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Beth Robinson
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Beth Robinson (born March 6, 1965) is an American lawyer and judge from Vermont. She is a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and is the first openly lesbian judge to serve on any federal court of appeals. Robinson served as an associate justice of the Vermont Supreme Court from 2011 to 2021.

Key Information

Robinson was born in Karachi, Pakistan, and she was raised and educated in Indiana. She graduated from Dartmouth College (BA, 1986) and the University of Chicago Law School (JD, 1989). After serving as a law clerk for a federal judge, Robinson joined Vermont's Langrock, Sperry & Wool law firm, where she was active on cases related to workers' compensation, personal injury, and constitutional law. Robinson became active in the movement for expanded rights for gays and lesbians, and served as co-counsel in the case of Baker v. State, the 1999 decision that led to Vermont passing the first civil unions law. As chair of the Vermont Freedom to Marry organization, Robinson was a high-profile supporter of same-sex marriage, and worked with leaders of the Vermont General Assembly on passage of the 2009 Marriage Equality Act.

After working on Peter Shumlin's successful campaign for governor in 2010, Robinson joined his staff as legal counsel, a position which included drafting and analyzing proposed legislation and regulations, making recommendations on whether to approve requests for pardons, and ensuring compliance with ethics rules. In 2011, Shumlin appointed Robinson as an associate justice of the Vermont Supreme Court. She served until 2021, when she resigned after having been confirmed as a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.

Early life and education

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Robinson was born in Karachi, Pakistan, on March 6, 1965, the daughter of Dr. Robert D. Robinson Jr. and Cynthia (Pittenger) Robinson.[1][2][3][4] Robinson's father worked in Pakistan at the time of her birth, and she was raised in Indiana.[5][6] In 1982, she graduated from Brebeuf Jesuit Preparatory School in Indianapolis.[7][8] While at Brebeuf, Robinson was a member of the basketball and tennis teams, the French club, and the orchestra.[7] She won honors in mathematics contests and won the Optimist's Club's oratorical contest.[7] At graduation, Robinson was named a National Merit Scholar.[7]

In 1986, Robinson received her Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy and government from Dartmouth College, and she graduated summa cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa.[9][10][11][12] During 1985, she spent a semester abroad as a student at the University of Edinburgh.[6]

Robinson graduated from the University of Chicago Law School in 1989, and was admitted to the Order of the Coif.[12][13][14] She was a recipient of the Mechem Prize, a full merit scholarship.[9] While in law school, Robinson was a member of the University of Chicago Law Review[15] and then served as an associate editor.[16]

[edit]

After graduating from law school, Robinson was a law clerk for Judge David B. Sentelle of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit from 1989 to 1990.[17] She was an associate attorney at Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom of Washington, D.C. from 1990 to 1991 and self employed as an attorney under contract by Hirschkop & Associates of Alexandria, Virginia from 1992 to 1993.[18] Robinson was employed for 18 years at Langrock, Sperry & Wool, a law firm with offices in Burlington and Middlebury.[17] While there, she worked on issues of workers' compensation, personal injury, constitutional law and, most prominently, gay and lesbian rights.[19]

Robinson served as co-counsel in the case of Baker v. State, the landmark 1999 decision that led to Vermont becoming the first state to enact civil unions.[20] She was subsequently involved in the 2009 legislative battle to enact same-sex marriage, chairing the Vermont Freedom to Marry advocacy organization and working closely with Peter Shumlin, a prominent supporter of same-sex marriage, who was then President pro tempore of the Vermont Senate.[21]

In addition to practicing law, Robinson has also taught at the college level.[22] She was a senior lecturer at Dartmouth College during the 2006 summer term and again during the 2009 spring term.[22] Robinson served as a justice of the peace for the town of Ferrisburgh from 2003 to 2011.[23] In 2008, she was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention and pledged to support Hillary Clinton.[23]

From 1999 to 2010, Robinson served on the Vermont Board of Bar Examiners.[24] She was an associate member from 1999 to 2003, and an examiner from 2003 to 2009.[24] From 2009 to 2010 she served as the board's vice chair, and she served as chair in 2010.[24] Robinson was active in Shumlin's successful 2010 gubernatorial campaign, then joined his administration as his general counsel.[17]

Judicial career

[edit]

Vermont Supreme Court

[edit]

On October 18, 2011, Shumlin announced he was appointing Robinson to the Associate Justice's seat on the Vermont Supreme Court that had been vacated by Denise R. Johnson's retirement in August 2011.[25] Since the Senate was not in session at the time, Robinson's appointment was considered interim until the Senate convened and acted upon her nomination.[26] She was sworn in as an interim member of the court on November 28, 2011.[27] The Senate voted on her nomination on February 7, 2012, and approved it by a 26–0 vote.[28] Four of the thirty senators were absent for the vote: all four announced their support for Robinson's nomination the following day.[29] Her service terminated when she resigned after being confirmed as a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.[30]

Federal judicial service

[edit]

On August 5, 2021, President Joe Biden nominated Robinson to serve as a United States circuit judge for the Second Circuit.[31] President Biden nominated Robinson to the seat vacated by Judge Peter W. Hall, who assumed senior status on March 4, 2021.[32] On September 14, 2021, a hearing on her nomination was held before the Senate Judiciary Committee.[33] During Robinson's confirmation hearing, she faced questioning from Republican Senators over her views on religious freedom.[34] As a lawyer in private practice, she had represented a woman who sued a local print shop for refusing to print cards for an organization called Vermont Catholics for Choice.[34] The owners of the print shop, who were Catholic, said they did not believe Catholics could support abortion.[34] On October 21, 2021, her nomination was reported out of committee by a 10–9 vote.[35] On October 25, 2021, Majority Leader Chuck Schumer filed cloture on her nomination.[36] On October 28, 2021, the United States Senate invoked cloture on her nomination by a 51–36 vote.[37] On November 1, 2021, her nomination was confirmed by a 51–45 vote.[38] She received her judicial commission on November 5, 2021.[39] She is the first openly gay woman to serve on any federal circuit court.[40]

Personal life

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Family

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Robinson is a resident of Vermont.[41] She and her wife Kym Boyman entered into a civil union in 2001 and got married in 2010.[27]

Honors and awards

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Robinson is the recipient of the following awards:

See also

[edit]

References

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[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Beth Robinson

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia

Beth Robinson (born March 6, 1965) is an American jurist serving as a United States Circuit Judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit since 2021. She previously served as an associate justice of the Vermont Supreme Court from 2011 to 2021. Robinson earned a B.A. summa cum laude from Dartmouth College in 1986 and a J.D. from the University of Chicago Law School in 1989, where she was elected to the Order of the Coif. After law school, she clerked for Judge David B. Sentelle on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit and worked at Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom in Washington, D.C. In 1993, she joined the Vermont firm Langrock Sperry & Wool, where she practiced for 18 years, becoming a partner and handling cases in family law, personal injury, employment law, and workers' compensation; she also served on the Vermont Department of Labor's Workers’ Compensation Advisory Board. As a litigator, Robinson served as lead counsel in Baker v. Vermont (1999), a case that prompted the Vermont legislature to enact civil unions for same-sex couples, the first such recognition in the United States. In 2011, she briefly served as counsel to Governor before her appointment to the on October 18, 2011, with swearing-in on November 28, 2011; during her tenure, she participated in approximately 1,800 appeals. Nominated by President on August 5, 2021, to the Second Circuit, she was confirmed by the on November 1, 2021, becoming the first openly woman to serve on a federal court of appeals.

Early life and education

Upbringing and family origins

Beth Robinson was born in 1965 in , , where her father was working at the time. She spent her formative years in , attending local schools in a community known for its emphasis on . Her family exhibited longstanding loyalty to Dartmouth College, with multiple relatives among its alumni, fostering an environment steeped in the institution's traditions. This background influenced her educational path, leading her to enroll at Dartmouth after high school.

Academic background and early influences

Robinson earned a Bachelor of Arts degree summa cum laude from Dartmouth College in 1986. She subsequently attended the , where she received her in 1989 and was elected to the , recognizing her as one of the top performers in her class. Following graduation, Robinson served as a to Judge of the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit from 1989 to 1990, gaining foundational experience in federal appellate adjudication under a judge appointed by President in 1987. This clerkship immersed her in high-stakes litigation, including constitutional and matters, at an early stage of her legal career. Robinson was born in 1965 in , , where her father worked as a physician serving the local population, before the family relocated and she was raised in . These formative years, spanning international exposure and a Midwestern upbringing, preceded her academic pursuits, though specific personal influences on her path to law remain undocumented in public records.

Private practice and civil litigation

From 1993 to 2010, Beth Robinson practiced civil litigation as an associate and later partner at the Vermont firm Langrock Sperry & Wool, with offices in Middlebury and Burlington. Her practice emphasized plaintiff-side representation in employment law, , family law, personal injury, and negligence cases. Robinson handled a range of disputes, including disagreements and workplace issues. For instance, she represented the plaintiff-appellee in Crosby v. City of Burlington (2003), a appeal concerning municipal liability and evidentiary rulings in a civil claim against the city. Her work in employment law often involved advocating for employees facing or injury-related claims, informed by Vermont's legal framework for such matters. Prior to joining Langrock Sperry & Wool, Robinson briefly worked in private practice at Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom in Washington, D.C., though specific dates and case details from that period remain limited in public records. Throughout her time at Langrock, she balanced paid civil litigation with pro bono efforts, though landmark advocacy cases are detailed separately. Her tenure established her as a seasoned litigator in Vermont's state courts before transitioning to public service roles.

Advocacy in landmark cases

Prior to her judicial appointment, Beth Robinson engaged in pro bono advocacy representing plaintiffs in Baker v. State, a 1999 Vermont Supreme Court case challenging the state's exclusion of same-sex couples from marriage. As co-counsel alongside Susan M. Murray and Mary L. Bonauto of Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders, Robinson represented three same-sex couples who sought marriage licenses from town clerks in Milton, Shelburne, and South Burlington; the clerks denied the applications citing statutory requirements for opposite-sex unions. The suit, filed in 1997, contended that Vermont's marriage laws violated the Common Benefits Clause of the state constitution (Chapter I, Article 7), which mandates equal enjoyment of privileges without regard to distinctions not founded in public good. Robinson argued the case orally before the in 1999, at age 34, emphasizing that the exclusion of same-sex couples from denied them substantive rights and benefits under state law, such as , medical , and spousal support. The court ruled 4-1 on December 20, 1999, that the marriage statutes unconstitutionally withheld public benefits from same-sex couples, ordering the legislature to remedy the violation either by extending marriage to them or creating a parallel system with equivalent rights. This decision prompted the to enact Act 91 in April 2000, establishing s as the first state-level framework granting same-sex couples over 300 statutory benefits previously reserved for married opposite-sex partners, making Vermont the initial U.S. to do so. Robinson's involvement in Baker marked an early legal victory advancing recognition of same-sex relationships, influencing subsequent state-level reforms, though the civil union regime was later superseded by full marriage equality via legislative action in 2009. No other cases in her pre-judicial career achieved comparable national prominence in civil rights advocacy.

Judicial career

Vermont state courts

In October 2011, Vermont Governor announced the appointment of Beth Robinson as an associate justice to the , replacing retiring Justice Denise Johnson; she was formally appointed on November 28, 2011, and confirmed unanimously by the . Prior to the appointment, Robinson had served as to Shumlin for approximately one year, following 18 years in private civil litigation at the firm Langrock Sperry & Wool, where she focused on employment law, workers' compensation, and family law matters. Robinson served on the from 2011 until her resignation on December 23, 2021, shortly after her federal confirmation, handling appellate review across civil, criminal, and administrative cases as part of a seven-justice court that issues opinions interpreting Vermont's constitution and statutes. During her tenure, she participated in over 1,000 decisions, often authoring or joining majority opinions in areas such as , where the court upheld convictions based on evidentiary standards and reversed others due to procedural errors, and civil disputes involving enforcement and liability. One notable opinion authored by Robinson involved reversing a trial court's against state regulations, with the court's analysis emphasizing deference to legislative policy choices under U.S. precedent in Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt (2016), which scrutinized undue burdens on access to services without substituting judicial judgment for factual legislative findings. Her judicial output reflected a textualist approach to , consistently applying and legislative intent while dissenting in select cases to advocate for stricter adherence to protections in sentencing appeals. No major controversies arose from her state court service, though her pre-judicial advocacy in same-sex union litigation drew attention during federal confirmation hearings.

U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit

President nominated Beth Robinson on August 5, 2021, to serve as a Circuit Judge for the Second Circuit, filling the vacancy created when Judge Peter W. Hall assumed on March 4, 2021. The nomination followed her service as an associate justice on the since 2017. The Judiciary Committee reported her nomination favorably, and on November 1, 2021, the full confirmed Robinson by a vote of 51-45 along largely partisan lines, with all Democrats voting in favor and all Republicans opposed. She received her judicial commission in November 2021 and was formally sworn in on June 28, 2022, at the Courthouse in . Her confirmation marked the first time an openly woman was appointed to a federal . The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit exercises appellate jurisdiction over federal district courts in , New York, and , hearing appeals in civil, criminal, and administrative matters arising under federal law. Robinson's appointment restored active Vermont representation on the court, aligning with the circuit's tradition of including judges from each state in its territory. Since joining the bench, she has participated in panels reviewing cases involving , data privacy, and consumer protection under statutes such as Title VII and the .

Judicial philosophy and notable decisions

Interpretive approach and precedents

Robinson has described her judicial philosophy as one committed to impartial , emphasizing an open-minded review of the record, thorough research of applicable law, and collegial deliberation among judges to produce clear, understandable opinions. She maintains that judges must set aside personal views and adhere strictly to the text of statutes, constitutional provisions, and binding precedents, rejecting any ideology that would impose a predetermined outcome. In interpreting statutes, Robinson begins with the plain meaning of the text, viewing it as the primary guide to legislative intent. If the language is ambiguous, she considers traditional tools such as binding , statutory , purpose, and historical understanding contemporaneous with enactment, but only to resolve uncertainty rather than override clear text. For instance, in her dissent in State v. Kuzawski (2017 VT 89), she argued against classifying a box cutter as a "deadly weapon" under law, focusing on the statutory definition's emphasis on the object's design and intended use rather than its incidental application in a specific altercation. Robinson's approach to constitutional interpretation prioritizes fidelity to Supreme Court precedents, which she regards as establishing the meaning, values, and analytical frameworks for applying broad constitutional provisions to contemporary circumstances. She does not subscribe to or living constitutionalism as overriding methodologies, instead applying established tests faithfully even in novel situations, while recognizing the Constitution's adaptability through its core principles rather than evolving textual meanings. In Taylor v. Town of Cabot (2017 VT 92), which she authored, the reversed a lower court's against a town's exclusion of a religious school from a grant program, directly applying the U.S. 's reasoning in Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia, Inc. v. Comer (582 U.S. 455, 2017) to reject discrimination based on religious status under the . As an appellate judge, Robinson views herself as bound by higher court precedents, including those of the U.S. and her own circuit, which she applies even if they derive from frameworks not strictly rooted in original text or history; any critiques would appear in concurring or dissenting opinions rather than altering the outcome. This precedent-driven method aligns with her role on the Second Circuit, where she has continued to emphasize textual fidelity and established doctrines in opinions addressing issues like standards, as seen in references to federal plausibility requirements under (556 U.S. 662, 2009) during her state court tenure.

Key rulings: Achievements and criticisms

In Laguerre v. National Grid USA (2023), Robinson authored the reversing the district court's grant of to the employer in a disability discrimination suit under the Americans with Disabilities Act. The court held that the plaintiff's request to work from home due to severe anxiety and constituted a , remanding for trial on whether the employer engaged in an interactive process to explore alternatives. This decision has been lauded by civil rights advocates for bolstering protections for employees with conditions requiring flexible work arrangements. Robinson wrote the unanimous opinion in a 2023 , reversing dismissal of claims against a company for failing to safeguard , clarifying that allegations of increased future risk suffice to state injury under Article III standing when supported by specific facts like exposed Social Security numbers. The ruling emphasized concrete harms from breaches, aiding plaintiffs in cybersecurity litigation while setting a threshold to filter speculative suits. In Clark v. Valletta (2024), Robinson concurred in part and dissented in part from the majority's grant of to prison officials sued under the Eighth Amendment for delaying and other treatment for a inmate's from 2016 to 2020. She argued the officials' reliance on a blanket policy without individualized assessment evidenced deliberate indifference to a serious medical need, distinguishing it from discretionary judgments and citing precedents like Rosati v. Igbinoso requiring compliance with treatment protocols; the majority viewed the care provided (therapy and eventual hormones) as reasonable amid medical debates. Her position aligns with expansions of gender-related prisoner rights but has drawn scrutiny for overlooking evidentiary thresholds in qualified immunity analyses, potentially straining correctional resources. On the , Robinson authored opinions applying strict , such as reversing a preliminary in a case involving municipal zoning, deferring to U.S. precedents on equitable relief limits. Critics, including conservative groups, have questioned her overall judicial based on pre-bench —such as representing a pro-choice Catholic group against printers refusing abortion-related materials on religious grounds—arguing it signals potential bias against faith-based objections in future free exercise disputes, though no specific Vermont ruling exemplifies this. Supporters highlight her even-handed handling of criminal appeals, upholding convictions while vacating sentences on procedural errors to ensure .

Federal confirmation process

Nomination and Senate proceedings

President nominated Beth Robinson on , , to serve as United States Circuit for the Second Circuit, to fill the vacancy created by the retirement of Peter W. Hall, who had been appointed by President . The nomination followed a recommendation from Senator , a Democrat, and positioned Robinson to potentially shift the circuit's ideological balance. Robinson's confirmation hearing occurred before the Senate Judiciary Committee on September 14, 2021, alongside other nominees. During the hearing, senators questioned her judicial experience, interpretive philosophy, and prior advocacy work, including her role in Vermont's legalization. On October 21, 2021, the Judiciary Committee advanced her on a party-line vote of 10-9, with three members abstaining, sending it to the full . The confirmed Robinson on , 2021, by a 51-45 vote, with all Democrats and the two independents voting in favor and Republicans opposed. This marked her successful elevation to the federal appellate bench.

Controversies and opposing viewpoints

During her Senate confirmation hearing on , , Beth Robinson faced criticism from Republican senators, particularly Sen. (R-TX), over her prior advocacy work as a civil liberties lawyer representing clients in cases involving conflicts between LGBTQ+ rights and religious objections. In one notable instance, Robinson, while at the ACLU of Vermont, represented pro-choice activist Renee Pine in a 2000 lawsuit against printers James and Deborah Parker, a devout Catholic couple who refused to produce pamphlets promoting abortion rights and criticizing the Catholic Church's anti-abortion stance, citing their religious beliefs. Robinson's legal brief described the Parkers' moral objections as "invidious" and "pernicious," arguing the refusal constituted unlawful viewpoint discrimination under 's public accommodations law. Cruz pressed Robinson on whether this reflected "marked hostility toward religious liberty," questioning her ability to impartially adjudicate First Amendment claims involving faith-based exemptions from or conduct. Robinson responded that her arguments targeted content-based discrimination rather than religious belief alone, conceding in post-hearing questions for the record that a pure religious objection to content might warrant protection, but maintained ' refusal also stemmed from bias against Pine's pro-choice advocacy. Critics, including conservative outlets, portrayed this as evidence of ideological bias prioritizing progressive causes over constitutional protections for religious dissenters, labeling her an "ideologue" unfit for the federal bench. Opponents further highlighted Robinson's extensive LGBTQ+ advocacy, including her role in Vermont's same-sex marriage legalization efforts, as potentially predisposing her to rule against traditional religious practices in future cases, such as those involving vendors or agencies. Despite these concerns, the advanced her on a 12-10 party-line vote on October 21, 2021, and the full confirmed her by on November 1, 2021, with support from Sens. (R-ME) and (R-AK). Defenders, including Democratic senators and groups, dismissed the criticisms as partisan distortions ignoring her judicial record of applying to facts without personal bias.

Personal life and public role

Family and relationships

Robinson is married to Kym Boyman, a physician.<grok:render type="render_inline_citation">

22 </grok:render> The couple has resided in , where Boyman assisted in Robinson's robing ceremony during her swearing-in as a Circuit Judge for the Second Circuit on June 28, 2022.<grok:render type="render_inline_citation">

21 </grok:render><grok:render type="render_inline_citation">

26 </grok:render> Robinson and Boyman were partners by the late 1990s, during Robinson's legal advocacy leading to Vermont's law.<grok:render type="render_inline_citation">

24 </grok:render> No children are documented in public records.

Honors, affiliations, and civic involvement

Robinson graduated summa cum laude from in 1986 and was elected to the at the in 1989. Her law firm, Langrock Sperry & Wool, received the American Bar Association's Hero award for her work advancing marriage equality in . She is a member of the , where she serves as an adviser to the Restatement Third of the Law, Torts: and . Robinson has held leadership roles in civic organizations, including serving as president of the Addison County and as a member of the Girl Scout Council. Prior to her judicial appointments, Robinson founded and directed advocacy groups focused on same-sex unions and marriage, such as the Vermont Freedom to Marry Task Force, Vermonters for Civil Unions, and the Vermont Fund for Families, the latter of which dissolved after legalized in 2009. She chaired the Vermont Freedom to Marry coalition, which contributed to the legalization of in the state. Additionally, she served on the Vermont Department of Labor's Workers’ Compensation Advisory Board and acted as in Ferrisburgh, , for eight years. Robinson has engaged in community volunteering, including work with Vermont's program and coaching at local elementary and middle schools.

References

  1. https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/robinson-beth
  2. https://ballotpedia.org/Beth_Robinson
  3. https://www.ca2.uscourts.gov/judges/bios/br.html
  4. https://afj.org/nominee/beth-robinson/
  5. https://vtbarfoundation.org/news/beth-robinson-appointed-to-vermont-supreme-court/
  6. https://afj.org/article/biden-judges-making-an-impact-beth-robinson/
  7. https://www.timesargus.com/news/local/judge-robinson-is-officially-sworn-in/article_76164502-1d35-55ba-aa64-5968772f640a.html
  8. https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/archival_objects/164722
  9. https://archive.dartmouthalumnimagazine.com/article/2001/9/1/letters
  10. https://archive.dartmouthalumnimagazine.com/article/2022/5/1/controversial-courageous-correct
  11. https://www.law.uchicago.edu/news/beth-robinson-89-nominated-us-court-appeals-second-circuit
  12. https://www.npr.org/2021/11/02/1051466337/beth-robinson-first-out-lesbian-judge-federal-circuit-court
  13. https://www.ali.org/news/articles/beth-robinson-nominated-us-court-appeals-second-circuit
  14. https://law.justia.com/cases/vermont/supreme-court/2003/2001-271op.html
  15. https://afj.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Beth-Robinson.pdf
  16. https://courtsmatter.org/nominees/justice-beth-robinson/
  17. https://caselaw.findlaw.com/court/vt-supreme-court/1131833.html
  18. https://law.justia.com/cases/vermont/supreme-court/1999/98-032op.html
  19. https://www.aclu.org/press-releases/stunning-civil-rights-victory-vt-court-directs-state-give-same-sex-couples-marriage
  20. https://lambdalegal.org/case/baker-v-vermont/
  21. https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1086&context=articles
  22. https://www.ali.org/profile/5484
  23. http://demandjustice.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Justice-Beth-Robinson-Key-Facts.pdf
  24. https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Robinson%2520Responses%2520to%2520QFR%2527s.pdf
  25. https://www.congress.gov/nomination/117th-congress/998
  26. https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_votes/vote1171/vote_117_1_00449.htm
  27. https://www.vtbar.org/beth-robinson-sworn-in-as-second-circuit-justice/
  28. https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/press/dem/releases/senate-confirms-beth-robinson-to-the-second-circuit-and-toby-heytens-to-the-fourth-circuit-court-of-appeals
  29. https://www.wiggin.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/WD23-Second-Circuit-Ruling-Clarifies-Threshold-Requirements-for-Data-Breach-Lawsuits_v4.pdf
  30. https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Robinson%20Responses%20to%20QFR%27s.pdf
  31. https://www.vermontjudiciary.org/sites/default/files/documents/Taylor%20v.%20Town%20of%20Cabot.pdf
  32. https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/16pdf/15-577_khlp.pdf
  33. https://ww3.ca2.uscourts.gov/decisions/isysquery/b36b3ef9-366d-4519-8bfd-0bdcb323a2b4/1/doc/23-7377_complete_opn.pdf
  34. https://www.frc.org/updatearticle/20211029/robinson-record
  35. https://vtdigger.org/2021/11/01/senate-confirms-vermonts-beth-robinson-to-second-circuit-court-of-appeals/
  36. https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/committee-activity/hearings/09/07/2021/nominations
  37. https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/249008/bidens-judicial-nominee-grilled-over-1990s-religious-freedom-case
  38. https://vtdigger.org/2021/10/21/robinson-judicial-nomination-advances-to-senate-after-party-line-committee-vote/
  39. https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/117-2021/s449
  40. https://www.nationalreview.com/bench-memos/judiciary-republicans-confront-ideologues-in-contentious-hearing/
  41. https://vtdigger.org/2021/09/14/senate-judiciary-committee-takes-up-beth-robinsons-nomination-to-federal-appellate-court/
  42. https://catholicvote.org/biden-nominee-once-tried-to-force-catholic-printers-to-make-pro-abortion-materials/
  43. https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-news/senate-confirms-first-lesbian-judge-federal-appeals-court-rcna4355
  44. https://www.reuters.com/legal/legalindustry/us-senate-panel-advances-2nd-circuit-nominee-divides-over-9th-circuit-pick-2021-10-21/
  45. https://thehill.com/homenews/news/579705-first-openly-lesbian-judge-confirmed-to-federal-circuit-court/
  46. https://www.legistorm.com/stormfeed/view_rss/1976513/member/62/title/floor-statement-on-the-confirmation-of-beth-robinson-to-the-second-circuit-court-of-appeals.html
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