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EVN Group
EVN Group
from Wikipedia

Key Information

EVN Group is an Austrian-based producer and transporter of electricity, one of the largest in Europe having over three million customers in 14 countries.[2] The company also operates in water treatment, natural gas supply and waste management business areas. It is the second-largest utility in Austria.

(The EVN brand, introduced at the beginning of 1988, stands for Energie-Versorgung Niederösterreich, or Lower Austrian Energy Supply.)[3]

Activities

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In 2006, EVN Group produced around 3.45 billion kWh mainly from thermal power plants (68%) and renewable energy (hydro and wind) power plants (32%). EVN Group also distributed 19.2 billion kWh of electricity in Austria (37.9%), Bulgaria (37.95%, through subsidiary EVN Bulgaria [bg]) and North Macedonia (24.15%, through EVN Macedonia).

The company also has power generation capacities of 1,450 MW, a transmission network of 1,370 km and a distribution network of 45,000 km. EVN Group is also involved in the natural gas sector having a total network length of 10,100 km.[4] EVN itself owns 12.5% of Austrian peer Verbund.[5]

Ownership

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Less than 14% of EVN Group shares are free float on the Vienna Stock Exchange, with the state of Lower Austria holding 51 percent.

From 2002 until 2020, German utility EnBW owned around 35 percent of EVN Group.[6] From 2015 on, EnBW reduced its share.[7] In 2020, Wiener Stadtwerke became EVN’s second-largest shareholder after it bought EnBW’s remaining 28.35% stake, worth around 800 million euros ($894 million).[8][9]

References

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from Grokipedia
EVN AG, operating as the EVN Group, is a leading Austrian energy and environmental services provider headquartered in Maria Enzersdorf, . Founded in 1922, the company specializes in the generation, distribution, and supply of electricity, , and heat, alongside environmental services such as supply and , and . With a fully integrated , EVN serves over 4.9 million customers, including households, businesses, and industries, across 13 countries primarily in Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe, as well as the . In the financial year 2023/24, the group reported net revenue of €3,256.6 million and employed approximately 8,006 people. The EVN Group's operations are organized into key segments: , which handles , trading, and sales of , gas, and heat; Networks, responsible for operating and maintaining distribution infrastructure in ; South East Europe, focusing on supply and network operations in countries like and ; Environment, encompassing water and wastewater management; and , centered on production. The company has a strong emphasis on , with 84.4% of its derived from renewable sources in 2023/24, including , , and solar, and a current renewable capacity of 925 MW. EVN terminated coal-fired in 2020/21 and is committed to achieving climate neutrality, aligning with (SBTi) goals, while investing €753 million in infrastructure and renewables during the year. Internationally, EVN maintains a significant presence in Bulgaria, where it supplies electricity to approximately 1.5 million customers through subsidiaries like EVN Bulgaria, and in North Macedonia via ESM and EVN Macedonia, contributing substantially to the group's earnings. Other operations span Germany, Croatia, Albania, Slovenia, Poland, Romania, Kuwait, and Bahrain, with a recent exit from Russia completed in October 2024 through the sale of its Moscow-based plants. As a publicly listed company on the Vienna Stock Exchange since 1989, EVN is majority-owned (51%) by NÖ Landes-Beteiligungsholding GmbH, the investment arm of the State of Lower Austria, ensuring a stable governance structure. The group also supports social initiatives, including an annual €3 million energy assistance fund for vulnerable customers since 2022, and holds certifications such as ISO 18295-1 for customer service excellence.

History

Founding and Early Development

EVN Group traces its origins to the early as a public utility dedicated to electricity supply in . The company was formally established in 1922 as Niederösterreichische Elektrizitätswirtschaftsaktiengesellschaft (), following the renaming of the earlier Landeselektrizitätswerk, which had been founded in 1907 to build a hydroelectric power plant serving . Initially owned jointly by the provinces of and , focused on developing electricity networks and constructing power plants to support regional . One early milestone was the acquisition of the Ungarfeld hydroelectric power station in 1922, which integrated into 's growing infrastructure for local energy generation. Following , NEWAG underwent nationalization under Austria's Second Nationalization Act of 1947, with the province of becoming its sole owner. This period marked intensive efforts to rebuild and expand infrastructure, including the construction and upgrading of power plants and distribution networks to electrify rural and urban areas in amid post-war reconstruction. By the 1950s, the company established its headquarters in Maria Enzersdorf, centralizing operations for ongoing network expansions that connected thousands of households and businesses to reliable supply. A key innovation during this decade was the founding of NIOGAS in 1954, a that pioneered distribution in by rapidly developing pipelines across , reducing reliance on traditional fuels. In the mid-20th century, advanced technological capabilities, exemplified by the commissioning of the Korneuburg A combined-cycle power plant in 1961, one of Europe's earliest such facilities, enhancing efficient . By the , the utility had evolved into a multi-utility provider, integrating gas services from NIOGAS with emerging initiatives to offer comprehensive energy solutions, including for residential and industrial use in . These developments laid the groundwork for the formal merger of and NIOGAS in 1986, which introduced the EVN brand in 1988. The company's centennial in 2022 highlighted its foundational role in Lower Austria's .

Expansion in Austria and Privatization

In 1988, the company adopted the EVN brand name, standing for "Energieversorgung Niederösterreich" or Lower Austrian Energy Supply, to unify its operations and reflect its role as the primary energy provider in the region. This rebranding occurred amid 's evolving sector, building on earlier infrastructure developments while positioning EVN for modern market challenges. The 1990s brought significant regulatory changes driven by European Union directives on electricity market liberalization, prompting EVN to adapt through diversification beyond traditional power generation and distribution. In response to the 1998 Electricity Business and Organisation Act (ElWOG), which facilitated gradual market opening culminating in full liberalization by 2001, EVN expanded into renewable energy sources such as biomass and wind power, as well as waste management services to support sustainable practices. By the early 1990s, EVN had already implemented standardized waste collection centers across its Lower Austrian locations to promote environmentally compatible disposal, aligning with broader EU environmental goals. These initiatives enhanced EVN's resilience in a competitive landscape, emphasizing multi-utility services while maintaining focus on regional energy security. Partial privatization marked a pivotal shift in EVN's structure, with initial public offerings on the in 1989 and 1990 that introduced private investment while preserving public control. The Province of retained a majority stake of 51% through its , ensuring strategic oversight. EnBW Energie AG acquired approximately 31.2% in 2002, with 17.8% in free float as of that period. This hybrid model balanced efficiency gains from market exposure with the province's commitment to obligations in energy supply. In the early 2000s, EVN further diversified domestically by expanding into through its Kabelsignal AG, which operated cable networks in and later rebranded as kabelplus GmbH. This move capitalized on synergies between energy infrastructure and services, acquiring regional cable assets to offer integrated and solutions to customers.

International Growth in South East Europe

EVN Group's expansion into South East Europe commenced in 2005 with its entry into the electricity market, where it acquired 67% stakes in the regional distribution companies Elektrorazpredelenie and Elektrorazpredelenie as part of 's privatization process. These acquisitions formed the foundation of EVN , enabling the company to supply electricity to a significant portion of southeastern and marking EVN's first major international venture beyond . In 2007, EVN broadened its scope by acquiring Toplofikatsiya , the primary provider for the capital, integrating services into its portfolio. By 2008, EVN had strengthened its control over these assets, consolidating operations under EVN and investing heavily in to enhance service reliability. Parallel to its Bulgarian activities, EVN entered in 2006 by purchasing a 90% stake in the state-owned distribution company ESM for €225 million, subsequently renaming it EVN Macedonia. This acquisition positioned EVN as the sole distributor in the country, serving over 800,000 customers and covering the entire national territory with a network spanning 25,000 kilometers. The move aligned with EVN's strategy to leverage its Austrian expertise in regulated markets for growth in emerging economies, while committing to substantial capital expenditures for network upgrades. Throughout the , EVN faced regulatory challenges in both countries, including disputes over approvals, obligations, and alleged market abuses, which culminated in proceedings such as EVN AG v. Republic of in 2013. In response, EVN adapted by prioritizing grid modernization s, such as smart metering implementations and infrastructure reinforcements, to meet compliance requirements and improve . These efforts helped mitigate losses from non-payment issues and enhanced supply security amid regional energy volatility. A key milestone in this expansion phase was EVN's achievement of serving approximately 2.2 million customers across and by 2010, underscoring its rapid scale-up and contributions to regional energy stability through reliable distribution and integration of renewable sources into the grid.

Recent Strategic Shifts

In 2020, EVN underwent a significant transition when Energie AG sold its 28.35% stake in the company to Wiener Stadtwerke GmbH, the Vienna-based utility, for approximately €870 million. The agreement was signed on March 5, 2020, and closed on August 5, 2020, resulting in Wiener Stadtwerke becoming EVN's second-largest shareholder after the State of . This shift marked a move toward co- centered in , following 's initial acquisition of the stake in 2002 as part of EVN's international expansion efforts. Post-2020, EVN has emphasized streamlining its operations to concentrate on core competencies in generation, network infrastructure, and , amid mounting pressures from the global . This includes the exit from completed in October 2024 through the sale of its Moscow-based plants. EVN also made substantial annual investments exceeding €500 million, with about 75% directed toward renewables, networks, and water-related activities, aligning with the company's Strategy 2030 for climate neutrality by 2040. Measures such as digitalization initiatives—like the installation of over 800,000 smart meters by September 2022—and the exit from non-core assets, including the termination of coal-based generation in 2020/21, have enhanced operational efficiency and supported the integration of renewable sources like wind and . In 2025, EVN further advanced this focus by signing an agreement on June 18 to sell its subsidiary WTE Wassertechnik GmbH, which handles international environmental projects in water technology and , to SE for €100 million. The transaction, covering operations in multiple countries including , , and the , is expected to close within six months pending regulatory approvals, allowing EVN to reallocate resources toward its and segments in line with Strategy 2030. The in 2022 exacerbated these strategic adaptations by intensifying energy market volatility and disrupting supply chains, leading to a massive surge in prices—such as rising from €26.2/MWh to €123.1/MWh. EVN responded by proactively securing non-Russian gas supplies, building up 4 TWh in storage by October 2022, and increasing inventories valued at €117.2 million to mitigate potential interruptions, while also facing higher costs and elevated customer inquiries related to price insecurity.

Business Operations

Energy Generation and Supply

EVN Group's energy generation portfolio in comprises 934 MW of renewable capacity, encompassing , , , and sources, complemented by 623 MW of thermal generation capacity as of March 2025. This mix supports a transition toward sustainable production, with renewables accounting for the majority of output in recent years. In supply operations, EVN serves approximately 3.6 million electricity customers across , ensuring reliable distribution through its integrated systems. The company also manages supply via a 13,966 km network, catering to around 0.3 million gas customers in the region. EVN advances innovations in e-mobility with offerings such as the #Drive Smart tariff, which provides cost-effective charging options without binding contracts and includes access to over 3,200 charging points. Additionally, the company targets an expansion of photovoltaic capacity to 300 MWp by 2030 to bolster renewable integration. Through its subsidiary EVN Wärme, the group delivers services to urban areas in , primarily leveraging for heat production to over 0.1 million customers. This service operates via a 978 km heat network, emphasizing efficient and low-emission heating solutions.

Network Infrastructure and Distribution

EVN Group's network infrastructure in encompasses a vast distribution system consisting of 140,909 km of lines, which serves 37.9% of the national market and primarily operates in as the leading regional provider. This extensive grid supports the transmission and distribution of to households, businesses, and industries, with a focus on maintenance, expansion, and resilience against weather-related disruptions. The infrastructure includes high-voltage, medium-voltage, and low-voltage lines, enabling efficient power flow across urban and rural areas. Complementing the electricity network, EVN maintains a gas distribution infrastructure of 13,966 km of pipelines, integrated seamlessly with its supply operations to deliver and prepare for low-carbon alternatives like biomethane. These pipelines connect production sources to end-users, incorporating safety measures such as and pressure regulation to ensure operational reliability. The gas network also supports systems, with approximately 700 path kilometers dedicated to biomass-based heating, aligning infrastructure with decarbonization goals. To sustain and modernize this , EVN plans annual capital expenditures of €900 million through 2030, with 88.8% of these investments classified as sustainable under the , targeting grid reinforcements, substation expansions, and capacity upgrades. In 2023/24, network investments totaled €399.8 million, reflecting an 18.4% increase from the prior year, with specific allocations for (€329.1 million) and gas (€41.5 million) to address growing demand and regulatory requirements. Digitalization plays a central role in enhancing , with EVN implementing solutions such as over 98% coverage in its operations for real-time monitoring and . Key initiatives include the thermal rating project, which uses 32 weather stations and sensors to dynamically optimize 110 kV high-voltage lines, alongside battery storage integrations in medium-voltage networks and collaborations for advanced data analytics. These efforts improve grid stability, reduce outages, and enable better integration of sources like and solar.

International Activities

EVN Group's international activities center on distribution, supply, and in South East Europe, supplemented by targeted operations in other European countries. The company's presence in this region supports stable energy provision amid varying local regulatory frameworks and infrastructure needs. In , EVN operates extensive distribution and supply networks through subsidiaries such as EVN Bulgaria and Elektroprivreda Yug, serving approximately 1.8 million customers across southern and western regions. These operations account for a major share of EVN's international distribution volume, contributing around 37.95% of the group's total, with a focus on reducing network losses to 5.8% through ongoing grid upgrades. EVN's activities in , managed via EVN Macedonia, provide electricity to about 0.9 million customers nationwide, representing roughly 24.15% of the group's overall distribution volume. The emphasizes network modernization to address higher loss rates of 14.5%, including investments in low-voltage infrastructure and renewable integration. Beyond South East Europe, EVN maintains selective engagements, including environmental services and in , natural gas distribution in , and a 49.99% stake in Albania's Ashta run-of-river plant for . In the 2023/24 financial year, these international efforts included the distribution of 21,643 GWh of , primarily in South East Europe, with network sales of 13,926 GWh. To navigate the regulatory landscape, EVN adapts to country-specific policies, such as Bulgaria's revenue cap and 1.9% tariff adjustment effective 2024, and North Macedonia's 1.6% tariff rise from January 2024, ensuring alignment with directives and local energy laws. Investments in South East grid stability totaled €147.2 million in 2023/24, rising to €111.6 million in the first three quarters of 2024/25, targeting enhancements for reliability and renewable accommodation.

Environmental and Other Services

EVN Group's environmental services primarily encompass , , and operations centered in , with a strategic shift underway to consolidate these activities domestically. Through its subsidiary EVN Wasser GmbH, the company delivers to approximately 0.6 million customers in , operating as the region's largest supplier via extensive supra-regional pipeline networks and seven natural filtration plants that ensure high-quality, sustainable . These operations prioritize by minimizing pipeline losses, adhering to stringent and national standards, and integrating purified back into the natural cycle where feasible. Wastewater treatment forms a key component of EVN's domestic environmental portfolio, with the company contributing to the planning, construction, and operation of treatment facilities across , often in collaboration with municipal systems to prevent and recover resources. Complementing this, EVN's activities focus on integrated solutions that align with principles, including prevention, , and thermal treatment. The company's thermal utilization plant in Zwentendorf/Dürnrohr has processed over 500,000 tonnes of non-recyclable annually since 2004, generating energy while reducing dependency through advanced separation and processes. These Austrian-based services accounted for a stable portion of EVN's EBITDA, underscoring their operational reliability. Historically, EVN's environmental services extended internationally through WTE Wassertechnik , which managed over 120 water supply and wastewater projects in 18 countries, integrating expertise. In June 2025, EVN signed an agreement to divest this international project business, including WTE, to SE for approximately €100 million, with closing anticipated by January 2026; this move enables EVN to concentrate resources on its core Austrian environmental operations post-2025. Beyond environmental utilities, EVN offers via Kabelplus , providing high-speed , HD cable TV, and mobile services to customers in and , thereby diversifying its regional infrastructure offerings.

Ownership and Governance

Shareholder Structure

EVN AG's shareholder structure is dominated by entities, ensuring stable governance aligned with regional interests. The stake of 51% is held by NÖ Landes-Beteiligungsholding , a wholly owned of the Province of . This ownership fulfills the legal mandate under Austrian federal and provincial requiring the Province of to maintain at least 51% control of EVN AG. The second-largest shareholder is Wiener Stadtwerke GmbH, fully owned by the City of , with a 28.4% stake. This structure reflects a collaborative public ownership model, supplemented by a syndicated voting rights agreement between the two major holders since September 2021. The remaining shares consist of 19.7% free float traded on the and 0.9% treasury shares held by EVN AG itself, as of June 30, 2025. As of September 30, 2025, EVN AG's stood at €4,209 million, based on a share price of €23.40.

Corporate Governance and Management

EVN AG operates under a two-tier board system in accordance with Austrian , featuring a for oversight and a Management Board for executive management. The , consisting of 15 members as of 2025, is chaired by Reinhard Wolf, a representative aligned with the interests of the State of , EVN's principal shareholder. This board includes ten shareholder representatives and five employee representatives, ensuring balanced oversight that incorporates diverse stakeholder perspectives on strategic decisions, , and compliance. The employee representatives, such as Uwe Mitter and Christian Roitner, provide input on labor-related matters, fostering a approach. The Management Board, comprising three key executives as of 2025, is responsible for day-to-day operations, , and strategic implementation across EVN's , network, and international segments. Stefan Szyszkowitz serves as CEO and Spokesman of the Management Board, overseeing activities, customer relations, , and legal affairs since his appointment in 2011, with his term extending until 2031. Alexandra Wittmann, as , handles finance, controlling, procurement, and the South East Europe segment, while Stefan Stallinger, as CTO, manages generation, networks, innovation, and sustainability initiatives. This structure enables focused leadership on core business areas, with the board collectively addressing investment and risk strategies. EVN AG adheres to the Austrian Code (ACGC), voluntarily committing to its principles through a "comply or explain" mechanism, as outlined in its annual Corporate Governance Report. The company maintains robust compliance and programs, including a that emphasizes transparent conflict-of-interest management, measures, and ethical business practices across all operations. As of November 1, 2025, EVN received an ISS Governance QualityScore of 7, reflecting strong performance in board structure and shareholder rights, though with room for improvement in audit practices. Governance extends to EVN's subsidiaries through centralized oversight by the Management Board and , ensuring alignment with group-wide standards. For instance, EVN Bulgaria EAD, responsible for distribution and in , operates under directives from the parent company's executive leadership, particularly the CFO's regional responsibilities, while maintaining local compliance. Similarly, Kabelplus , EVN's subsidiary in , benefits from integrated and strategic guidance from the CTO, promoting consistent ethical and operational practices across the group.

Financial Performance

Key Financial Metrics

EVN Group's revenue in the financial year 2023/24 totaled €3,256.6 million, reflecting a 13.6% decline from €3,768.7 million in 2022/23, primarily due to lower wholesale electricity prices and reduced trading volumes following the energy crisis normalization. Historical trends show revenue peaking at €4,062.2 million in 2021/22 amid high energy prices, before the downward trajectory in subsequent years. By segment, external revenue was distributed across Energy (€737.1 million, 22.6%), Generation (€120.7 million, 3.7%), Networks (€565.2 million, 17.4%), South Eastern Europe (€1,335.8 million, 41.0%), Environment (€428.2 million, 13.1%), and All Other Segments (€26.4 million, 0.8%). The company's balance sheet remains robust, with total assets at €10,913.6 million as of September 30, 2024, down slightly by 0.7% from €10,996.0 million the prior year. Equity stood at €6,730.6 million, up 4.1% from €6,464.3 million, supporting an of 61.7%, an improvement from 58.8% in 2022/23. This ratio has remained stable around 60% over recent years, with 58.9% in 2021/22, underscoring EVN's strong amid investments in sustainable . Profitability metrics demonstrate resilience, with EBITDA reaching €799.4 million in 2023/24, an 8.0% decrease from €869.0 million in 2022/23, yielding a margin of 24.5% compared to 23.1% previously. Return on equity (ROE) was 8.0% in 2023/24, down from 8.4% in 2022/23. EVN maintains a conservative debt profile, with net debt at €1,129.3 million as of September 30, 2024, reduced by 17.2% from €1,364.3 million the year before, resulting in a gearing ratio of 16.8%. The company holds an investment-grade credit rating of A+/Stable from Scope Ratings, affirmed in May 2025, reflecting its solid financial risk profile among European utilities. This rating supports ongoing capital expenditures, which totaled €753.0 million in 2023/24—88.8% aligned with EU taxonomy for sustainable activities—and are planned to rise to €900 million annually to advance environmental goals.
Key Metric2021/222022/232023/24
Revenue (€ million)4,062.23,768.73,256.6
EBITDA Margin (%)18.623.124.5
Equity Ratio (%)58.958.861.7
ROE (%)3.48.48.0
Net Debt (€ million)1,245.11,364.31,129.3
Data sourced from EVN Full Report 2023/24.

Recent Results and Outlook

In the first three quarters of the 2024/25 fiscal year, ending June 30, 2025, EVN Group achieved a net result of €434.7 million, representing a 9.4% decline from the prior year but remaining on track to meet the full-year guidance of €400-440 million. For the full 2024/25 fiscal year, the group reported a net result of €435 million, a decline of approximately 8% from €471.7 million in 2023/24, within the guided range. This performance was influenced by a stable regulatory environment, as assumed in the outlook, alongside the ongoing normalization of energy prices following the initial spikes triggered by the Ukraine war, which has moderated procurement costs and financial results from lower dividends by key associates like Verbund AG. Looking ahead, EVN anticipates sustained growth through annual investments of approximately €900 million until 2030, primarily directed toward infrastructure, generation, and related services, in alignment with renewable production targets reaching 3.8 TWh by 2030. The full-year 2024/25 outlook continues to hinge on a stable regulatory and framework, with no major disruptions anticipated from geopolitical tensions. Key risks include potential impairments from volatile energy markets or regulatory changes, though none were recorded on core operations as of June 30, 2025, despite a minor €14.3 million impairment on discontinued activities. EVN maintains close monitoring of Ukraine-related developments and macroeconomic factors to mitigate these exposures.

Sustainability and Strategy

Environmental Initiatives

EVN Group has committed to significant CO₂ reduction efforts as part of its climate strategy, with its 1.5°C transition plan validated by the (SBTi) in April 2025, aligning with the goals. This validation supports EVN's targeted decarbonization measures, including expansion in sources. In the first three quarters of the 2024/25 financial year, renewable sources accounted for 78.8% of EVN's , reflecting a strong emphasis on , solar, and to lower emissions. Following the sale of its WTE Wassertechnik subsidiary to SE in June 2025 for EUR 100 million, EVN maintains residual operations in and technologies, particularly in . These activities now prioritize principles, such as and waste minimization, to enhance in domestic and management without international project expansion. To promote e-mobility and energy efficiency, EVN provides incentives through the THG-Prämie (greenhouse gas reduction premium) program, offering eligible owners compensation for CO₂ savings, €82 annually per vehicle. Complementing this, EVN has advanced smart metering rollout in its Austrian networks, enabling real-time monitoring, , and reduced consumption through optimized grid integration for its domestic customers. EVN's environmental progress is documented in its annual non-financial reports, prepared in accordance with EU Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) requirements, ensuring transparency on emissions, renewable integration, and sustainability metrics. These reports highlight taxonomy-aligned investments, with 88.8% of capital expenditures supporting environmental objectives as of 2025.

Long-Term Strategic Goals

EVN Group's long-term strategic framework, outlined in its "Perspective 2024-2030," emphasizes sustainable growth, operational stability, and alignment with regulatory standards to support the transition to a low-carbon energy system. The strategy prioritizes innovation in renewable technologies, digitalization, and infrastructure resilience, aiming to secure approximately 85% of EBITDA from regulated or stable business segments by 2030. A core pillar involves expanding generation to achieve full decarbonization of its portfolio. By 2030, EVN targets an installed wind capacity of 770 MW and photovoltaic (PV) capacity of 300 MWp, primarily in , , and , contributing to an overall production of around 3.8 TWh annually. This expansion aligns with the company's commitment to the for a 1.5°C-compatible pathway, incorporating sector coupling measures such as e-charging and storage. Infrastructure development forms another key focus, with annual capital expenditures planned at €900 million through 2030 to modernize grids and integrate renewables effectively. This includes expanding power lines and transformer stations to accommodate (EV) charging and fluctuating renewable inputs, with 88.8% of investments aligned to the . Digital tools, including AI-driven smart grids, will enhance efficiency and reliability in this process. In terms of market positioning, EVN seeks to bolster its footprint in (SEE) while streamlining its portfolio through divestments of non-core assets, such as the June 2025 agreement to sell its international project business to , with closing expected by end-2025. The company aims to grow its customer base to approximately 4.6 million by 2030, encompassing 3.6 million electricity, 0.3 million gas, 0.1 million heat, and 0.6 million water customers, with a particular emphasis on stable operations in (1.8 million customers) and (0.9 million customers).

References

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