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Edwin Reuben Hawkins (August 19, 1943 – January 15, 2018) was an American gospel musician, pianist, vocalist, choir master, composer, and arranger. He was one of the originators of the urban contemporary gospel sound. As the leader of the Edwin Hawkins Singers, he was probably best known for his arrangement of "Oh Happy Day" (1968–69), which was included on the "Songs of the Century" list. In 1970, the Edwin Hawkins Singers made a second foray into the charts, backing folk singer Melanie on "Lay Down (Candles in the Rain)".

Biography

[edit]

Hawkins was born in Oakland, California, on August 19, 1943.[1] At the age of seven, he was already the keyboardist for the family's gospel music band.

Together with Betty Watson in May 1967, he founded the Northern California State Youth Choir of the Church of God in Christ (COGIC), which included almost fifty members.[2] This ensemble recorded its first album, Let Us Go into the House of the Lord,[3] at the Ephesian Church of God in Christ in Berkeley, California (on the Century 70 custom label owned by LaMont Branch). The choir used this LP to raise funds to travel to the 1968 Youth Congress for COGIC in Washington, D.C. to compete in the Congress' annual choir competition, representing the Northern California region. The choir finished in second place at the contest, and that was the first of many surprises coming their way. Upon their return to California, their LP found its way into the hands of a KSAN underground rock DJ in San Francisco who happened to pick "Oh Happy Day" to play on his station; the song became an instant hit. The soloists on the album were Elaine Kelly, Margarette Branch, Dorothy Combs Morrison (the original lead singer on "Oh Happy Day"),[3] Tramaine Davis (Hawkins), Reuben Franklin, Donald Cashmere, Betty Watson, and Ruth Lyons.

Once "Oh Happy Day" received radio airplay in other parts of the U.S. and the ensemble learned of the song's rising success, they began to contact people in the recording industry who helped them obtain a major contract. The ensemble signed with the newly created Pavilion label (distributed by Buddah), and released a second LP, entitled He's A Friend of Mine, in 1969. But it was "Oh Happy Day" that rocketed to sales of more than a million copies within two months. The song crossed over to the pop charts, making U.S. No. 4, UK No. 2,[4] Canada No. 2, No. 2 on the Irish Singles Chart, and No. 1 on the French Singles Charts, the Netherlands and the German Singles Charts in 1969.[5] It became an international success, selling more than seven million copies worldwide, and Hawkins was awarded his first Grammy Award for the recording. His arrangement of the song was eventually covered by The Four Seasons on their 1970 album Half & Half.

The choir's second LP Top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart was the 1970 Melanie single "Lay Down (Candles in the Rain)," on which the label listed the performers as "Melanie with The Edwin Hawkins Singers".[3] The song peaked at No. 6 in the U.S. and Top 10 in several other countries.[citation needed]

In 1990, Hawkins, credited as a solo performer, had a number 89 hit on the R&B chart with "If at First You Don't Succeed (Try Again)".[6]

In the 1992 movie Leap of Faith, Hawkins is the choir master for the gospel songs.[citation needed]

The Edwin Hawkins Singers performance of "Oh Happy Day" at the 1969 Harlem Cultural Festival appears in the 2021 music documentary, Summer of Soul.[7]

Hawkins died of pancreatic cancer on January 15, 2018, in his home, in Pleasanton, California, at the age of 74.[8]

Discography

[edit]
Edwin Hawkins Singers in 1970

Albums

[edit]
  • 1968: Let Us Go into the House of the Lord
  • 1969: He's A Friend Of Mine
  • 1969: Peace Is "Blowin' In The Wind"
  • 1969: Oh Happy Day (Buddah Records re-issue of previous 1968 LP Let Us Go into the House of the Lord)
  • 1969: Jesus, Lover of My Soul
  • 1969: Hebrew Boys
  • 1969: Lord Don't Move That Mountain
  • 1969: Ain't It Like Him
  • 1970: Live at the Concertgebouw in Amsterdam
  • 1970: Candles in the Rain with Melanie Safka
  • 1970: Pray For Peace
  • 1970: More Happy Days
  • 1971: Try the Real Thing
  • 1971: Children Get Together
  • 1971: Freeing the Spirit with Clarence Rivers and the Hawkins Family
  • 1972: I'd Like To Teach the World To Sing
  • 1973: New World
  • 1976: Wonderful
  • 1977: The Comforter
  • 1977: Edwin Hawkins Presents the Matthews Sisters
  • 1979: Edwin Hawkins Live at the Symphony
  • 1981: Edwin Hawkins Live with the Oakland Symphony Orchestra
  • 1982: Imagine Heaven
  • 1982: Edwin Hawkins Live with the Oakland Symphony Orchestra & The Love Center Choir Volume II
  • 1983: Edwin Hawkins presents The Music and Arts Seminar Mass Choir
  • 1984: Angels Will Be Singing with the Music and Arts Seminar Mass Choir
  • 1985: Have Mercy with the Music and Arts Seminar Mass Choir
  • 1987: Give Us Peace with the Music and Arts Seminar Mass Choir
  • 1988: People in Need with Tramaine Hawkins and the Edwin Hawkins Singers to benefit Homeless USA
  • 1988: That Name with the Music and Arts Seminar Mass Choir
  • 1990: Face to Face
  • 1991: Seminar 91
  • 1992: Music & Arts Seminar Mass Choir recorded live in Los Angeles
  • 1993: If You Love Me
  • 1994: Kings and Kingdoms with the Music and Arts Seminar Mass Choir
  • 1995: Anything is Possible
  • 1998: Love Is the Only Way

Compilations

[edit]
  • 1989: 18 Great Songs
  • 1998: The Very Best Of

Awards and honors

[edit]

Altogether Hawkins has won four Grammy Awards:

In 2007, Hawkins was inducted into the Christian Music Hall of Fame;[9] he attended the formal awards show in 2009.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Edwin Hawkins

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Edwin Hawkins (August 19, 1943 – January 15, 2018) was an singer, , choir master, , and arranger best known for his innovative arrangement of the traditional hymn "," which he recorded in 1968 with the he co-founded, the Edwin Hawkins Singers, turning it into a global pop crossover hit that sold over seven million copies and reached No. 4 on the Hot 100. Born in , Hawkins began playing at age five and was accompanying his family's gospel group by age seven, later directing church youth choirs in the . In 1967, he co-founded the Northern California State Youth Choir of the with Betty Watson, which evolved into the Edwin Hawkins Singers in 1970 after the success of "," a track originally intended as a fundraiser that featured a modern arrangement with Latin rhythms, synthesizers, and soulful vocals. Throughout his career, Hawkins released numerous albums, including the debut Let Us Go into the House of the Lord (1968), and founded the Edwin Hawkins Music and Arts Seminar in 1982 to nurture young gospel talent. He earned four : Best Soul Gospel Performance for in 1970, Best Soul Gospel Performance for "Every Man Wants to Be Free" in 1971, Best Gospel Performance, Contemporary for "Wonderful!" in 1980, and Best Soul Gospel Performance, Contemporary for Edwin Hawkins Live with the Oakland Symphony in 1983. His innovative blending of with contemporary elements influenced artists like and helped elevate the genre's mainstream visibility, leading to his 2007 induction into the Hall of Fame. Hawkins passed away in , at age 74 from .

Early Life

Birth and Upbringing

Edwin Hawkins was born on August 19, 1943, in , to parents Mamie and Dan Lee Hawkins. As the fifth of eight children in a musical family, he grew up in the Campbell Village housing projects, where his parents encouraged singing as a positive outlet amid the challenges of urban life. Hawkins was raised in a religious household shaped by his mother's devout Christian , which contrasted with his father's more secular interests. His regularly attended the Ephesian in nearby Berkeley, participating in all-day Sunday services that included , morning worship, and afternoon musical programs across Bay Area churches. These experiences instilled early gospel influences, as the drew from his mother's old for hymns and . From a young age, Hawkins was immersed in music through family gatherings and local church activities in Oakland. By age five, he had begun playing the piano and keyboards, initially trained by his elder brother, and soon accompanied the family's informal singing sessions. As a young child, he sang in the church youth choir, fostering a deep connection to traditions that defined his early years.

Musical Beginnings

Edwin Hawkins, born into a musical family in , where his father played the Hawaiian steel guitar, began developing his skills as a self-taught with guidance from family and local musicians during his early years. By age seven, he had taken over as for his family's group, accompanying their performances. He received informal guidance from local musician Ola Jean Andrews, who recalled Hawkins sitting on the piano stool beside her as a young boy, absorbing her techniques in the vibrant Oakland scene. Throughout his childhood and teenage years, Hawkins actively participated in local church choirs, singing and playing every Sunday afternoon with his siblings at various Oakland congregations, including the . These experiences in youth church groups honed his vocal and instrumental abilities, immersing him in communal traditions and fostering his early performance confidence. Hawkins' arranging style emerged from influences like Andrews' innovative adaptations of traditional hymns and East Coast gospel ensembles such as the Clara Ward Singers, which inspired his focus on reworking older with rhythmic flair. This approach, blending roots with subtle rhythm-and-blues elements, reflected his developing ear for harmony and structure during his teens.

Professional Career

Formation of the Choir

In May 1967, Edwin Hawkins, a skilled pianist and choir director, co-founded the Northern California State Youth Choir with soprano Betty Watson at the Ephesian Church of God in Christ in Berkeley, California, drawing members from various Bay Area Church of God in Christ congregations to represent the Northern California region. The ensemble began with approximately 50 young singers, primarily in their late teens and early twenties, emphasizing a community-oriented approach to gospel music within the denomination. The choir's early rehearsals took place regularly at the Ephesian Church, where Hawkins arranged pieces that blended traditional elements with emerging contemporary styles, incorporating rhythmic influences to appeal to younger audiences. Local performances followed in the , including church events and community gatherings, which helped build cohesion among the members and refine their sound before broader ambitions. These activities highlighted the group's focus on innovative arrangements that would later define their identity. By 1968, the choir had evolved toward a more formalized structure, with an ongoing commitment to contemporary gospel that fused soulful harmonies and modern production techniques. Following the success of "," it was renamed the Edwin Hawkins Singers in 1970. That same year, to fund a trip to the Annual Youth Congress, Hawkins and Watson decided to record original material at the Ephesian Church, marking a pivotal step in documenting the choir's developing repertoire.

Breakthrough with "Oh Happy Day"

In 1968, Edwin Hawkins arranged and recorded "," a gospel rendition of the 18th-century by , during a live session at the Ephesian in . The track was one of several featured on a self-produced album intended as a fundraiser for the State Youth Choir, a group Hawkins had recently directed. With its soulful arrangement, including a Latin-inspired rhythm and call-and-response vocals led by Dorothy Morrison, the recording captured the choir's youthful energy in a raw, church-setting performance. The album, limited to about 500 copies pressed on the small Serenity Records label, gained unexpected traction when one copy reached DJ Abe "Voco" Kesh at San Francisco's progressive rock station KSAN-FM. Kesh began playing the track in early 1969, sparking listener demand that prompted its re-release as a single on the Pavilion label, a gospel imprint of Buddah Records, in April of that year. The song quickly crossed over from gospel airwaves to mainstream pop radio, climbing to No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart by August 1969 and topping charts in several European countries. "Oh Happy Day" became a landmark gospel crossover phenomenon, selling more than 7 million copies worldwide and introducing contemporary to broader audiences amid the late-1960s countercultural movement. Its success highlighted the potential for to blend with and rock elements, paving the way for future genre fusions. The Edwin Hawkins Singers performed the hit at the 1969 , a series of concerts celebrating Black culture and joy in .

Mainstream Collaborations

Following the breakthrough success of "Oh Happy Day," which introduced the Edwin Hawkins Singers to a wider audience beyond circles, Hawkins pursued collaborations that bridged with mainstream pop and rock in the early 1970s. These partnerships highlighted the choir's versatile harmonies and contributed to the growing crossover appeal of during this era. One prominent collaboration occurred in 1970 when the Edwin Hawkins Singers provided backing vocals for folk-rock artist Melanie Safka on her single "Lay Down (Candles in the Rain)," from the album of the same name. The track, inspired by Melanie's experience at the 1969 Woodstock festival, infused energy into its message of and unity, propelling it to No. 6 on the chart. This partnership exemplified Hawkins' ability to adapt the choir's style to secular contexts while maintaining spiritual undertones. The Singers also contributed to George Harrison's landmark solo album All Things Must Pass that same year, delivering choir arrangements and backing vocals on the hit "My Sweet Lord." Harrison, drawing inspiration from the gospel fervor of "Oh Happy Day," invited the group during their UK tour to enhance the song's devotional quality, resulting in a blend of rock, soul, and sacred elements that topped charts worldwide. This recording further solidified Hawkins' role in mainstream music scenes. To capitalize on this momentum, the Edwin Hawkins Singers released albums like (1969) and Peace Is Blowin' in the Wind (1970), which incorporated contemporary pop and folk covers alongside original material. Tracks such as a reimagined "" on the latter album showcased the choir's crossover potential, attracting secular listeners and earning Grammy nominations for their innovative fusion of genres.

Later Career

Solo Efforts and Film Work

In the 1980s and , Edwin Hawkins pursued independent projects that highlighted his evolving role as a , arranger, and beyond his earlier ensemble work. One notable solo endeavor was his single "If at First You Don't Succeed (Try Again)," released under his own name and peaking at number 89 on the R&B chart. This track represented a rare foray into secular-leaning R&B territory while retaining roots, showcasing Hawkins' versatility as a performer and songwriter. Hawkins also continued producing choir albums during this period, emphasizing his leadership of the Edwin Hawkins Singers and the Music and Arts Seminar Mass Choir. The 1977 album Wonderful!, featuring tracks like "Come On Children" and "Keys to the Kingdom," captured live performances that blended traditional gospel with contemporary arrangements under his direction. Similarly, the 1993 release If You Love Me included songs such as "Nobody Like Jesus" and "Lift the Savior Up," produced by Hawkins and highlighting the choir's harmonious style in a studio setting. These efforts demonstrated his ongoing commitment to gospel music production, often incorporating orchestral elements and youth choir talents from his seminars. Hawkins extended his influence into film with his contributions to the 1992 movie Leap of Faith, directed by Richard Pearce. As choirmaster for the fictional Angels of Mercy choir, he arranged key gospel sequences, including performances of "Lord Will Make a Way (Somehow)" and other tracks on the soundtrack album. His work elevated the film's musical authenticity, drawing on his expertise to integrate gospel elements with the narrative's themes of faith and redemption, and featured collaborations with artists like Patti LaBelle.

Final Projects and Health Challenges

In the 2000s, Edwin Hawkins continued to lead the Edwin Hawkins Music and Seminar, an annual event that brought together choirs and musicians for workshops and , fostering the development of young artists. He directed the associated mass choir in various live events, including a 2009 conference in , where the group performed and led sessions on . A notable release from this period was the 2000 album Good God by the Edwin Hawkins Music & Seminar Mass Choir, which featured original arrangements and showcased his ongoing production role alongside collaborators like his brother . Hawkins was diagnosed with in the years leading up to his death, a condition that progressively impacted his health despite his determination to remain active in music. His final public appearance came in December 2017, when he conducted and performed with the choir at Davies Symphony Hall in , delivering a moving rendition of "" even as his illness advanced. Hawkins passed away on January 15, 2018, at his home in , at the age of 74, after a prolonged battle with . His death prompted immediate tributes from the gospel community, including planned celebrations of his life featuring performances by family members and fellow artists in the weeks that followed.

Legacy

Awards and Honors

Edwin Hawkins received numerous accolades throughout his career, most notably four recognizing his contributions to . His first Grammy came in 1970 for Best Soul Gospel Performance for the single "" performed by the Edwin Hawkins Singers. In 1971, he won another in the same category for "Every Man Wants to Be Free," highlighting the group's continued success in blending gospel with broader appeal. Hawkins earned his third Grammy in 1978 for Best Soul Gospel Performance, Contemporary, for the album Wonderful, which showcased his innovative choral arrangements. His fourth and final Grammy arrived in 1993 for Best Gospel Album by a or Chorus for Recorded Live in by the Edwin Hawkins Music & Arts Seminar Mass Choir (as choir director), affirming his enduring influence in the genre. Beyond the Grammys, Hawkins was inducted into the Gospel Music Association Hall of Fame in 2000, honoring his role in elevating contemporary through compositions and performances that reached millions. In 2007, he was enshrined in the Hall of Fame, a recognition tied to the massive sales of works like "Oh Happy Day," which exceeded 7 million copies worldwide and bridged with mainstream audiences. These honors, along with various recognitions for his choir's recordings, underscored Hawkins' lifetime achievements in advancing music's artistic and commercial impact.

Influence on Gospel Music

Edwin Hawkins is widely recognized as a pioneer of urban contemporary gospel, introducing rhythmic, youth-oriented arrangements that blended R&B and soul elements with traditional gospel structures. His innovative approach, exemplified by the 1968 recording of "Oh Happy Day" with the Northern California State Youth Choir, incorporated secular rhythms, modern instrumentation, and a pop-influenced style that departed from the Hammond B3 organ-dominated sounds of earlier gospel traditions. This fusion created a more accessible, urban sound that appealed to younger audiences and marked the origination of the subgenre, shifting gospel's epicenter from Chicago to the West Coast. Hawkins' work significantly impacted future artists and facilitated the mainstreaming of through crossover successes in the late . The unexpected pop chart success of "," which sold over 7 million copies worldwide and reached No. 4 on the , demonstrated gospel's potential for broad appeal and inspired subsequent musicians like and to experiment with , hip-hop, and other contemporary genres. This breakthrough not only earned Hawkins a Grammy Award for Best Soul Gospel Performance but also encouraged a wave of gospel artists to pursue secular , evolving the genre into a more dynamic and culturally pervasive form. Posthumously, Hawkins' contributions received renewed attention through features in documentaries like (2021), which highlighted his Edwin Hawkins Singers' electrifying 1969 performance of "Oh Happy Day" at the . This archival footage underscored the lasting cultural effects of his rhythmic innovations, portraying gospel as a vital force in Black cultural expression during a pivotal era of .

Discography

Albums

The Edwin Hawkins Singers' debut , Let Us Go into the House of the Lord, was released in 1968 on the Century Records label as a studio recording captured live at the Ephesian in . This collection featured eight traditional tracks emphasizing spiritual praise and communal worship, reflecting the choir's roots in and local performances before their national breakthrough. Notable songs included renditions of hymns like "Let Us Go into the House of the Lord" and "To My Father's House," showcasing Hawkins' arrangements that blended rhythmic energy with choral harmony. The did not achieve mainstream chart success, remaining a regional release within circles. Following the surprise success of their single "Oh Happy Day," the choir's self-titled album Oh Happy Day arrived in 1969 via , marking their first major-label studio effort. The LP centered on uplifting gospel themes of joy, redemption, and faith, with Hawkins' innovative production incorporating contemporary soul influences to appeal beyond traditional audiences. Key tracks beyond the title hit included "Jesus, Lover of My Soul" and "Ain't It Like Him," highlighting the choir's dynamic vocal layering and Dorothy Morrison's lead solos. Propelled by the single's performance, which peaked at No. 4 on the , the album reached No. 29 on the and topped the Gospel Albums chart, establishing Hawkins as a crossover innovator. Try the Real Thing was released in 1970 on as a studio album featuring covers of contemporary hits with the choir's signature harmonies. Key tracks included "" and "," blending secular pop with spiritual messages. The album reached No. 120 on the 200. Children Get Together followed in 1971 on , focusing on youth-oriented themes with energetic arrangements. Standout tracks like the title song emphasized unity and faith, achieving moderate chart success in markets. Peace Is a Song I Sing, issued in 1972 on , explored peace and social harmony through lenses. Notable for tracks like "I Want My Friend to Sing" and the title song, it reflected the era's social movements. New World, released in 1973 on , incorporated progressive elements with orchestral touches. Tracks such as "Someday" highlighted evolving production styles. Shifting toward more polished contemporary gospel, Wonderful was released in 1977 on the Birthright label as a live album celebrating divine wonder and personal testimony through vibrant, rhythm-driven compositions. Hawkins' arrangements incorporated and elements, with tracks like "(He's) Wonderful" and "" delivering energetic calls to faith via mass choir swells and instrumental grooves. The album's themes of encouragement and praise resonated in urban scenes, earning critical acclaim for its production quality. It performed solidly on the Billboard Gospel Albums chart, peaking at No. 3 and underscoring Hawkins' enduring influence in the genre. Hawkins' 1993 release, If You Love Me, appeared on the FIXIT Records label as a studio album rooted in traditions while infusing funky rhythms and soulful leads to convey messages of devotion, , and . Produced by Hawkins, the project featured massed vitality and tracks such as "Nobody Like ," "Lift the Savior Up," and "I'm Encouraged," which balanced upbeat tempos with heartfelt introspection. Reviewers noted its conventional yet dynamic approach, with thumping bass lines and soaring vocals creating anthemic worship experiences. The album achieved strong performance within circles.

Compilations

Retrospective compilations of the Edwin Hawkins Singers' recordings began appearing in the late , gathering signature tracks from their breakthrough albums and helping sustain the group's visibility amid shifting music formats. These collections often centered on standards and contemporary adaptations, prominently featuring "" alongside selections like "Jubilation" and "Praise Him." Post-1980s releases, primarily on , repackaged material for new audiences, sometimes incorporating remastered audio or expanded tracklists drawn from original LPs such as Let Us Go into the House of the Lord and Peace Is a Song I Sing, thereby prolonging the catalog's commercial lifespan into the and beyond. Major compilations include:
TitleRelease YearLabelUnique Inclusions
The Greatest Hits of the Edwin Hawkins Singers1977Not On Label (US)Vinyl LP featuring core hits like "Oh Happy Day," "Jubilation," and "He's a Friend of Mine" from early albums, marking the first major retrospective.
Greatest Hits1988Masters Music (Europe)CD compilation with blues-gospel tracks including "Oh Happy Day" and "Jesus Lover of My Soul," emphasizing European market reissues.
Greatest Hits1992Buddah Records14-track CD reissue highlighting "Oh Happy Day," "To My Father's House," and "Praise Him," with remastered sound for broader accessibility.
Greatest Hits1994Unknown (various)Expanded collection reprising 1970s hits like "Oh Happy Day" and "Jubilation," focused on enduring gospel appeal.
The Very Best of the Edwin Hawkins Singers1996Fun Records (Germany)16-track CD with "Oh Happy Day," "Lord Don't Move That Mountain," and selections from collaborations, including some lesser-known tracks.
The Best of the Edwin Hawkins Singers1997The Right Stuff / CapitolCD anthology of original hits like "Oh Happy Day," "Lean on Me," and "Every Man Wants to Be Free," with clean remastering for late-1990s listeners.
Oh Happy Day: The Best of the Edwin Hawkins Singers2001Unknown (various)CD focused on title track "Oh Happy Day" alongside "Jubilation" and "Someday," serving as a millennial-era entry point to the catalog.

References

  1. https://blackpast.org/african-american-history/edwin-hawkins-singers-1967-2018/
  2. https://www.npr.org/sections/world-cafe/2018/07/30/633994956/the-story-of-the-edwin-hawkins-singers-oh-happy-day
  3. https://www.grammy.com/news/edwin-hawkins-oh-happy-day-gospel-singer-dies
  4. https://www.grammy.com/awards/12th-annual-grammy-awards
  5. https://www.grammy.com/awards/13th-annual-grammy-awards
  6. https://www.grammy.com/awards/22nd-annual-grammy-awards
  7. https://www.grammy.com/awards/25th-annual-grammy-awards
  8. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/01/16/578235211/gospel-star-edwin-hawkins-known-for-oh-happy-day-dies-at-74
  9. https://journalofgospelmusic.com/contemporary/rip-edwin-hawkins-architect-of-contemporary-gospel/
  10. https://lasentinel.net/gospel-legend-edwin-hawkins-passes-away.html
  11. https://chicagocrusader.com/edwin-hawkins-still-singingoh-happy-day/
  12. https://afro.com/eddie-hawkins-musical-icon-ties-district/
  13. https://www.applecapitalgroup.com/edwin-hawkins-biography/
  14. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/15/obituaries/edwin-hawkins-dead-gospel-singer.html
  15. https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/edwin-hawkins-gospel-star-whose-oh-happy-day-was-a-crossover-success-dies-at-74/2018/01/16/37c2b404-fae1-11e7-a46b-a3614530bd87_story.html
  16. https://www.npr.org/transcripts/711852862
  17. https://gospelmusichalloffame.org/hall-of-fame-inductees-and-honorees/edwin-hawkins
  18. https://bsnpubs.com/buddah/pavilion.html
  19. https://gospeltapestry.com/edwinhawkins/
  20. https://www.songfacts.com/facts/the-edwin-hawkins-singers/oh-happy-day
  21. https://www.npr.org/2018/01/16/578407202/the-boundary-breaking-success-of-edwin-hawkins-oh-happy-day
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  24. https://www.npr.org/2021/09/01/1033238644/questlove-revives-black-woodstock-in-summer-of-soul-documentary
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