later, he taught as a ial lecturer at . From 1995 until his retirement, Codevilla was a of at , affiliated with what became the Frederick S. Pardee School of Global Studies, and held the title of professor emeritus thereafter. In advisory roles, Codevilla served as a professional staff member on the U.S. Select on from to 1985, acting as Senator Malcolm Wallop's designee responsible for overseeing the intelligence community's budget, operations, and quality. During this period, he contributed to drafting the original in 1978 and influenced technology programs leading to the 1983 . He also participated in the Reagan administration's presidential transition team in 1980, focusing on intelligence and foreign policy preparations. Codevilla maintained ongoing advisory affiliations with conservative think tanks, including as a senior fellow at the , where he contributed analysis on and governance. He served on the board of advisors for The Independent Review at the Independent Institute, providing expertise on policy and intelligence matters. These roles complemented his academic work by emphasizing practical oversight of U.S. intelligence and realist critiques.

Core Intellectual Framework

The Ruling Class vs. Country Class Distinction

In his 2010 essay "America's —And the Perils of Revolution," Angelo Codevilla articulated a fundamental divide in American society between a self-identified and a country class, transcending traditional left-right or partisan lines. The , comprising roughly 20% of the population, consists of interconnected elites in government, academia, media, corporations, and nonprofit sectors who share a progressive worldview, educational pedigrees from elite institutions, and a emphasizing expertise and moral superiority. These individuals, Codevilla argued, seek to dominate others' lives through expanded , taxation exceeding one-third of national output, and interventions into private spheres like and , viewing themselves as uniquely qualified to manage society. The country class, by contrast, represents the majority—estimated at 60-70%—of ordinary Americans engaged in productive work, who prioritize , traditional norms, and interference. Codevilla described them as diverse in lifestyles and opinions yet unified in their rejection of elite overreach, disrespect for rulers' claims to , and desire to curtail the power and perks amassed by the . Unlike the ruling class's homogeneity in habits and networks, the country class draws from farmers, entrepreneurs, tradespeople, and professionals who see themselves as equals to elites and resist being treated as subjects. This distinction, Codevilla contended, arose from post-1960s cultural and institutional shifts where Progressive ideals supplanted the American founding's emphasis on republican self-government, leading both major parties to function as "two wings of the ." He warned that the 's denial of opposition's legitimacy, coupled with policies alienating the country class, risked perils by eroding social peace. Codevilla expanded these ideas in his contemporaneous book The Ruling Class: How They Corrupted America and What We Can Do About It, detailing mechanisms of elite corruption and proposing restoration through decentralizing power and affirming .

Realist Approach to Foreign Policy and Power

Codevilla's foreign policy framework drew on , prioritizing the sober assessment of national interests, power balances, and the character of regimes over ideological abstractions. He argued that effective statecraft requires recognizing that nations act according to their inherent natures and circumstances rather than universal principles, critiquing modern "realism" for imposing preconceived categories that ignore historical and cultural variances. In works like Advice to War Presidents (2009), he outlined statecraft as grounded in , alliances, , economic measures, , and prestige, warning against policies detached from these realities. Central to his approach was the view that power must serve definable ends, such as preserving America's security and prosperity, rather than vague global transformations. Codevilla advocated avoiding wars unless victory aligns with clear national gains, and winning them decisively when unavoidable, as prolonged conflicts erode U.S. strength without commensurate benefits. He dismissed neoconservative interventions, like those in Iraq and Afghanistan, as products of a "ruling class" elite pursuing prestige over prudence, leading to unnecessary entanglements and fiscal burdens exceeding trillions of dollars since 2001. This stance echoed his Straussian-influenced realism, which integrated philosophical insights into the limits of human nature and regime types without descending into moralistic universalism. Codevilla emphasized regime character as predictive of behavior in , rejecting the interchangeable-unit assumption of some realists who treat all states as rational maximizers indifferent to internal differences. For instance, he contended that democratic America's alliances should favor compatible regimes capable of mutual benefit, not abstract "" that overlooks incompatible cultures or power asymmetries. His analysis of post-Cold War U.S. policy highlighted how deviations from this—driven by liberal internationalists and neoconservatives—fostered illusions of remaking the world, resulting in strategic overextension and diminished deterrence. Ultimately, he prescribed a return to Adams-style prudence: aiding friends against enemies when vital interests demand, but eschewing crusades that invite retaliation without decisive superiority.

Insights on Intelligence, Espionage, and National Security

Codevilla, informed by his service as a staffer on the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence from 1977 to 1985, emphasized the primacy of (HUMINT) and traditional in over technological reliance, arguing that and automated systems had eroded the depth of insights necessary for effective . He contended that post-World War II reforms, including the , fostered bureaucratic expansion and risk aversion, leading to intelligence failures by prioritizing "worst-case analysis" and institutional self-preservation over actionable foreign threats. In works such as his 1992 book Informing Statecraft, Codevilla critiqued the U.S. community's erratic evolution after , asserting it failed to integrate reliable human sources with policy needs, resulting in misguided interventions and overlooked dangers like the Soviet Union's covert operations. He highlighted systemic flaws in the CIA, which he described as serving its corporate interests and a partisan vision rather than national priorities, exemplified by politicized assessments that downplayed threats from adversaries while amplifying domestic . This view extended to practices, where he warned against over-reliance on allies' intelligence sharing, which often masked divergent interests, and advocated for independent, realist-driven collection to avoid entrapment in foreign agendas. Codevilla proposed radical restructuring for efficacy, including abolishing the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court under FISA to curb warrantless domestic spying, which he saw as a bipartisan "" tool for control rather than defense. He called for breaking up the CIA, reforming the FBI into a strictly domestic entity, and rebuilding foreign intelligence around elite, mission-focused units emphasizing covert action and HUMINT to restore deterrence against from powers like and . Such measures, he argued, were essential to counter the intelligence community's drift toward ideological conformity, ensuring it informed statecraft through empirical realities rather than consensus-driven narratives.

Engagement with the Jonathan Pollard Case

Role as Expert and Analyst

Angelo Codevilla, drawing on his experience as a professional staff member of the U.S. Select Committee on from 1978 to 1985, provided expert analysis of the espionage case, leveraging his firsthand familiarity with U.S. intelligence sources, methods, and operations during the period of Pollard's activities. This tenure positioned him to evaluate the classified materials Pollard transmitted to , asserting that such transfers, while unlawful, did not involve betrayal of U.S. agents or compromise of sources in a manner warranting . In analytical writings and testimonies, Codevilla contended that Pollard's 1987 life sentence was anomalous in U.S. , as no prior individual had received such a penalty solely for conveying information to a non-hostile ally like , with typical sentences for comparable offenses ranging from two to four years. He emphasized the absence of evidence that Pollard's actions caused American deaths or systemic intelligence failures, distinguishing the case from espionage benefiting adversaries such as the . Codevilla further critiqued the sentencing process, including the reliance on a classified memorandum from Secretary of Defense , which he described as procedurally irregular and lacking adversarial review. As an analyst, Codevilla offered sworn testimony in 2013 to President , affirming under oath that Pollard's guilt aligned precisely with the 1986 indictment—unlawful transfer of data without intent to injure the —and proposed that any excess claims of damage were unsubstantiated. He co-authored the 1999 Washington Post op-ed "Justice and ," arguing that the punishment breached Pollard's plea agreement, which had precluded in exchange for cooperation, and urged executive clemency on grounds of proportionality and . Throughout his commentary, Codevilla acknowledged the illegality of Pollard's but maintained that institutional animus within U.S. circles, particularly toward Israel's independent operations, inflated the response beyond legal norms.

Arguments on Espionage Loyalties and U.S.-Israel Relations

Codevilla argued that loyalties must prioritize the recipient's alignment with U.S. interests, distinguishing sharply between adversaries and allies; passing classified information to enemies like the justifies severe penalties due to direct harm to American security, whereas sharing with a partner like advances mutual defenses against common threats such as states' military buildups. He contended that Jonathan Pollard's 1985 conveyance of U.S. to —focusing on capabilities and Soviet arms transfers—did not compromise American sources or methods, given intelligence compartmentation practices that limit access to full operational details, rendering claims of catastrophic damage implausible. In this view, Pollard's actions, while illegal, warranted at most a short term rather than , as the information bolstered Israel's survival against foes whose aggression also imperiled U.S. forces in the region. Regarding U.S.-Israel relations, Codevilla attributed Pollard's harsh 1987 life sentence—unprecedented for spying on behalf of an ally—to institutional biases within the U.S. intelligence community, particularly the CIA's lingering resentment over Israel's 1981 on Iraq's Osirak , which defied U.S. but preempted a threat that later vindicated 's judgment. This episode, he noted, prompted the CIA to withhold intelligence from and fueled a punitive response to Pollard, reflecting a broader pro-Arab orientation in parts of the agency that clashed with favoring 's strategic . Codevilla highlighted that no prior or subsequent case imposed life for allied , positioning Pollard's treatment as an outlier driven by interagency politics rather than proportional or genuine security imperatives. In a 1999 Washington Post co-authored with others, Codevilla urged Pollard's release after 14 years, emphasizing that the secret memorandum justifying his sentence violated by denying transparency on alleged damages. He reiterated this in a 2013 letter to President Obama, offering his Senate Committee expertise to affirm that Pollard's disclosures aligned with U.S. interests in countering shared enemies, and calling for clemency to rectify an injustice that strained alliance trust without enhancing American security. Ultimately, Codevilla framed the case as emblematic of how domestic prejudices can undermine realist , prioritizing bureaucratic vendettas over the pragmatic benefits of robust U.S.- cooperation.

Major Publications and Writings

Seminal Books

The Ruling Class: How They Corrupted America and What We Can Do About It, published in 2010 by Beaufort Books, originated from Codevilla's essay in The American Spectator earlier that year and delineates a divide between a self-identified bipartisan elite—"the ruling class"—and ordinary Americans, the "country class." Codevilla contends that this elite, comprising politicians, bureaucrats, journalists, and academics, prioritizes its own power and progressive ideology over constitutional governance and public welfare, leading to policy failures and cultural alienation. In Advice to War Presidents: A Remedial Course in Statecraft (2009, ), Codevilla critiques American leaders for substituting wishful thinking about for empirical reality, resulting in inconclusive wars and misguided . He advocates a realist framework emphasizing victory as war's sole legitimate aim, forthright alliances based on mutual interests, and operations blending deception with resolve, drawing on historical examples to instruct presidents on aligning ends with means. Informing Statecraft: Intelligence for a New Century (1992, Free Press) analyzes U.S. intelligence agencies' structural flaws, particularly the CIA's bureaucratic inertia and analytical biases inherited from World War II and Vietnam eras, which Codevilla links to policy missteps and governmental frailty amid post-Cold War shifts. He argues that effective intelligence demands alignment with executive priorities rather than institutional autonomy, warning that failures in collection, analysis, and covert action undermine national sovereignty. The Character of Nations: How Politics Makes and Breaks Prosperity, Family, and Civility (1997, Basic Books) posits that regimes indelibly mold societal character, with governments exerting profound influence on norms, , and structures across and cultures. Codevilla uses comparative examples to demonstrate how statist interventions erode and , contrasting prosperous, limited governments with those fostering dependency and decline, and applies this to critique modern American trends toward centralized control.

Influential Essays and Policy Critiques

Codevilla's most influential essay, "America's Ruling Class—And the Perils of Revolution," published in the July/August 2010 issue of , articulated a fundamental divide in American society between a self-identified bipartisan —""—comprising politicians, bureaucrats, journalists, academics, and corporate leaders who view themselves as enlightened stewards of , and the "country class" of ordinary citizens who prioritize , tradition, and . The essay argued that this 's shared progressive worldview, disdain for dissent, and consolidation of power through institutions eroded republican virtues and risked revolutionary backlash, drawing on historical precedents like the to warn of potential civil discord. Its prescience gained traction amid rising , influencing discourse on elite overreach and cited by figures like as capturing the frustrations of Tea Party activists; the piece was expanded into the 2010 book The Ruling Class: How They Corrupted America and What We Can Do About It. In a 2016 follow-up essay, "After the Republic," published in the , Codevilla extended this critique to diagnose the ruling class's deliberate reversal of America's assimilationist policies, favoring to entrench its power, which he contended fostered parallel societies and undermined national cohesion. He posited that this elite's rejection of borders and cultural unity, coupled with economic policies benefiting insiders, had rendered the unsustainable, predicting either oligarchic consolidation or populist rupture unless countered by decentralized resistance. Codevilla's policy critiques often targeted U.S. foreign affairs, advocating a realist "America First" posture over ideological interventions. In his Claremont Review of Books essay "America First" (Fall 2007), he lambasted the diplomatic and military establishments for failing to secure victories in conflicts like Iraq and Afghanistan, attributing defeats to vague objectives, bureaucratic inertia, and aversion to decisive force, urging instead a strategy prioritizing national interests through clear definitions of enmity and victory. Similarly, in "Victory: What It Will Take to Win" (Claremont Review of Books, Winter 2002/03), written post-9/11, Codevilla criticized the Bush administration's open-ended "war on terrorism" as counterproductive, insisting that true success required naming specific foes—like radical Islam—and employing overwhelming power to impose unconditional surrender, rather than nation-building or alliances with unreliable partners. These arguments prefigured his broader rejection of neoconservative globalism, emphasizing that American security demanded self-interested realism, not moral crusades or deference to international bodies.

Personal Life, Philosophy, and Legacy

Private Life and Worldview

Angelo Maria Codevilla was born on May 25, 1943, in , , to a family that emigrated to the in 1955 when he was 12 years old. This early shaped his enduring appreciation for American opportunities, as he rose from modest beginnings to become a scholar and commentator. Codevilla married Ann (née Blaesser) around 1967, maintaining a union of over 54 years marked by mutual support amid his professional travels. The couple raised five children—four sons and one daughter—in diverse locales including France, California, Virginia, Wyoming, and Massachusetts, adapting to his roles in academia and government service. He cherished family life, expressing pride in his children's achievements and deriving personal fulfillment from farming activities later in life. Codevilla's worldview blended with a Catholic lens, viewing as inherently flawed and prone to power struggles that demand prudent, interest-based statecraft over ideological illusions. As a devout Catholic, he critiqued secular s for eroding and traditional virtues, advocating instead for governance aligned with the self-reliant "country class" against a detached "." His immigrant background reinforced a patriotic realism, emphasizing America's through and cultural continuity rather than progressive interventions. This perspective, informed by direct experience of European and American societies, prioritized empirical observation of failures and the enduring appeal of ordered .

Death and Enduring Influence

Angelo Codevilla died on September 20, 2021, at the age of 78, in a car in , while returning to his vineyard in the near Plymouth, . His son confirmed the cause as the , which occurred amid routine following his retirement from academic and policy roles. Codevilla had emigrated from to the in 1955 at age 12 and built a career spanning naval service, , and conservative , leaving behind a body of work rooted in and skepticism toward elite governance. Codevilla's enduring influence persists in conservative and populist circles, particularly through his 2010 essay "America's Ruling Class—and the Perils of Revolution," which diagnosed a disconnect between a self-perpetuating and ordinary , presaging the Trump movement's ethos. This piece, published in , framed the as prioritizing globalist abstractions over national interests, a critique echoed in subsequent analyses of institutional overreach in media, academia, and government—domains Codevilla viewed as systematically biased toward progressive orthodoxies that undermine empirical realism. His advocacy for realism in , emphasizing decisive victory in conflicts and restraint against vague "forever wars," continues to inform debates on , as seen in post-2021 compilations of his writings that highlight his prophetic warnings against intelligence community expansions and interventionist failures. In the realm of espionage and alliances, Codevilla's analyses, including his defense of as a case of divided loyalties favoring over abstract U.S. , remain cited by realists prioritizing civilizational affinities over bureaucratic pieties. His books, such as No Victory, No Peace (2005) and To Make and Keep Peace Among Ourselves and with All Nations (2014), advocate first-principles approaches to power—drawing from Machiavelli and classical strategists—over ideologically driven policies, influencing thinkers who critique post-Cold War U.S. overextension. Posthumously, volumes like Fighting Enemies Foreign and Domestic (2025) collect his essays, underscoring his legacy in fostering causal realism: outcomes driven by realities rather than consensuses prone to self-delusion. Codevilla's work, uncompromised by institutional pressures, endures as a bulwark against what he termed the "cloud-cuckoo land" of modern governance, with citations in policy critiques as recent as 2025.

References

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  50. https://americandiplomacy.web.unc.edu/2009/05/advice-to-war-presidents-a-remedial-course-in-statecraft/
  51. https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Informing-Statecraft/Angelo-Codevilla/9780743244848/
  52. https://www.basicbooks.com/titles/angelo-codevilla/the-character-of-nations/9780786726998/
  53. https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/angelo-m-codevilla-americas-ruling-class----and-th
  54. https://www.independent.org/article/2010/07/24/a-splendid-essay-on-the-two-great-classes-in-contemporary-america/
  55. https://claremontreviewofbooks.com/digital/after-the-republic/
  56. https://claremontreviewofbooks.com/america-first/
  57. https://claremontreviewofbooks.com/victory-what-it-will-take-to-win/
  58. https://lawliberty.org/book-review/embracing-seriousness-about-war-and-peace/
  59. https://www.thedavisfuneralhome.com/home/obit/6459
  60. https://americanmind.org/salvo/the-great-and-good-angelo-codevilla/
  61. https://www.christianpost.com/news/angelo-codevilla-christian-philosopher-who-predicted-failures-of.html
  62. https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2016/05/05/politics-religion-and-the-ruling-class/
  63. https://stream.org/rush-limbaughs-favorite-political-thinker/
  64. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I9kSpxG-l6c
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