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Design Web Format
Design Web Format
Design Web Format
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Design Web Format
Filename extensions
.dwf, .dwfx
Internet media type
model/vnd.dwf
Developed byAutodesk
Initial release1995; 31 years ago (1995)
Type of formatCAD

Design Web Format (DWF) is a file format developed by Autodesk for the efficient distribution and communication of rich design data to anyone who needs to view, review, or print design files. Because DWF files are highly compressed, they are smaller and faster to transmit than design files, without the overhead associated with complex CAD drawings (or the management of external links and dependencies). With DWF functionality, publishers of design data can limit the specific design data and plot styles to only what they want recipients to see and can publish multisheet drawing sets from multiple AutoCAD drawings in a single DWF file. They can also publish 3D models from most Autodesk design applications.

DWF files are not a replacement for native CAD formats such as AutoCAD drawings (DWG). The sole purpose of DWF is to allow designers, engineers, project managers, and their colleagues to communicate design information and design content to anyone needing to view, review, or print design information – without these team members needing to know AutoCAD or other design software.

An Autodesk DWF advocate blog[1] cites as DWF's strengths over alternatives that the files have very high mathematical precision, and contain meta-data for sheets, objects and markup data. Another significant strength is that comments and markup can be reintroduced to, and edited in, some Autodesk products, such as Revit and AutoCAD.

The AutoCAD file format (.dwfx) is based on ISO/IEC 29500-2:2008 Open Packaging Conventions.[2]

Technology

[edit]

DWF is a file format developed by Autodesk for representing design data in a manner that is independent of the original application software, hardware, and operating system used to create that design data. A DWF file can describe design data containing any combination of text, graphics, and images in a device independent and resolution independent format. These files can be one sheet or multiple sheets, very simple or extremely complex with a rich use of fonts, graphics, color, and images. The format also includes intelligent metadata that captures the design intent of the data being represented.

The DWF technology centers on three components:

  • C++ libraries for developers
  • a viewer for project team members who wish to view design data without knowing AutoCAD
  • a writer that allows anyone to create a DWF file from any application

DWF Toolkit

[edit]

DWF is an open file format. Autodesk publishes the DWF specification and makes available C++ libraries[3] (not available anymore) for any developer who wants to build applications around the DWF format, with the DWF Toolkit. Furthermore, DWF is based on other industry standards such as ZLIB, XML, and common image formats.

DWF files (since version 6.0) are a ZIP-compressed container for the drawing files; despite the first few bytes of the file containing a DWF header, renaming a .dwf file to .zip will allow the component files inside to be viewed with archive compression software. Amongst various XML and binary files, is a PNG format thumbnail preview.

DWF can be interfaced with .NET Libraries. [citation needed]

Design Review

[edit]

Autodesk Design Review is a free viewing application that enables all members of the project team to easily view, measure, markup and print designs shared electronically. Built around the DWF file format, Design Review enables users to view and print complex 2D and 3D drawings, maps, and models published from Autodesk design applications or from the DWF Writer.

Also, all Markups and Annotations created in Design Review can be imported to the original file when using Autodesk applications, such as AutoCAD, Inventor or Revit Architectural. This feature makes DWF the ideal format for design reviewing and collaboration processes.

Although an Autodesk representative stated on the Official Autodesk user Forums in September 2013 that the application would be discontinued,[4] an update to Autodesk Design Review was released in 2017.

DWF Writer

[edit]

Autodesk DWF Writer software publishes the DWF format from CAD applications that do not offer built-in DWF publishing, such as Bentley MicroStation or Dassault's Solidworks software. Autodesk DWF Writer is a Windows printer driver that converts files to DWF format. The result is that the entire project team can standardize on a common file format to exchange and review designs and sheet sets, at no additional cost.[citation needed]

Freewheel

[edit]

In 2007, Autodesk introduced an online translator for DWFs called Freewheel. Freewheel was a way to view a DWF file without downloading software. It was also a web service which offered developers a web-based interface for viewing, querying, and manipulating DWF files. Freewheel has been replaced by the web based viewing and editing web service Autodesk 360.[citation needed]

Platforms

[edit]

Autodesk's DWF viewers (except for Freewheel) are all based on Microsoft Windows. The DWF Toolkit is available on Microsoft Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X.

History

[edit]

The DWF format first appeared in 1995 as part of the unveiling of Autodesk's "WHIP!" Netscape Navigator plug-in. The format was originally referred to as the Drawing Web Format, since DWF files were generated by the Autodesk Internet Publishing Kit. As the format grew in use beyond just AutoCAD, it was renamed to Design Web Format. Although originally a 2D-only format, DWF has evolved to include 3D. Today DWF files are generated by all Autodesk products. In addition, there are a variety of third-party applications that make use of the format.

Alternatives

[edit]

PDF is an internationally recognized open file format developed by Adobe Systems to allow electronic exchange of any printable document, independent of the source application software, hardware and operating system. PDF/E is a subset of v1.6 of the PDF specification specifically designed for engineering use.

SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) is an open, XML based file format. It is suitable for use both as a format for creating and editing drawings and as a format for viewing and publication. For instance, Inkscape uses SVG as its native format, and both the Firefox and Opera browsers natively display SVG.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Design Web Format

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The Design Web Format (DWF) is a developed by for the publication and distribution of 2D and 3D design data, including CAD drawings, models, graphics, text, and associated metadata, in a lightweight, compressed package that enables viewing, review, and collaboration without requiring the original authoring software. This format supports secure sharing via email, web, or intranet, preserving high-fidelity details such as measurements and object properties for non-expert users. Autodesk introduced DWF in 1995 as an initial 2D-only solution called Drawing Web Format, integrated as part of the ! plug-in for to facilitate early web-based design sharing. By 2003, the format evolved to include 3D capabilities, allowing for the representation of complex models with full accuracy and performance, which set new standards for design communication at the time. Subsequently, the DWFx extension was created as an enhanced version compliant with the XML Paper Specification (XPS) standard (ISO/IEC 29500-2:2008), improving interoperability with Microsoft Windows systems while maintaining backward compatibility with standard DWF files. Key features of DWF include significant file compression—often reducing size compared to native or DXF formats—while retaining all necessary visual and interactive elements for precise viewing and analysis. Users can access these files through free applications such as the Viewer (which supports over 80 file types including PDFs and raster images) or the legacy Design Review (discontinued in 2017 but still available for download), providing tools for measuring dimensions, adding annotations and markups, tracking revisions, and printing with original fidelity. As of 2025, DWF remains supported in products like for , , and workflows to streamline project collaboration, reduce costs associated with , and enable extended teams to engage with design information securely and efficiently. The DWF Toolkit, originally provided by , is now maintained by the for developers.

Overview

Definition and Purpose

The Design Web Format (DWF) is a file format developed by Autodesk for publishing and distributing 2D and 3D computer-aided design (CAD) data, encompassing vector graphics, metadata, and associated design information. It serves as a lightweight alternative to native CAD files, allowing users to share accurate representations of models, drawings, and assemblies without exposing editable source data. The primary purpose of DWF is to enable secure and compressed distribution of design files for collaborative review, including viewing, precise measuring, and markup, while protecting by preventing modifications to the underlying CAD . This format maintains essential design intelligence, such as scale, line weights, and mass properties, ensuring that recipients can interact with the content accurately without requiring the original authoring software. Key benefits of DWF include significantly reduced file sizes compared to native CAD formats like , facilitating easy sharing via or web platforms, along with support for precise measurements and annotations that preserve intent. Historically, DWF was designed as a web-optimized format to streamline online sharing of design data over intranets or the , evolving later into variants like DWFx for enhanced XML-based compatibility.

Format Variants

The original Design Web Format (DWF) is a binary file format developed by to enable the efficient web-based delivery of 2D and 3D design data derived from CAD files like . This compressed, vector-based structure was optimized for viewing, reviewing, and printing drawings without requiring the full CAD software, making it suitable for sharing rich design information over the while minimizing and transmission overhead. The DWFx variant, introduced around 2007, evolved from the original DWF as an XML-based format aligned with 's XML Paper Specification (XPS). This shift to XML enhances the format's openness and interoperability, allowing DWFx files to be natively viewed and printed using the free XPS Viewer included in Windows operating systems, thereby broadening accessibility beyond Autodesk-specific tools. Key differences between DWF and DWFx lie in their structural foundations and compatibility profiles: the binary DWF relies on encoding for compactness, whereas DWFx's XML structure facilitates easier parsing, programmatic integration with web standards, and support for digital signatures. Both variants accommodate 2D and 3D content, but DWFx improves print fidelity through XPS's fixed-layout capabilities, though it results in larger file sizes due to embedded metadata for broader viewer support. Notably, while the XPS Viewer handles basic 2D DWFx viewing, it lacks full support for advanced features like 3D navigation, passwords, or object properties found in . As of 2025, both DWF and DWFx remain fully supported in software, including 2025, where users can select the output format via commands like DWFFORMAT; DWFx is positioned as the recommended default for new files to leverage its enhanced compatibility and alignment with open standards.

History

Origins and Development

The (DWF) was developed by in the mid-1990s to address the challenges of sharing complex designs over the emerging without requiring users to install the full software. This initiative aimed to create a lightweight, compressed that could facilitate efficient distribution of while maintaining key elements like layers and views. The format's origins lie in 's efforts to enable paperless workflows and broader collaboration in processes. DWF first appeared in 1995 as part of Autodesk's for the browser, marking an early step toward web-based design viewing. This plug-in allowed non-expert stakeholders to open, view, and print DWF files directly within web browsers, bypassing the need for proprietary CAD software. The primary motivations were to mitigate the limitations of the bulky format, which was impractical for online transmission due to its size, and to empower AEC industry professionals and clients to interact with 2D designs remotely. DWF saw significant advancement and integration in the late , with native support introduced in 2000, released in March 1999. This version included the ePlot virtual plotter, enabling users to generate compressed 2D DWF files optimized for web publishing and . The focus remained on streamlining workflows in the AEC sector by allowing quick sharing of drawings for feedback without compromising security or detail. Early partnerships emphasized browser compatibility through Autodesk's viewer plugins, laying the groundwork for DWF's role in collaborative design environments.

Key Milestones and Evolution

In 2007, introduced the DWFx variant of the Design Web Format to enhance XML-based compatibility and integration with Microsoft's XML Paper Specification (XPS), enabling seamless viewing and printing on Windows platforms without . This update allowed DWFx files to leverage the native XPS Viewer included in and later, broadening accessibility for non- users while maintaining secure, lightweight design data sharing. During the 2010s, DWF underwent significant expansions, including improved 3D support that enabled more detailed rendering and navigation of three-dimensional models within tools like . Enhancements also extended to mobile compatibility, permitting DWF files to be viewed and reviewed on handheld devices as part of broader mobile workflows. Concurrently, cloud publishing advanced through (now ), which introduced APIs for translating and hosting DWF files online, streamlining remote collaboration and integration with web-based viewers. In the 2020s, DWF support persisted in 2025, reinforcing its utility for exporting and reviewing 2D and 3D design data in modern CAD environments. The format has shifted toward hybrid applications alongside BIM standards like IFC, where DWF serves as a complementary lightweight viewer for IFC-exported models in Inventor and other tools, promoting without full model exposure. DWF has not been deprecated and remains integral for legacy systems and secure sharing, evidenced by bug fixes in 2025 that resolved DWF creation failures for Revit files and improved overall stability. DWF's adoption in the , , and (AEC) sector is widespread, particularly for generating plot sets and enabling markup-assisted reviews in collaborative pipelines. This ongoing relevance stems from its alignment with evolving web standards, ensuring efficient, secure dissemination of design information across diverse teams.

Technical Specifications

File Structure and Components

The Design Web Format (DWF) employs a hierarchical to organize into dedicated sections for , metadata, and objects, enabling efficient storage and retrieval of complex information. sections house 2D and 3D vector , including geometrical shapes and subobjects for precise rendering of drawings and models. Metadata sections capture essential properties such as measurements, author details, and creation timestamps, while objects encompass elements like layers and blocks to support structured grouping and hierarchical navigation within the file. Key components of a DWF file include a header that specifies version information and initial metadata, a body consisting of compressed streams that encapsulate the core data content, and end markers that define the file's boundaries. This organization allows DWF files to support multiple sheets or views in a single container, facilitating the representation of entire project sets without fragmentation. Standard DWF files rely on binary streams for efficient data packing in the body, whereas DWFx integrates XML wrappers around sections such as for content cataloging and for vector and raster elements, building on the XML Paper Specification for enhanced structure and compatibility. This distinction preserves the hierarchical framework while adapting to XML-based processing in DWFx, which supports the same vector and metadata capabilities for precise viewing.

Compression, Security, and Features

DWF files employ a highly compressed binary format that significantly reduces file sizes compared to native CAD formats like , enabling efficient distribution over the while preserving all original design data through . This compression is structured around the file's sectional components, applying techniques similar to ZIP to individual streams of data, which optimizes storage for complex 2D and 3D models. Security in DWF is enhanced through password protection, particularly in the DWFx variant, where users can apply case-sensitive passwords or phrases consisting of letters, numbers, punctuation, or non-ASCII characters to restrict access to the file contents. Additionally, DWFx supports digital signatures by converting files to this XML-based format, allowing verification of authenticity and integrity to prevent unauthorized modifications or extractions. Object-level controls, such as layer-based toggling, further bolster security by enabling publishers to hide or reveal specific elements, limiting exposure of sensitive design details without altering the underlying structure. Beyond core compression and security, DWF incorporates advanced features for enhanced usability in design review workflows. Annotations and markups can be added directly to 2D and 3D content, supporting collaborative feedback through tools in compatible viewers like Autodesk Design Review. Hyperlinks embedded within the file facilitate navigation to external resources, while precise scaling and measurement tools allow users to perform accurate dimensioning and analysis on models. For 3D models, navigation capabilities include orbiting to rotate views interactively by dragging the model and sectioning to create dynamic cross-sections for internal examination. A distinctive aspect of DWF is its native support for geospatial , enabling the inclusion of spatially enabled coordinates and features that maintain for mapping and applications. Rendering styles are handled through vector-based representation, preserving sharp lines and scalability without the need for rasterization, which ensures high-fidelity visuals across different zoom levels and devices.

Software and Tools

Creation and Publishing Tools

The DWF Writer is a certified Windows that facilitates the conversion of , PDF, and other file formats to DWF by using plot commands within applications like . Users install it as a virtual printer and select it during the plotting process to generate DWF outputs directly, supporting both 2D and 3D content without requiring additional plugins in compatible software. The DWF Toolkit provides an open-source , available in C++ and .NET libraries, enabling developers to programmatically create and manipulate DWF files, including complex 3D models and assemblies. Originally developed by and now maintained by the , the toolkit allows integration into custom applications for exporting design data while preserving attributes like layers, properties, and graphics. In 2025, the PUBLISH command supports workflows for generating multi-sheet DWFx sets from collections of drawings, allowing users to assemble, configure page setups, and output electronic sets in a single operation. This command streamlines batch publishing by specifying output formats and sheet lists directly from the interface. integrates with these workflows for automated DWF exports, where file lifecycle transitions or job processors trigger the creation of DWF files from managed sources, ensuring version-controlled and secure distribution. Recent updates in Platform Services (formerly ) extend these capabilities to -based publishing via the Design Automation API, which runs scripts remotely to export files to DWF without local installation, addressing scalability needs for large-scale design sharing. This API leverages compression features inherent to DWF for efficient handling of design data.

Viewing and Review Tools

is a free standalone application developed by for viewing, marking up, measuring, and DWF files without requiring the original design software. , last updated in 2017, remains available as a free download but is no longer actively developed. It supports both 2D and 3D content, enabling users to navigate multi-sheet files, add annotations such as text, clouds, and lines, and track changes through status updates on markups. The software provides specialized tools for processes, including batch capabilities that allow users to and print multiple DWF files in a single operation via a configurable wizard. Stamp tools enable quick insertion of predefined symbols or text for approvals, revisions, or comments, with options for customization and collaboration-specific stamps to indicate reviewer actions. These features facilitate efficient and feedback without altering the underlying design data. Autodesk Freewheel was an early web-based viewer for DWF files, launched around to enable browser-based access without downloads. It supported 2D content viewing but was discontinued by in January 2014, rendering it a legacy tool no longer available for use. DWF files integrate natively with several products for viewing and review. AutoCAD provides built-in support for opening and interacting with DWF files, including markup import and export. DWG TrueView 2025, a free DWG viewer, allows users to open, view, and plot DWF files, supporting navigation and basic measurements. For the DWFx variant, which incorporates XML Paper Specification (XPS) for enhanced portability, the free XPS Viewer enables instant opening and printing on Windows systems.

Supported Platforms and Compatibility

Design Web Format (DWF) files find their primary support on desktop platforms through applications, with Windows serving as the main operating system for full functionality. Autodesk Design Review, a free viewer for DWF and DWFx files, is available exclusively for Windows, enabling comprehensive 2D and 3D viewing, markup, and printing without requiring the original design software. On macOS, support is limited to web-based viewers like the Autodesk Viewer, which allows basic access to DWF files but lacks native desktop applications for advanced editing or full 3D manipulation; full 3D capabilities are restricted to on Windows. For mobile and web access, the Viewer provides broad compatibility as of 2025, operating in modern web browsers such as the latest versions of , , Mozilla Firefox, and Apple Safari on Windows, macOS, and Chrome OS. Mobile support includes dedicated apps for and Android devices, allowing users to view, measure, and markup DWF files on the go via the AutoCAD mobile app. Additionally, DWF files integrate with cloud platforms like Autodesk Construction Cloud, where they can be uploaded, viewed, and collaborated on through web interfaces without platform-specific restrictions. Backward compatibility ensures that older DWF 6.x files can be opened and viewed in modern tools, maintaining access to legacy design data across updates. The DWFx variant, based on XML Paper Specification (XPS), enhances by allowing parsing and viewing in non- software, such as the free XPS Viewer on Windows, though 3D content and advanced features may not be fully supported. Despite these strengths, DWF lacks native support on distributions, requiring web-based or virtualized Windows environments for access.

Applications and Usage

Publishing and Sharing Design Data

The Design Web Format (DWF) enables efficient workflows for exporting and distributing design data from (CAD) software, such as or Revit, without requiring recipients to have the original editing tools. In a typical process, users select multiple layouts or sheets within the CAD application, configure publishing options to include 2D or 3D views, and export them as a single multi-sheet DWF file using commands like PUBLISH or Export to DWF. This preserves essential elements like layers, object attributes, styles, and coordinate systems from the source file, ensuring the shared data remains intact and viewable in a lightweight format. The resulting DWF can then be attached to emails or uploaded to web platforms for quick distribution to stakeholders. In , , and (AEC) projects, DWF is commonly used to issue construction drawings and models to contractors and external teams while protecting the proprietary editable or Revit files from unintended modifications or . For instance, project managers export coordinated drawing sets to DWF for bid packages or site instructions, allowing contractors to measure, section, and navigate the designs using free viewers like Design Review without accessing the full . This approach supports secure dissemination in phases like tendering or fieldwork, where only view-only access is needed. In manufacturing workflows, such as those using , DWF facilitates the sharing of assembly models and drawings for supplier reviews or quality checks, maintaining design intent without exposing editable files. Key advantages of DWF for include its high compression, which significantly reduces file sizes compared to native CAD formats—making large, complex models easier to transmit over networks or without compromising visual fidelity or . For example, detailed AEC drawings with multiple sheets can be shared rapidly, as the format prioritizes efficiency for non-editable distribution. Additionally, DWF supports password protection during export, restricting access to authorized viewers only and enhancing security for sensitive project data. As of 2025, DWF integrates seamlessly with platforms like Docs within the Autodesk Construction , allowing users to upload published files for real-time sharing via secure links with granular permissions, version tracking, and mobile access. This enables AEC teams to distribute DWF packages directly from CAD workflows to repositories, facilitating instant across distributed project sites without local file transfers.

Collaboration and Review Processes

DWF files facilitate team-based feedback through specialized markup tools integrated into , a free viewer that supports annotations on 2D and 3D content without altering the original design data. Users can add comments, text blocks, redline geometry for revisions, dimensions for measurements, and clouds to highlight areas, along with stamps for approvals or status indicators. These markups include metadata such as creator, date, and status options (e.g., Question, For Review, Done), enabling structured iteration. After annotation, marked-up DWF files can be exported to PDF for broader sharing or imported back into authoring tools like or Inventor via the Markup Set Manager to apply changes directly to files. In collaborative processes, DWF supports stakeholder reviews, particularly in bids where teams evaluate proposals offline and securely. Reviewers publish designs as DWF from tools like Inventor or Revit, distribute the file, and receive annotated versions for incorporation into bids or project documentation. Version tracking occurs through stamped DWF files, where embedded stamps and markup histories maintain audit trails across iterations, often managed in environments like for automatic update notifications. Key benefits of DWF in these workflows include non-destructive annotations that preserve the integrity of the source design data, allowing reversible feedback without risking file corruption. As of November 2025, tools like Web support multi-user markup sessions on shared drawings via Docs, complementing DWF's role in offline and secure reviews. While industry trends show a shift toward integrated BIM platforms like Docs for cloud-based workflows, DWF maintains a niche in secure, offline processes where data isolation is prioritized.

Alternatives

Competing File Formats

The Portable Document Format (PDF) serves as a widely adopted alternative to DWF for sharing design data, functioning as a hybrid of raster and that supports embedding 2D drawings and 3D models. Developed by , PDF enables broad accessibility across platforms without requiring specialized CAD software, but it offers less precision for 3D measurements and CAD-specific interactions compared to formats optimized for . The (IFC) format represents an for (BIM) data exchange, developed by buildingSMART International as ISO 16739 to promote among software tools in the , , and sectors. IFC focuses on structured building data, including geometric, semantic, and relational information, making it particularly suited for collaborative workflows in construction projects rather than general CAD sharing. glTF (GL Transmission Format) and OBJ are lightweight 3D formats commonly used for web-based visualization and transmission of models, with serving as an from the optimized for real-time rendering in browsers and mobile applications. While supports efficient storage of meshes, materials, animations, and scenes in a compact JSON-based structure, and OBJ provides a simple text-based mesh exchange, both lack the extensive metadata, security features, and multi-view capabilities inherent to DWF for comprehensive design data sharing. Other notable alternatives include the STEP (Standard for the Exchange of Product model data) format, an neutral standard for CAD data interchange that preserves product structure, geometry, and assembly information across diverse software ecosystems. Additionally, the PRC (Product Representation Compact) format enables embedding of precise 3D CAD data within PDF files, offering high compression and support for boundary representations while leveraging PDF's universal viewing capabilities.

Comparisons and Trade-offs

DWF offers superior precision and 3D capabilities for CAD compared to PDF, retaining detailed elements such as object and layers that PDF often simplifies to basic graphics, with DWF supporting vector resolutions up to 40,000 dpi while PDF enables without a fixed dpi limit, though raster elements depend on embedding resolution. However, PDF provides broader through universal viewers like Reader, making it preferable for non-technical recipients, while DWF typically requires Autodesk-specific software, leading to a between specialized functionality and ease of distribution. File sizes also favor DWF for complex CAD models due to its compression optimized for data, though this advantage diminishes for simple 2D documents where PDF remains more compact and printable without loss. In comparison to IFC, the open BIM standard, DWF is lighter and more streamlined for quick reviews within workflows, enabling efficient sharing of 2D and 3D AEC data without the full semantic complexity of IFC files, which can exceed hundreds of megabytes for detailed models. IFC excels in vendor-neutral for comprehensive BIM exchanges, supporting structured data like building hierarchies and across software ecosystems, whereas DWF's nature ties it to tools, limiting its use in multi-vendor projects. DWF provides stronger security for intellectual property protection than glTF, incorporating password encryption and content restrictions to prevent unauthorized extraction or editing of design data, features absent in glTF's open, runtime-oriented structure designed for direct rendering. This comes at the cost of ecosystem dependency, as DWF lacks widespread native open-source viewers, relying on applications for full functionality, while glTF benefits from broad, free browser-based support without barriers. Overall, DWF remains optimal for controlled AEC sharing where precision and IP safeguards are paramount within environments, offering greater openness and seamless integration in modern digital workflows through alternatives like .

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  75. https://aliresources.hexagon.com/procurement-fabrication-construction/5-trends-that-will-shape-aec-in-2025
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