| Beas River Vyas River | |
|---|---|
 The Beas River in Himachal Pradesh | |
 | |
| Location | |
| Country | India |
| State | Himachal Pradesh, Punjab |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | Beas Kund |
| • location | Himalayas, Himachal Pradesh |
| • coordinates | 32°21′59″N 77°05′08″E / 32.36639°N 77.08556°E |
| Mouth | Sutlej River |
• location | Harike, Harike Wetland, Tarn Taran district, Punjab |
• coordinates | 31°09′16″N 74°58′31″E / 31.15444°N 74.97528°E |
| Length | 470 km (290 mi) |
| Basin size | 20,303 km2 (7,839 sq mi) |
| Discharge | |
| • location | Mandi Plain |
| • average | 499.2 m3/s (17,630 cu ft/s) |
The Beas River[a] is a river in northwestern India, flowing through the states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab, and is the smallest of the five major rivers of the Punjab region.[1] Rising in the Himalayas in central Himachal Pradesh, the river flows for approximately 470 kilometres (290 mi) into the Sutlej River in Punjab.[2] Its total length is 470 kilometres (290 mi) and its drainage basin is 20,303 square kilometres (7,839 sq mi) large.[3]
As of 2017, the river is home to a tiny isolated population of the Indus dolphin.[4]
Rig-veda calls the river Vipāś, which means unfettered,[5] in later Sanskrit texts it's been called Vipāśā विपाशा. Yāska identifies it with Argrikiya.[5]
According to legends,Veda Vyasa, the author of the Indian epic Mahabharata, is the eponym of the river Beas; he is said to have created it from its source lake, the Beas Kund.[6]
According to other legends, before Veda Vyasa, the Vipasa river was known as Saraswati. Rishi Vashishta, the great grandfather of Vyasa tried to jump into this river from an overlooking hillock, to sacrifice his soul. He tied himself with several cords to drown himself[citation needed]. However, the river altered form to become a sandbed, saving him. And in this course, the cords got broken, so Vashishta named the river Vipasa, which means cord-breaker.[7] On account of this incident, the great Rishi opted to settle near the river, and made it a residence for some years. Thereby, it became known as Vashisht (after Vashishta). We can find Vashishta Brahmarishi Temple in this village.
Ancient Greeks called it Hyphasis (Greek: Ύφασης).[8] Plinius called it Hypasis, an approximation to the Vedic Vipāś. Other classical names are Hynais, Bipasis, Bibasis.[5]
In modern times, the river has also been called Bias or Bejah.[5]
The Beas River marks the easternmost border of Alexander the Great's conquests in 326 BC. It was one of the rivers which created problems in Alexander's invasion of India. His troops mutinied here in 326 BC, refusing to go any further in Mukerian . Alexander shut himself in his tent for three days, but when his men did not change their desires he gave in, raising twelve colossal altars to mark the limit and glory of his expedition.[9][10]
According to the Kavyamimansa[11] of Rajasekhara, the kingdom-territories of the Gurjara-Pratihara monarch Mahipala I extended as far as the upper course of the river Beas in the north-west.[12]
2014 Beas River Tragedy resulted in 24 engineering students and one tour operator drowned when the flood gates of the Larji dam were opened.
During 2023 monsoon, flooding in Beas caused substantial damages in the state of Himachal Pradesh.[13] Damage to the state is estimated to be $1B, the loss of life is over 400, and little government relief is available to assist with social costs and recovery.[14]
The river rises 4,361 metres (14,308 ft) above sea-level on the southern face of Rohtang Pass in Kullu. It traverses the Mandi District and enters the Kangra District at Sandhol, 590 metres (1,940 ft) above sea-level. During its lower course the Beas is crossed by numerous ferries, many of which consist of inflated skins (darais). Near Reh in Kangra District it divides into three channels, which reunite after passing Mirthal, 300 metres (980 ft) above sea-level. On meeting the Sivalik Hills in Mukerian, the river sweeps sharply northward, forming the boundary with Kangra District. Then bending round the base of the Sivalik Hills, it takes the southerly direction, separating the districts of Gurdaspur and Hoshiapur. After touching the Jalandhar district for a short distance, the river forms the boundary between Amritsar and Kapurthala. Finally the Beas joins the river Sutlej at the south-western boundary of Kapurthala district of Punjab after a total course of 470 kilometres (290 mi). The chief tributaries are Bain, Banganga, Luni and Uhal. The Sutlej continues into Pakistani Punjab and joins the Chenab River at Uch near Bahawalpur to form the Panjnad River; the latter in turn joins the Indus River at Mithankot.
The water of the Beas river is allocated to India under the terms of the Indus Waters Treaty between India and Pakistan.[15] The mean annual flow is 14.203 million acre feet (MAF).[16]
Historically, the Beas River flowed from its present-day junction with the Sutlej to Lahore and Montgomery districts, after which it joined the Chenab near Shujabad before the Chenab turns westward.[17] By 1245, the Beas river occupied the former bed of the Chenab river that passed by Dipalpur.[17] The Beas River formerly used to run from Kasur to Chunian and then Shergarh in Okara.[18][19] The old Beas river flowed south of the site of Harappa.[20] The flow of the Beas river, which ran through the high-bar of the Bari Doab, shifted between 1750–1800, with it being captured by the Sutlej river, after many previous changes to its flow throughout the preceding centuries.[21]
In the 20th century, the river was developed under the Beas Project for irrigation and hydroelectric power generation purposes.[22] Listed upstream to downstream:
On May 17, 2018, countless number of fishes and other aquatic animals were found dead in Beas river due to release of molasses from a sugar mill situated on its shore at Kiri Afgana village in Gurdaspur district.[27] Locals have noted that the river color has changed to rust brown and dead fishes were floating in the river. Punjab Pollution Control Board have ordered the closure of the factory and an enquiry has been initiated. Besides sealing, the sugar mill has been charged a fine of Rs. 25 lakh for this negligence.[28]
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A central ridge marking the old bed of River Beas passes through the district bifurcating it into two. Descending from Kasur, the crest goes all the way to Chunian, and then Shergarh in Okara. On the west of the ridge into Okara and Renala Khurd tehsils, the subsoil water is brackish and the area depends on canals for irrigation. But, on the eastern side of the ridge, Depalpur tehsil area, the subsoil water is sweet and good for agriculture.
There is a central ridge, in the centre of Okara District, which marks the old river bed of the Beas, and the boundary b/w the eastern and western half of the district. The ridge descends from Kasur, all the way to Chunian, and then Shergarh in Okara. As you go west of the ridge, into Okara & Renala Khurd, the subsoil water is brackish, therefore the area is dependent on canals for irrigation. However, after you cross the ridge east into Depalpur Tehsil, the subsoil water is sweet and good for agriculture.
The ancient bed of the Ravi river cuts into the northern part of the site [Harappa], and to the south is the old bed of the ancient Beas river.
More recent evidence can be found in the still-visible evidence of old river beds, such as the old bed of the Beas running through the high bar of the Bari Doab in the Punjab, which was abandoned by the river when its flow was captured by the Sutlej in the second half of the eighteenth century, after many changes in course over the previous centuries.
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