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Fluid ounce
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Fluid ounce
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Fluid ounce
A baby bottle in both American and imperial fluid ounces
General information
Unit systemImperial units, US customary units
Unit ofVolume
Symbolfl oz
Conversions (imperial)
1 imp fl oz in ...... is equal to ...
   Non-SI units accepted for use with SI   28.4130625 mL
   US customary units   0.96076 US fl oz
Conversions (US)
1 US fl oz in ...... is equal to ...
   Non-SI units   29.5735295625 mL
   Imperial units   1.0408427 imp fl oz
Look up fluid ounce in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

A fluid ounce (abbreviated fl oz, fl. oz. or oz. fl., old forms ℥, fl ℥, f℥, ƒ ℥) is a unit of volume (also called capacity) typically used for measuring liquids. The British Imperial, the United States customary, and the United States food labeling fluid ounce are the three that are still in common use, although various definitions have been used throughout history.

An imperial fluid ounce is 1⁄20 of an imperial pint, 1⁄160 of an imperial gallon, or exactly 28.4130625 mL.

A US customary fluid ounce is 1⁄16 of a US liquid pint, 1⁄128 of a US gallon, or exactly 29.5735295625 mL, making it about 4.084% larger than the imperial fluid ounce.

A US food labeling fluid ounce is exactly 30 mL.

Comparison to the ounce

[edit]

The fluid ounce is distinct from the (international avoirdupois) ounce as a unit of weight or mass, although it is sometimes referred to simply as an "ounce" where context makes the meaning clear (e.g., "ounces in a bottle"). A volume of pure water measuring one imperial fluid ounce has a mass of almost exactly one ounce.

Definitions and equivalences

[edit]
Imperial fluid ounce
1 imperial fluid ounce  =  ⁠1/160⁠ imperial gallon
=  ⁠1/40⁠ imperial quart
=  ⁠1/20⁠ imperial pint
=  ⁠1/10⁠ imperial cup
=  ⁠1/5⁠ imperial gill
=  8 imperial fluid drams
≡  28.4130625 millilitres [1]
≈  1.7338715 cubic inches
≈  0.96076 US fluid ounces
≈  0.0258014 US dry quarts
≈  0.0516028 US dry pints
≈  the volume of 1 avoirdupois ounce of water[2]
US customary fluid ounce
1 US fluid ounce  =  ⁠1/128⁠ US gallon
=  ⁠1/32⁠ US liquid quart
≡  ⁠1/16⁠ US liquid pint
=  ⁠1/8⁠ US cup
=  ⁠1/4⁠ US gill
=  2 US tablespoons
=  6 US teaspoons
=  8 US fluid drams
=  29.5735295625 millilitres
=  1.8046875 cubic inches[3]
≈  1.0408427 imperial fluid ounces
≡  ⁠5775/215042⁠ US dry quart
≡  ⁠5775/107521⁠ US dry pint
≈  the volume of 1.0431756 avoirdupois ounces of water
US food labeling fluid ounce

For serving sizes on nutrition labels in the US, regulation 21 CFR §101.9(b) requires the use of "common household measures", and 21 CFR §101.9(b)(5)(viii) defines a "common household" fluid ounce as exactly 30 milliliters. This applies to the serving size but not the package size; package sizes use the US customary fluid ounce.[4]

30 millilitres  ≈  1.05585239 imperial fluid ounces[1]
≈  1.01442068 US customary fluid ounces[3]
≈  1.83071232 cubic inches

History

[edit]

The fluid ounce was originally the volume occupied by one ounce of some substance, for example wine (in England) or water (in Scotland). The ounce in question also varied depending on the system of fluid measure, such as that used for wine versus ale.

Various ounces were used over the centuries, including the Tower ounce, troy ounce, avoirdupois ounce, and ounces used in international trade, such as Paris troy, a situation further complicated by the medieval practice of "allowances", whereby a unit of measure was not necessarily equal to the sum of its parts. For example, the 364-pound woolsack (165 kg) had a 14-pound allowance (6.4 kg) for the weight of the sack and other packaging materials.[5]

In 1824, the British Parliament defined the imperial gallon as the volume of ten pounds of water at standard temperature.[2] The gallon was divided into four quarts, the quart into two pints, the pint into four gills, and the gill into five ounces; thus, there were 160 imperial fluid ounces to the gallon.

This made the mass of a fluid ounce of water one avoirdupois ounce (28.35 g), a relationship which remains approximately valid today despite the imperial gallon's definition being slightly revised to be 4.54609 litres (thus making the imperial fluid ounce exactly 28.4130625 mL).

The US fluid ounce is based on the US gallon, which in turn is based on the wine gallon of 231 cubic inches that was used in the United Kingdom prior to 1824. With the adoption of the international inch, the US fluid ounce became 1⁄128 gal × 231 in3/gal × (2.54 cm/in)3 = 29.5735295625 mL exactly, or about 4.084% larger than the imperial unit.

In the U.K., the use of the fluid ounce as a measurement in trade, public health, and public administration was circumscribed to a few specific uses (the labelling of beer, cider, water, lemonade and fruit juice in returnable containers) in 1995, and abolished entirely in 2000, by The Units of Measurement Regulations 1994.[6]

References and notes

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Fluid ounce

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The fluid ounce (fl oz) is a unit of volume used to measure the capacity of liquids in the United States customary system and the British imperial system. In the US customary system, one fluid ounce is defined as exactly 1/128 of a US gallon, which equals 1.8046875 cubic inches or precisely 29.5735295625 milliliters; this makes it the standard for applications such as nutrition labeling, where it may be rounded to 30 ml for food packaging. By contrast, in the British imperial system, one fluid ounce is defined as 1/20 of an imperial pint, equivalent to exactly 28.4130625 milliliters, as established by the Weights and Measures Act 1985, which ties to their metric equivalents. These two variants differ by approximately 4%, with the fluid ounce being larger, a distinction originating from historical divergences in gallon definitions—the gallon at 231 cubic inches versus the imperial gallon at 277.4194 cubic inches—necessitating careful conversions in international contexts like cooking, pharmaceuticals, and beverage sales. Despite the global shift toward the , the fluid ounce remains in widespread use in the for everyday liquid measurements, such as in recipes (where 8 fl oz equals 1 , equivalent to exactly 236.588 ml, often rounded to 237 ml in everyday use) and soft drink containers, while in the UK it is supplementary to metric units but still appears on some product labels for pints of or .

Definitions

United States fluid ounce

The fluid ounce (symbol: US fl oz) is a used in the US customary system of measurement to quantify the capacity of liquids. It is defined as exactly 1/128 of a US , where the US is standardized at 231 cubic inches. This results in one US fluid ounce equaling precisely 1.8046875 cubic inches, or approximately 1.80469 cubic inches for practical reference. The definition traces its basis to the English wine gallon established in 1707 during Queen Anne's reign, which measured 231 cubic inches and was adopted by American colonists for liquid measures; the US standardized this without alteration in the 19th century to form the foundation of its gallon and subdivisions, including the fluid ounce. In metric terms, one US fluid ounce is exactly 29.5735295625 milliliters, reflecting the precise volume derived from the cubic inch standard. It differs from the imperial fluid ounce, which is smaller and based on the imperial gallon used in other countries.

Imperial fluid ounce

The imperial fluid ounce is a in the British imperial system, defined as one-twentieth of an imperial pint or one-one-hundred-sixtieth of an imperial gallon. It was established under the British Weights and Measures Act of 1824, which standardized the imperial gallon as the volume occupied by 10 pounds of at a of 62°F (16.66°C) and a barometric of 30 inches of mercury. This gallon measures exactly 4.54609 litres, making one imperial fluid ounce equal to precisely 28.4130625 millilitres. In terms of imperial cubic inches, one imperial fluid ounce occupies approximately 1.733871 cubic inches, derived from the imperial gallon's of 277.419431 cubic inches divided by 160 fluid ounces. The imperial fluid ounce differs from the fluid ounce, which is based on a smaller and thus not directly interchangeable.

Conversions and Equivalences

To metric units

The fluid ounce, defined as exactly 1/128 of a liquid gallon, converts to precisely 29.5735295625 milliliters. This value is often rounded to 29.5735 mL in general calculations and 30 mL in US nutrition labeling for simplicity. In contrast, the imperial fluid ounce, defined as exactly 1/20 of an imperial pint, equals precisely 28.4130625 milliliters. For larger volumes, equivalences to liters provide context for practical use. For instance, one , equivalent to 8 US fluid ounces, measures exactly 0.2365882365 liters. Thus, 8 US fluid ounces equals exactly 236.588 milliliters (equivalent to the cup volume), often rounded to 237 ml in everyday use. Similarly, common multiples like the US liquid pint (16 US fluid ounces) and (32 US fluid ounces) align with metric scales as follows:
US Customary UnitFluid OuncesMilliliters (exact)Liters (exact)
Fluid ounce129.57352956250.0295735295625
8236.58823650.2365882365
Pint (liquid)16473.1764730.473176473
(liquid)32946.3529460.946352946
In medical and nursing contexts, the US fluid ounce is frequently approximated as 30 milliliters to facilitate quick dosage calculations and reduce errors in clinical settings. This rounding convention, while not exact, is standard in healthcare training and practice for conversions involving fluid administration.

To other customary units

In the United States customary system, the fluid ounce serves as a fundamental unit within the of measures, where 1 US fluid ounce equals 1/8 of a , 1/16 of a US , and 1/128 of a US . This structure facilitates everyday applications such as cooking and packaging, with larger volumes building incrementally: for instance, 2 cups form 1 , 2 s form 1 , and 4 s form 1 . For smaller subdivisions in the system, 1 US fluid ounce equals 2 tablespoons or 6 teaspoons, allowing precise portioning in recipes and medical dosing. These relations stem from the system's base-2 and base-8 progressions, where 1 tablespoon is half a fluid ounce and 1 is one-third of a tablespoon. In the imperial system, used historically in the and some nations, 1 imperial fluid ounce equals 1/20 of an imperial and 1/160 of an imperial , reflecting a different scaling based on 20 ounces per pint and 8 pints per gallon. This contrasts with the hierarchy, notably in the pint size: a US pint contains 16 US fluid ounces, while an imperial pint holds 20 imperial fluid ounces, leading to potential discrepancies in or recipe adaptations. A practical example of fluid ounce usage appears in beverage packaging, such as the standard beer bottle, which holds 12 fluid ounces. These customary conversions provide essential scaling for domestic contexts, often cross-referenced with metric milliliters for global compatibility.

Relation to the Mass Ounce

The fluid ounce is a , while the (often specified as the ) is a unit of mass. Despite sharing the name "," they measure different physical quantities and are not directly interchangeable without considering . Historically, the fluid ounce was defined as the volume occupied by one of under standard conditions (typically at 62 °F or 16.7 °C), establishing an approximate equivalence for . In the imperial system, one imperial fluid ounce of weighs approximately 1 ounce (28.3495 g), with the volume being 28.4130625 mL. This close relation persists due to the original intent of the definition. In the customary system, one US fluid ounce of (29.5735295625 mL) weighs about 1.043 ounces (29.5735 g). The slight discrepancy arises from the US gallon being fixed at 231 cubic inches, diverging from the imperial definition based on weight. For practical purposes, especially in cooking or nutrition, 1 US fluid ounce of is often approximated as weighing 1 ounce. For other liquids such as milk, "ounce" typically refers to fluid ounces (volume) rather than weight ounces, unlike for solids like butter. Measuring 1 ounce of milk by weight corresponds to slightly less volume, approximately 1.85 US tablespoons, due to milk's density of about 1.04 g/mL.

Historical Development

Origins in English units

The fluid ounce emerged from medieval English liquid measures, which drew heavily from Roman and Anglo-Saxon traditions. The term "" derives from the Latin uncia, meaning one-twelfth part of a libra (pound), originally a unit of weight that transitioned into for liquids like wine and ale. In Anglo-Saxon , the —a small or vessel for measuring ale and wine—served as a foundational unit, often equivalent to a quarter of a pint, with the fluid ounce representing the volume occupied by the weight of one ounce of wine under standard conditions. By the 18th century, in the apothecaries' system, the fluid ounce was more precisely defined as the volume occupied by one avoirdupois ounce of distilled water (or wine in English contexts) at 62°F. These measures were practical for trade and daily use, reflecting the era's reliance on commodity-specific containers rather than abstract standards. During the 14th to 17th centuries, though definitions varied significantly by and liquid type, complicating and taxation. Ale pints and gallons were generally larger than those for wine; for example, the ale gallon equated to 282 cubic inches, subdivided into eight s, while the was smaller at 231 cubic inches. Regional discrepancies abounded, with local customs in places like or rural counties yielding pint sizes that could differ by up to 20% for the same commodity, such as versus spirits, often tied to regulations or market practices. This variability stemmed from the absence of national enforcement, allowing medieval holdovers to persist alongside evolving trade needs. In 1707, Parliament under Queen Anne enacted a defining the precisely as 231 cubic inches—a cylindrical measure 7 inches in diameter and 6 inches high—establishing a key precursor to later systems and primarily for wine and spirits. This Queen Anne , in use customarily since at least the , aimed to curb fraud in liquid trade by providing a verifiable standard, though it applied unevenly to and ale measures. Efforts during her reign extended to broader for spirits and , seeking to align volumes with fiscal duties, but pre-imperial inconsistencies in sizes across —such as larger ale pints in the north versus wine pints in port cities—continued to foster local adaptations. These early developments laid the groundwork for the distinct and imperial fluid ounces used today.

Standardization in the 19th and 20th centuries

In the early , Britain sought to unify its disparate volume measures through legislative reform. The Weights and Measures Act of 1824 established the imperial gallon as the volume occupied by 10 pounds of at 62°F under specified atmospheric conditions, equivalent to 277.4194 cubic inches. This definition resulted in an imperial pint of 20 fluid ounces, with the gallon comprising 160 fluid ounces total, standardizing liquid measures for trade and industry across the . The act aimed to resolve inconsistencies from earlier ale, wine, and corn gallons, promoting uniformity during the . The , diverging from post-independence, formalized its own in 1836 when the Treasury Department adopted the Queen Anne of exactly 231 cubic inches as the legal liquid measure. This yielded 128 fluid ounces per , with 16 per , reflecting colonial-era practices but adapted for American commerce. The choice preserved the smaller volume unit, facilitating distinctions in amid growing industrialization. By the 1890s, amid global metric adoption, both nations considered decimal-based reforms influenced by scientific and trade pressures. In the , congressional bills proposed metric integration for weights and measures, but these were rejected due to entrenched customary units and economic disruption concerns. Similarly, a 1897 British parliamentary select committee recommended legalizing metric units, yet declined full implementation, favoring gradual imperial refinements over wholesale change. Twentieth-century adjustments refined these inch-based definitions without altering core volumes. The 1959 International Yard and Pound Agreement aligned the yard to exactly 0.9144 meters across the , , and other nations, indirectly standardizing cubic inch equivalents for fluid measures by a factor of about 2 parts per million. Later, the 1976 Metrication Board efforts promoted partial voluntary adoption in industry and packaging, though fluid ounces persisted in consumer contexts. In the , the 1975 declared metric the preferred system but emphasized voluntary transition, encountering resistance from sectors reliant on imperial volumes like beverages and pharmaceuticals.

Modern Usage

In the United States

In the United States, the fluid ounce (fl oz) is a customary legally defined by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as exactly 29.5735295625 milliliters, serving as the standard for measuring liquids in consumer products and packaging under the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act (FPLA) of 1966, which mandates declaration of net quantity in fluid ounces for liquid contents on labels. This definition ensures uniformity in trade and commerce, with NIST overseeing enforcement through specifications in Handbook 44. The Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (NLEA) of 1990 further established the fluid ounce's role by requiring facts panels on most packaged foods and beverages, where serving sizes for drinks are expressed in fluid ounces to reflect typical consumption amounts, such as 8 fl oz for many beverages. The (FDA) regulates these labels, allowing fluid ounces as the primary unit for beverage servings while permitting metric equivalents in parentheses for clarity. The fluid ounce remains integral to everyday consumer products, appearing on standard soda cans sized at 12 fl oz and milk cartons like the common half-gallon equivalent of 64 fl oz, facilitating portion control and retail standardization. In pharmaceuticals, liquid medications are often dosed using fluid ounce equivalents, such as tablespoons (0.5 fl oz) or larger volumes up to 1.5 fl oz for pediatric or adult syrups, with measuring devices calibrated to these units for accuracy. As of 2025, the USDA limits added sugars in flavored school milk to 10 grams per 8 fl oz under school meal requirements effective July 1, 2025, and the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB) has proposed alcohol facts labels referencing fluid ounces for serving sizes. These applications underscore the unit's practical dominance in American households and industries, even as metric alternatives gain traction in scientific contexts. Culturally, the fluid ounce persists in and cooking recipes, where ingredients like 1 fl oz of are standard for flavoring cakes or cookies, embedding the unit in traditional American culinary practices despite ongoing advocacy for metric adoption. For scaling, conversions like 1 equaling 8 fl oz provide quick reference without altering core measurements. In the , dual labeling trends have emerged for exports, with many U.S. manufacturers adding metric volumes alongside fluid ounces on to comply with international standards and ease global trade, as seen in recent adjustments to and regulations.

In the United Kingdom and Commonwealth countries

In the , the imperial fluid ounce remains a legal but serves primarily as a supplementary indication alongside mandatory metric units following the Units of Measurement Regulations 1995, which took effect on 1 1995 and required metric units for most economic, health, and administrative purposes while permitting limited imperial use. This regulation built on earlier efforts, including the establishment of a Metrication Board in 1969 and progressive implementation through the 1970s and 1980s, with full retail mandates for metric units by 2000 except for specific exemptions such as the for draught beer, , and in returnable containers. Despite widespread adoption of the , the imperial fluid ounce appears in niche applications, including heritage recipes that reference older British culinary standards. In the alcohol trade, the imperial fluid ounce has historical ties to spirit measures, where, in , a single pub serving was once standardized as one-fifth of an imperial gill, equating exactly to one imperial fluid ounce (28.413 ), though modern regulations favor 25 or 35 measures since the late 1980s. These exemptions and lingering uses reflect the incomplete nature of metrication, which began in earnest with a 1965 government and spanned until the early 2000s, allowing certain imperial volumes to endure for cultural and practical reasons. Across countries, the imperial fluid ounce has largely been phased out in favor of metric units since the 1970s, with completing its transition by the mid-1980s through the 1970 and halting widespread imperial use after its 1970 adoption of the Weights and Measures Act, though both nations briefly retained imperial references in sectors like and retail during the shift. Post- discussions in the about reverting to greater imperial use for sales—framed as a potential "Brexit dividend"—were abandoned following a 2023 consultation where nearly 99% of respondents preferred metric units, ensuring no significant reversal. This contrasts with the , where the fluid ounce maintains a more prominent customary role without metric overlays.

International and metric transitions

The fluid ounce remains primarily a unit of volume in the United States and the , with adoption elsewhere limited to products imported from these countries, where it appears alongside metric equivalents on packaging. For instance, beverages exported from the to international markets, such as 330 mL cans, are often dual-labeled as approximately 11 fl oz to comply with origin-country requirements while meeting local metric standards. In the , the transition to the culminated in the full adoption of SI units for legal , as mandated by Directive 80/181/EEC, which initially scheduled the phase-out of supplementary non-metric indications by December 31, 2009, but was amended to allow their continued non-mandatory use alongside metric units, so the fluid ounce remains permissible as a supplementary indication. This directive harmonized measurements across member states, prioritizing liters and milliliters for volume to facilitate trade and clarity, with earlier transitional deadlines for certain non-SI units set no later than 1985. Japan's labeling regulations similarly enforce metric units like milliliters for domestic and imported goods, though US-origin products may include fluid ounce markings as supplementary information to align with FDA nutrition labeling practices, which approximate 1 fl oz to 30 mL for serving sizes. International standards, including those from the (ISO), emphasize SI units in documents like the Guide for the Use of the (SI), which promotes liters over customary volumes such as the fluid ounce for global consistency in science, trade, and engineering. However, exceptions persist in specialized sectors; for example, aviation fuel management internationally often relies on US gallons (with 128 fluid ounces per gallon) due to the prevalence of American equipment and standards in the industry. Challenges in global trade arise from conversion discrepancies, particularly in , where inconsistent labeling—such as fluid ounce versus milliliter—has led to disputes over product volumes and nutritional claims in the , exacerbating regulatory gaps in online platforms. Looking ahead, the ongoing promotion of SI units by organizations like the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) signals a decline in fluid ounce usage worldwide, though it endures in US-centric contexts like and . Meanwhile, 21st-century digital applications are increasingly standardizing to metric measurements, enabling seamless conversions and global accessibility for users adapting imperial-based content.

References

  1. https://www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-appendix-b-conversion-factors/nist-guide-si-appendix-b8
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  4. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1994/2867/body/made
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  58. https://www.doi.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2024-09/doi-aviation-fuel-management-handbook-sept-2024.pdf
  59. https://www.nist.gov/blogs/taking-measure/busting-myths-about-metric-system
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  61. https://help.nytimes.com/360011047512-New-York-Times-Cooking/30493300086164-Metric-Conversion
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