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_%E2%80%93_Vertical.png) Convertible marks coins and banknotes1 | |
| ISO 4217 | |
| Code | BAM (numeric: 977) |
| Subunit | 0.01 |
| Unit | |
| Plural | The language(s) of this currency belong(s) to the Slavic languages. There is more than one way to construct plural forms. |
| Symbol | KM |
| Denominations | |
| Subunit | |
| 1⁄100 | Fening "Fening" is the official English language name of the subunit. |
| Symbol | |
| Fening | pf |
| Banknotes | |
| Freq. used | KM 10, KM 20, KM 50, KM 100 |
| Rarely used | KM 200 |
| Coins | 5, 10, 20, and 50 fenings; KM 1, KM 2, KM 5 |
| Demographics | |
| Date of introduction | 22 June 1998[1] |
| User(s) |  Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Issuance | |
| Central bank | Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Website | www |
| Printer | Imprimerie Oberthur (by François-Charles Oberthür) |
| Mint | Royal Mint, Llantrisant |
| Valuation | |
| Inflation | −0.9% |
| Source | The World Factbook, 2014 est. |
| Method | CPI |
| Pegged with | Euro (€) = KM 1.95583 |
1 Designs for KM 10, KM 20, KM 50, and KM 100 banknotes differ for the two constituent polities, the FBiH and RS, in some aspects, including images and order of scripts. The residual KM 200 banknote and all of the coins are identical for both polities. | |
The convertible mark (Serbo-Croatian: konvertibilna marka / конвертибилна марка; sign: KM; code: BAM) is the currency of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is divided into 100 pfenig or fening (Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic: пфениг or фенинг) and locally abbreviated KM (Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic: КМ).[1] While the currency and its subunits are uniform for both constituent polities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, namely the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) and Republika Srpska (RS), the designs of the KM 10, KM 20, KM 50, and KM 100 banknotes are differentiated for each polity.
The convertible mark was established by the 1995 Dayton Agreement. It replaced the Bosnia and Herzegovina dinar, Croatian kuna and Yugoslav novi dinar as the single currency of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1998. Mark refers to the Deutsche Mark, the currency to which it was pegged at par.[1]
The names derive from German. The three official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian, have adopted the German nouns Mark and Pfennig as loanwords marka and pfenig. The Official Gazette of BiH (Bosnian: Službeni glasnik BiH), Official newspaper of FBiH (Bosnian: Službene novine FBiH) and other official documents recognised pfenig or пфениг[2] (depending on the script; Serbian and Bosnian use both Latin and Cyrillic, while Croatian uses only Latin) as the name of the subdivision. Most, however, consider the "pf" cluster in "pfenig" to be nigh unpronounceable, so the pronunciation was practically immediately reduced to "fenig", which eventually gave rise to the "fening" misspelling. Banknotes of 50 fenings circulated from 1998 to 2003.[1] They were denoted "50 KONVERTIBILNIH PFENIGA" / "50 КОНВЕРТИБИЛНИХ ПФЕНИГА"; technically, the word convertible should not qualify the word pfenig because only the mark is convertible.[3] (See Errors for all of the errors on banknotes and coins.) Coins of 10, 20, and 50 pfenigs have circulated since 1998[1] (the 5-pfenigs coin was released in 2006).[1] All of them are inscribed "~ feninga" / "~ фенинга" on the obverse. The misspelling fening/фенинг has never been corrected, and it took such a hold that it was officially adopted and not recognised as incorrect.[1] Due to the overall confusion surrounding the foreign name of the currency, most people call the convertible mark simply "marka" ("mark") while pfennigs are referred to as "kovanice" ("nickels").
Serbo-Croatian is subject to a case system. For the purposes of pluralizing currency terms, three situations are relevant:
For the pfenig, the plural is pfeniga/feninga with a short unaccented a, whereas the genitive plural is the same pfeniga/feninga but with a long unaccented i and a. A syllable after an accented syllable whose vowel is pronounced long and with a continuous tone, i. e. neither rising or falling, is said to have a genitive length (although the word does not necessarily have to be in the genitive case in order to have genitive length on its syllable; it can be in the locative also).
These matters should be noted when the local names are used in English. For example, the English plural "ten pfenigas" / "ten feningas" is incorrect because the final a in the BSC plural pfeniga/feninga already indicates the plural. Therefore "ten pfenigs" / "ten fenings" should be used. The Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina (CBBH) uses "fenings" as the English plural.[1] Likewise, "twenty-one markas", "two markes", and "twelve marakas" are incorrect; "twenty-one marks", "two marks", and "twelve marks", respectively, are correct.
In December 1998, coins were introduced in denominations of 10, 20 and 50 fenings.[1] Coins of 5 fenings, KM 1, KM 2 and KM 5 were introduced later.[1] The coins were designed by Bosnian designer Kenan Zekić[4] and minted at the Royal Mint in Llantrisant (Wales, UK).[1]
| Coins of the convertible mark (1998–present)[1] | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Image O R |
Value | Technical parameters | Description | Date of | |||||||||||
| Diameter | Mass | Composition | Edge | Obverse | Reverse | minting | issue | withdrawal | lapse | ||||||
| O R | 5 fenings | 18.00 mm | 2.66 g | nickel-plated steel | reeded | Map of Bosnia and Herzegovina, country name, denomination | Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina, country name, year | 2005–present | 5 January 2006 | Current | |||||
| O R | 10 fenings | 20.00 mm | 3.90 g | copper-plated steel | plain | Map of Bosnia and Herzegovina, country name, denomination | Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina, country name, year | 1998–present | 9 December 1998 | ||||||
| O R | 20 fenings | 22.00 mm | 4.50 g | reeded | |||||||||||
| O R | 50 fenings | 24.00 mm | 5.15 g | ||||||||||||
| O R | 1 mark | 23.25 mm | 4.95 g | nickel-plated steel | milled and smooth | Denomination, country name, indented and inverted triangles* | Coat of arms of Bosnia and Herzegovina | 2000–present | 31 July 2000 | ||||||
| O R | 2 marks | 25.75 mm | 6.90 g | cupro-nickel (inner ring); golden 5.5%; nickel-brass combination (outer ring) |
Peace dove | ||||||||||
| O R | 5 marks | 30.00 mm | 10.35 g | nickel-brass (inner ring); copper-nickel (outer ring) |
milled | 2005–present | 5 January 2006 | ||||||||
These images are to scale at 2.5 pixels per millimetre. For table standards, see the coin specification table.
| |||||||||||||||
In 1998, notes were introduced in denominations of 50 fenings, KM 1, KM 5, KM 10, KM 20, KM 50, and KM 100. KM 200 notes were added in 2002, while the 50-fening and KM 1 and KM 5 notes were later withdrawn from circulation. All current notes are valid throughout the nation.[1]
The Central Bank of Bosnia Herzegovina issues the banknotes, with distinct designs for the constituent polities of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republika Srpska,1 except for the largest denomination, i. e. the KM 200 note. The banknotes are legal tender throughout the country.[1] On the notes for the Republika Srpska, inscriptions are printed first in Cyrillic and then Latin script, and vice versa. Banknotes, with the exception of the KM 200 note, are printed by the French company Oberthur.[1][5]
| Banknotes of the convertible mark for FBiH (1998–present)[1] | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Image O R |
Value | Technical parameters | Description | Date of | |||||
| Dimensions | Watermark | Obverse | Reverse | printing | issue | withdrawal | lapse | ||
| O R | 50 fenings | 120 mm × 60 mm | Central Bank monogram repeated vertically | Skender Kulenović | Stećak Zgošca fragment | No date (1998) |
22 June 1998 | 1 January 2003[6] | 1 April 2018[7] |
| O R | 1 mark | Ivan Franjo Jukić | Stećak Stolac fragment | 1 January 2009[8] | |||||
| O R | 5 marks | 122 mm × 62 mm | Meša Selimović | Trees | 1 January 2010[9] | ||||
| O R | 10 marks | 130 mm × 65 mm | Mehmedalija Mak Dizdar | Stećak Križevići fragment (until 2017 print, wrongly named as "Stećak Radimlja", corrected in 2019 print)[10][11] | No date (1998) (2008) (2012) (2017) (2019) |
22 June 1998 4 November 2008 1 June 2012 14 April 2017 |
Current | ||
| O R | 20 marks | 138 mm × 68 mm | Antun Branko Šimić | Stećak Radimlja fragment | No date (1998) (2008) (2012) (2019) | ||||
| O R | 50 marks | 146 mm × 71 mm | Musa Ćazim Ćatić | Stone relief | No date (1998) (2002) (2007) (2008) (2009) (2012) (2017) (2019) |
22 June 1998 No date (2002) 1 March 2007 No date (2008) 14 December 2009 1 June 2012 | |||
| O R | 100 marks | 154 mm × 74 mm | Nikola Šop | Stećak Zgošca fragment | No date (1998) (2002) (2007) (2008) (2012) (2017) (2019) |
27 July 1998 No date (2002) 1 March 2007 No date (2008) 1 June 2012 | |||
| These images are to scale at 0.7 pixel per millimetre (18 pixel per inch). For table standards, see the banknote specification table. | |||||||||
| Banknotes of the convertible mark for RS (1998–present)[1] | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Image O R |
Value | Technical parameters | Description | Date of | |||||
| Dimensions | Watermark | Obverse | Reverse | printing | issue | withdrawal | lapse | ||
| O R | 50 fenings | 120 mm × 60 mm | Central Bank monogram repeated vertically | Branko Ćopić | House and books | No date (1998) |
22 June 1998 | 1 January 2003[6] | 1 April 2018[7] |
| O R | 1 mark | Ivo Andrić | The Bridge on the Drina | 15 July 1998[a][12] | |||||
| O R | [b]5 marks | 122 mm × 62 mm | Meša Selimović | Trees | 1 January 2010[9] | ||||
| O R | 10 marks | 130 mm × 65 mm | Aleksa Šantić | Loaf of bread | No date (1998) (2008) (2012) (2017) (2019) |
22 June 1998 4 November 2008 1 June 2012 |
Current | ||
| O R | 20 marks | 138 mm × 68 mm | Filip Višnjić | Gusle (musical instrument) | No date (1998) (2008) (2012) (2019) | ||||
| O R | 50 marks | 146 mm × 71 mm | Jovan Dučić | pen, eyeglasses and book | No date (1998) (2002) (2007) (2008) (2009) (2012) (2017) (2019) |
22 June 1998 No date (2002) 1 March 2007 No date (2008) 14 December 2009 1 June 2012 | |||
| O R | 100 marks | 154 mm × 74 mm | Petar Kočić | pen, eyeglasses and book | No date (1998) (2002) (2007) (2008) (2012) (2017) (2019) |
27 July 1998 No date (2002) 1 March 2007 No date (2008) 1 June 2012 | |||
| These images are to scale at 0.7 pixel per millimetre (18 pixel per inch). For table standards, see the banknote specification table. | |||||||||
The portraits of Ivan Franjo Jukić and Meša Selimović, which are both writers, were featured by consensus between both entities on all KM 1 and KM 5 notes used between 1998 and 2010.[1]
On 15 May 2002, a KM 200 banknote, designed by Robert Kalina, was introduced during a promotion that was held in the Central Bank of BH. The reverse design which depicts a bridge is meant to resemble the euro banknotes, which were also designed by Robert Kalina. After an international tender, the Austrian company Oesterreichische Banknoten und Sicherheitsdruck GmbH (OeBS) in Vienna was chosen to print the notes. Initially, six million were ordered.[13]
| Banknotes of the convertible mark for both entities (2002–present)[1] | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Image O R |
Value | Technical parameters | Description | Date of | ||||||
| Dimensions | Watermark | Obverse | Reverse | printing | issue | withdrawal | lapse | |||
| O R | 200 marks | 156 mm × 76 mm | Image of the Bridge on River Drina[13] | Ivo Andrić | The Bridge on the Drina | No date (2002) 17 August 2022 |
15 May 2002 |
Current | ||
| These images are to scale at 0.7 pixel per millimetre (18 pixel per inch). For table standards, see the banknote specification table. | ||||||||||
Initially the mark was pegged to the Deutsche Mark at par.[1] Since the replacement of the German mark by the euro in 2002, the Bosnian convertible mark uses the same fixed exchange rate to euro that the German mark had (that is, 1 EUR = 1.95583 BAM).[1]
| Current BAM exchange rates | |
|---|---|
| From Google Finance: | AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD TRY |
| From Yahoo! Finance: | AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD TRY |
| From XE.com: | AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD TRY |
| From OANDA: | AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD TRY |
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Banknotes and coins of Bosnia and Herzegovina have many mistakes and inconsistencies.[1]
Officially, only one banknote has not been released in circulation because of a mistake, even though other banknotes with mistakes had been issued.[1]
These are the most important mistakes that have been noticed to date:
Fening details: | Mint: Royal Mint, Llantrisant | Released into Circulation: December 9th, 1998, with the exception of the 5 fening coin which is in circulation from January 5, 2006. | Face: Map of BH with overlay of denomination | Reverse: Flag of BH | The Words: "Bosna i Hercegovina" and "Fening" are on the face and reverse edges in both Latin and Cyrillic script. The date of production is on the reverse side on the left from the BH flag. | 10, 20 and 50 fening coins are made of copper-plated steel, while 5 fening coin is made of nickel-plated steel.
Mi, u našoj veseloj zemlji, imamo konvertibilnu marku kao novčanu jedinicu. Marka ima svoj najsitniji dio koji se zove pfenig. Tako kaže Službeni glasnik BiH, a Službeni glasnik – to ti je zakon. Ko misli da to i nije baš zakon, jer se tu objavljuju stvari koje se tiču vesele zemlje Bosne i Hercegovine, tu su i Službene novine Federacije BiH koje to potvrđuju, i to na sva tri jezika i u dva pisma. (...) Međutim, imamo mi i kovanice. Iako su i one dijelovi marke, samo odmetala, one se kod nas drugačije zovu – fening. Tako na kovanicama možemo pročitati 10 feninga, 20 feninga i 50 feninga.
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... i u dva pisma. Da je to tako vidi se na novčanicama od 50 KONVERTIBILNIH PFENIGA, i onim sa Skenderom Kulenovićem i onim sa Brankom Ćopićem. Doduše, „Službeni(e)..." i stvarne novčanice se malo razilaze u detaljima pa tako u Službeni(e)... imamo „konvertibilnu marku, apoen od 50 pfeniga", a na novčanicama „50 KONVERTIBILNIH PFENIGA". Dakle, prema Službeni(e)... marka jeste konvertibilna, ali pfenig nije, dok je prema novčanici i PFENIG konvertibilan. Ima tu još malo nejasnoća oko velikog i malog slova u riječi „pfenig", ali kao da je to, uostalom, i važno, i ko će sve to, bogati, gledati!?
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