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Droste's Instant Cocoa with a net weight of 8 ounces
General information
Unit systemImperial system
Unit ofMeasurement
Symbol℥

The ounce (/ˈaʊns/) is any of several different units of mass, weight, or volume and is derived almost unchanged from the uncia, an Ancient Roman unit of measurement.

The avoirdupois ounce (exactly 28.349523125 g) is 1⁄16 avoirdupois pound; this is the United States customary and British imperial ounce. It is primarily used in the United States.

Although the avoirdupois ounce is the mass measure used for most purposes, the 'troy ounce' of exactly 31.1034768 g is used instead for the mass of precious metals such as gold, silver, platinum, palladium, rhodium, etc.

The term 'ounce' is also used in other contexts:

Historically, a variety of different ounces measuring mass or volume were used in different jurisdictions by different trades and at different times in history.

Etymology

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Ounce derives from the Ancient Roman uncia (meaning: a twelfth), a unit in the Ancient Roman units of measurement weighing about 27.4 grams or 96.7% of an avoirdupois ounce,[1] that was one-twelfth (1⁄12) of the Roman pound (libra).[2] This in turn comes from Latin unus ('one'), and thus originally meant simply 'unit'. The term uncia was borrowed twice: first into Pre–Old English, becoming ynce in Old English, which survives in modern English as inch;[3] and a second time into Middle English through Anglo-Norman and Middle French (unce, once, ounce), yielding English ounce.[4] The abbreviation oz came later from the Italian cognate onza, pronounced [ˈontsa] (or later oncia, pronounced [ˈontʃa]).

Definitions

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Historically, in different parts of the world, at different points in time, and for different applications, the ounce (or its translation) has referred to broadly similar but still slightly different standards of mass.

Mass of ounce units
Variant (grams) (grains)
International avoirdupois ounce 28.349523125 437.5
International troy ounce 31.1034768 480
Apothecaries' ounce
Maria Theresa ounce 28.0668 433.137
Spanish ounce (onza) 28.75  
French ounce (once) 30.59  
Portuguese ounce (onça) 28.69  
Roman/Italian ounce (oncia) 27.4  
Dutch metric ounce (ons) 100  
Dutch (pre-metric) ounce (ons) ca. 30  
Chinese metric ounce (盎司) 50  
English Tower ounce 29.16 450

Active use

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International avoirdupois ounce

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The international avoirdupois ounce (abbreviated oz) is defined as exactly 28.349523125 g under the international yard and pound agreement of 1959, signed by the United States and countries of the Commonwealth of Nations.

In the avoirdupois system, sixteen ounces make up an avoirdupois pound, and the avoirdupois pound is defined as 7000 grains; one avoirdupois ounce is therefore equal to 437.5 grains.

The ounce is still a standard unit in the United States. In the United Kingdom it ceased to be an independent unit of measure in 2000,[5] but may still be seen as a general indicator of portion sizes in burger and steak restaurants.

International troy ounce

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Main article: Troy ounce

A troy ounce (abbreviated oz t) is equal to 480 grains. Consequently, the international troy ounce is equal to exactly 31.1034768 grams. There are 12 troy ounces in the obsolete troy pound.

The troy ounce is used only to express the mass of precious metals such as gold, platinum, palladium, rhodium or silver. Bullion coins are the most common products marketed in troy ounces, but precious metal bars also exist in gram and kilogram (kg) sizes. (A kilogram bullion bar contains 32.151 troy ounces.)

For historical measurement of gold,

  • a fine ounce is a troy ounce of pure gold content in a gold bar, computed as fineness multiplied by gross weight[6]
  • a standard ounce is a troy ounce of 22 carat gold, 91.66% pure (an 11 to 1 proportion of gold to alloy material)

Metric ounces

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Some countries have redefined their ounces in the metric system.[7] For example, the German apothecaries' ounce of 30 grams is very close to the previously widespread Nuremberg ounce, but the divisions and multiples come out in metric.

In 1820, the Dutch redefined their ounce (in Dutch, ons) as 100 grams. In 1937 the IJkwet of the Netherlands officially abolished the term, but it is still commonly used.[8][9] Dutch amendments to the metric system, such as an ons or 100 grams, has been inherited, adopted, and taught in Indonesia beginning in elementary school. It is also listed as standard usage in Indonesia's national dictionary, the Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, and the government's official elementary-school curriculum.[10]

Historical

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Apothecaries' ounce

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The apothecaries' ounce (abbreviated ℥) equivalent to the troy ounce, was formerly used by apothecaries, and is thus obsolete.

Maria Theresa ounce

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"Maria Theresa ounce" was once introduced in Ethiopia and some European countries, which was equal to the weight of one Maria Theresa thaler, or 28.0668 g.[11][12] Both the weight and the value are the definition of one birr, still in use in present-day Ethiopia and formerly in Eritrea.[citation needed]

Spanish ounce

[edit]
Further information: Spanish customary units

The Spanish pound (Spanish: libra) was 460 g.[13] The Spanish ounce (Spanish onza) was 1⁄16 of a pound, i.e. 28.75 g.[14] It was further subdivided into 16 adarmes (each 1.8 grams). For pharmaceutical use, the Greek dracma was used, subdividing the Spanish ounce into 8 (3.6 grams), due to being equivalent to 1⁄12 of an avoirdupois ounce. In either case, it could be further subdivided into grains, each one 49.9 milligrams.

Tower ounce

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The Tower ounce of 450 grains (29 grams) was a fraction of the tower pound used in the English mints, the principal one being in the Tower of London. It dates back to the Anglo-Saxon coinage weight standard. It was abolished in favour of the Troy ounce by Henry VIII in 1527.[15]

Ounce-force

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Main article: Pound-force

An ounce-force is 1⁄16 of a pound-force, or about 0.2780139 newtons. It is defined as the force exerted by a mass of one avoirdupois ounce under standard gravity (at sea level, its weight).

The "ounce" in "ounce-force" is equivalent to an avoirdupois ounce; ounce-force is a measurement of force using avoirdupois ounces. It is customarily not identified or differentiated. The term has limited use in engineering calculations to simplify unit conversions between mass, force, and acceleration systems of calculations.

Fluid ounce

[edit]
Main article: Fluid ounce

A fluid ounce (abbreviated fl oz, fl. oz. or oz. fl.) is a unit of volume. An imperial fluid ounce is defined in British law as exactly 28.4130625 millilitres,[16] while a US customary fluid ounce is exactly 29.5735295625 mL,[17] and a US food labelling fluid ounce is 30 mL.[18] The fluid ounce is sometimes referred to simply as an "ounce" in contexts where its use is implicit, such as bartending.

Other uses

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Fabric weight

[edit]

Ounces are also used to express the "weight", or more accurately the areal density, of a textile fabric in North America, Asia, or the UK, as in "16 oz denim". The number refers to the weight in ounces of a given amount of fabric, either a yard of a given width, or a square yard, where the depth of the fabric is a fabric-specific constant.[19]

Fabric type Typical weight in ounces
Organza, voile, chiffon 1–3
Most cottons, wools, silks, muslin, linen 4–7
Denim, corduroy, twill, velvet 7–16

Copper layer thickness of a printed circuit board

[edit]

The most common unit of measure for the copper thickness on a printed circuit board (PCB) is ounces (oz), as in mass. It is the resulting thickness when the mass of copper is pressed flat and spread evenly over a one-square-foot area. 1 oz will roughly equal 34.7 μm.[20]

Notes and references

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Ounce

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The ounce (abbreviated as oz, from Italian onza (later oncia), derived from Latin uncia meaning "a twelfth part") is a unit of mass in the avoirdupois system, equal to exactly 1/16 of a pound or 28.349523125 grams, and is part of the customary and British imperial systems of measurement. This avoirdupois ounce, the most commonly used variant today, originated from the ancient Roman uncia, a twelfth part of the Roman pound (libra), which weighed approximately 327 grams, and evolved through medieval English standards into its modern definition formalized in the . A distinct form, the troy ounce (oz t), equals 480 grains or precisely 31.1034768 grams and is used primarily for weighing precious metals like and silver; it derives from the troy weight system, historically linked to trade in , , and divides the troy pound into 12 parts rather than 16. The troy system, including its ounce, was standardized in by the 15th century and remains influential in global commodities markets despite the dominance of metric units elsewhere. Additionally, the (fl oz) serves as a rather than , with the fluid ounce defined as exactly 1/16 of a pint or 29.5735295625 milliliters, commonly applied in cooking, beverages, and pharmaceuticals. In contrast, the imperial () fluid ounce equals 1/20 of an imperial pint or about 28.413 milliliters, highlighting subtle differences between American and British imperial measurements that persist in everyday use. These variants underscore the ounce's versatility across , weight, and liquid capacity, though its application is increasingly supplemented by the () in scientific and international contexts.

Background

Etymology

The term "ounce" derives from the Latin uncia, meaning "a twelfth part," which specifically denoted one-twelfth of the Roman pound (libra). This root traces back to unus, the Latin word for "one," emphasizing the fractional nature of the measurement. The word entered as unce or once around the , serving as a measure of both weight and time, under the influence of uncia across Europe. This evolution maintained the connection to fractional divisions in various medieval systems. By the early 14th century, ounce appeared in , borrowed directly from the form and initially applied to weight units in trade and contexts. Cognates persist in other Romance and , including Italian oncia, Spanish onza, and German Unze, all stemming from the same Latin uncia and adapted to local phonetic and orthographic conventions. The abbreviation "oz" derives from the older Italian form "onza" (later "oncia"), even though the English word "ounce" entered via Anglo-Norman French from Latin.

Historical development

The ounce originated in as the uncia, the smallest unit in the Roman system of weights, defined as one-twelfth of (pound), which weighed approximately 327 grams, making the uncia about 27.3 grams. This subdivision reflected the structure common in Roman measurement, facilitating divisions for and across the empire. During the medieval period in and , the Roman uncia adapted into localized systems influenced by and coinage needs, with variations emerging post-. In , the Tower pound—used primarily for precious metals and based on earlier standards, with a recoinage under Henry III in 1247—divided into 12 Tower ounces, serving as the basis for minting and bullion transactions until the 16th century. Concurrently, the system, featuring 16 ounces per pound for general merchandise, gained traction from the late , with the term and system formalized from French influences by the late to support and commodity , though it was not fully standardized until later reforms. The brought efforts to unify these disparate systems through legislative standardization in Britain. The Weights and Measures Act of established the avoirdupois pound—defined as 7,000 grains—as the imperial standard for most dry goods, with the as one-sixteenth of this pound, aiming to streamline across the growing . In the , international cooperation refined these units to align with metric standards. The 1959 Agreement, signed by representatives from the United States, , , , , and , precisely defined the avoirdupois pound in metric terms, ensuring consistency for global while preserving the 's role within imperial systems. Regional variations persisted in colonial contexts during the 18th and 19th centuries, particularly in trade networks. The Spanish onza, a key unit in the and under colonial rule, weighed roughly 28.75 grams and facilitated silver and commodity exchanges in ports like and . Similarly, the , an Austrian silver coin minted from 1780 but retroactively dated to 1741, circulated widely in African, Middle Eastern, and Asian colonial trade routes, often serving as a trade coin with a standard weight of 28.07 grams (containing 0.752 ounces of silver) for valuing goods like spices and .

Mass-based ounces

Avoirdupois ounce

The international ounce is defined as exactly 28.349523125 grams. This precise value was established through the 1959 agreement among the , the , , , , and , which redefined the avoirdupois pound as exactly 0.45359237 kilograms, with the ounce constituting one-sixteenth of that pound. The agreement aimed to standardize with metric equivalents for and scientific consistency. The ounce relates to other units as one-sixteenth of the pound and is primarily employed for measuring everyday commodities such as food, bulk goods, and postal items. To convert to grams, the is: in grams = ounces × 28.349523125. This unit forms the basis of the system, which divides the pound into 16 ounces, contrasting with finer divisions in specialized systems. In usage contexts, the avoirdupois ounce remains the standard for in the customary system, applied to non-precious items in retail, manufacturing, and consumer packaging. It is also permitted in the under the Weights and Measures Act 1985 for trade in goods like and , alongside metric units, and persists in varying degrees in other Commonwealth countries such as and for legacy applications.

Troy ounce

The troy ounce (symbol: ozt) is a unit of mass in the system, defined as exactly 31.1034768 grams. This precise value was established through the International Yard and Pound Agreement of 1959, which aligned customary units with metric standards among major English-speaking nations. Within the system, one troy ounce equals 1/12 of a troy pound and consists of 480 s, where the grain is a common subunit shared with other weight systems. To convert mass from troy ounces to grams, the formula is m=n×31.1034768m = n \times 31.1034768, where mm is the mass in grams and nn is the number of troy ounces. To convert mass from grams to troy ounces, divide the mass in grams by 31.1034768. This is particularly useful for weighing pure silver and other precious metals. This unit remains the international standard for measuring precious metals and gemstones, ensuring consistency in high-value transactions. The troy ounce is primarily used in global markets for gold, silver, and platinum, where prices are quoted per troy ounce on exchanges such as the London Bullion Market. For instance, standard gold bars traded there weigh approximately 400 troy ounces with a minimum purity of 99.5%. Silver bars typically range from 750 to 1,100 troy ounces at 99.9% purity, while platinum and palladium follow similar troy-based specifications. This specialization supports precise valuation in bullion trading and jewelry fabrication. Unlike the avoirdupois ounce used for everyday commodities, the troy ounce is approximately 9.7% heavier, a distinction that requires careful attention in trade to avoid costly errors.

Apothecaries' ounce

The apothecaries' ounce is a unit of mass equal to 480 grains, equivalent to exactly 31.1034768 grams. This measurement formed the basis of the apothecaries' system, which was designed specifically for compounding medicinal preparations and included subdivisions such as the scruple (20 grains) and the dram (60 grains or 3 scruples). The ounce itself comprised 8 drams, and 12 such ounces made up one apothecaries' pound. Historically, the apothecaries' ounce was prevalent in pharmaceutical practices and recipe formulation during the 18th and 19th centuries across , the , and , where it facilitated precise dosing of drugs and ingredients in medical and some culinary contexts. Apothecaries relied on this system to weigh solids like powders and herbs, ensuring accuracy in prescriptions that could involve potent substances. A key distinction of the apothecaries' ounce lay in its integration with volume measures for liquids; the corresponding was defined as the volume occupied by one apothecaries' ounce of at a standard , linking and fluid dram subdivisions (with 8 fluid drams per fluid ounce) to accommodate liquid prescriptions such as tinctures and syrups. The system began to decline in the due to the global push for standardization through , persisting longest where it remained in official use for until its replacement by metric grams and milliliters Pharmacopeia of 1971. This shift marked the end of the apothecaries' ounce as a standard unit, though remnants occasionally appeared in legacy medical texts thereafter.

Other historical ounces

The Tower ounce was a medieval English unit of weight used prior to 1527, defined as one-twelfth of the Tower pound and equivalent to approximately 29.16 grams. It served primarily in commerce involving wool and precious metals, reflecting the Tower of London's role as a mint and standard-setting authority. This unit, consisting of 450 grains, differed from later standards like the troy ounce and was abolished with the adoption of the troy system under . In colonial , the (Spanish ounce) functioned as a key trade unit from the 16th to 19th centuries, typically weighing around 28.75 grams, though regional variations occurred due to local adaptations and enforcement inconsistencies. Derived from Castilian standards, it was one-sixteenth of (pound) and applied to commodities like silver, cacao, and textiles in and other viceroyalties. These discrepancies arose from the need to align with indigenous practices and distant mint outputs, such as those in , ensuring fluid exchange across vast territories. The ounce emerged in the as a thaler-based unit from the Austrian Habsburg Empire, weighing approximately 28.07 grams and containing 23.39 grams of fine silver. Standardized in and restruck with the empress's portrait until the mid-20th century, it became a staple in Middle Eastern and African trade routes, valued for its consistent purity (83.3% silver) and role in for like , , and slaves. Its longevity stemmed from international agreements, including British endorsements in the , making it a in regions resistant to modern currencies. Other historical ounces included variants like the Chinese liang, historically equivalent to about 37.3 grams during the Tang, Song, and Yuan dynasties and sometimes referred to as a "Chinese ounce" in Western contexts. One-sixteenth of the jin (catty), it facilitated silk, tea, and silver transactions along the and in maritime commerce. Similarly, the obsolete French once, at 30.59 grams, was one-sixteenth of the du marc and used in pre-metric commerce for metals and goods until the 1790s Revolution. These historical ounces exemplify local adaptations for , often structured as one-sixteenth or one-twelfth of regional pounds to suit specific economic needs, diverging from unified international standards.

Derived units

Ounce-force

The (symbol: ozf) is a unit of in the US customary and imperial systems of measurement, defined as the gravitational force acting on a of one ounce (exactly 28.349523125 grams) under of exactly 9.80665 m/s². This yields a value of exactly 0.278013851 newtons. The unit relates to the pound-force (lbf) by the formula 1 ozf=116 lbf1 \, \mathrm{ozf} = \frac{1}{16} \, \mathrm{lbf}, reflecting the composition of one avoirdupois pound as 16 ounces. This exact relationship stems from the 1959 International Yard and Pound Agreement, which standardized the avoirdupois pound at 0.45359237 kilograms, thereby fixing the ounce-force in absolute terms. Derived exclusively from the avoirdupois ounce mass unit, the ounce-force finds application in engineering fields employing US customary units, such as for control surface loads and for small-scale spring calibrations. It is rarely used in modern contexts dominated by the (SI), where the newton prevails. The ounce-force emerged in 20th-century engineering practices alongside the pound-force, as part of efforts to clarify dynamic force measurements distinct from static mass in the foot-pound-second system.

Fluid ounce

The fluid ounce is a unit of volume used primarily to measure liquids, distinct from mass-based ounces as it quantifies capacity rather than weight. The customary fluid ounce, often abbreviated as US fl oz, is defined exactly as 29.5735295625 milliliters and constitutes 1/128 of a US , which itself is based on the 1707 Queen Anne of 231 cubic inches. This unit is widely employed in for specifying volumes in beverages, such as soft drinks and , as well as in cooking recipes and food labeling under FDA regulations. To convert US fluid ounces to milliliters, multiply the number of fluid ounces by 29.5735295625. In contrast, the imperial fluid ounce, used in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth countries, measures approximately 28.4130625 milliliters and equals 1/160 of an imperial gallon, which was standardized to hold 10 pounds of water at a specific temperature. It remains common in the UK for applications like pharmaceutical dosing and legacy packaging, though metric units predominate in modern contexts. The divergence between the US and imperial fluid ounces originated after the British Weights and Measures Act of 1824, which redefined the imperial gallon while the US retained its pre-independence wine gallon definition, resulting in the US unit being about 4% larger. Both variants find application in cooking for measuring ingredients like oils and syrups, in pharmaceuticals for liquid medications, and in packaging for consumer products such as shampoos and cleaners, where the provides a familiar scale for volume without reference to . Historically, the fluid ounce evolved in 17th- and 18th-century from divisions of the ale gallon (about 282 cubic inches) and (231 cubic inches), initially approximating the volume of one ounce-weight of like or .

Specialized uses

Fabric weight

In the , fabric weight is a measure of surface , expressed as ounces per (oz/yd²), which quantifies the of a fabric sample per unit area and influences its drape, durability, and suitability for specific applications such as apparel or . This unit applies to various textiles, including shirting, , and , where lighter weights provide breathability for garments like shirts, while heavier weights offer strength for items like or tents. The ounce serves as the basis for this measurement, adapting the standard unit of weight to assess areal rather than bulk alone. In practice, fabric weights typically range from 4 to 6 oz/yd² for lightweight shirting suitable for blouses or summer apparel, and 14 oz/yd² or higher for heavy used in durable and . This measurement system was standardized in the late amid the rise of U.S. and trade, where the imperial system predominated to facilitate commerce in and production. It remains prevalent in American today, alongside the metric alternative of grams per square meter (), with a conversion factor of approximately 1 oz/yd² equaling 33.9057 .

Printed circuit board copper thickness

In printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing, the thickness of foil layers is commonly specified using ounces per (oz/ft²), a measure of mass per unit area based on the avoirdupois ounce. This designation indicates the weight of when spread evenly over one , with 1 oz/ft² corresponding to a nominal thickness of approximately 35 µm (1.37 mils). The exact thickness arises from the 's of 8.96 g/cm³, as the areal mass of 1 oz/ft² equates to about 0.0305 g/cm², yielding a thickness of roughly 34 µm when divided by the (often rounded to 35 µm in industry practice). This unit is integral to PCB design, where standard copper weights guide layer selection for electrical performance and thermal management. For instance, 1 oz/ft² (35 µm) copper is typical for signal layers in and general-purpose boards, providing sufficient conductivity for low-to-moderate current while minimizing material costs and challenges. In contrast, 2 oz/ft² (70 µm) copper is often used for power distribution layers or high-current traces in applications like power supplies and , as it reduces resistance and improves heat dissipation. Heavier weights, such as 3 oz/ft² or more, are reserved for specialized high-power designs but increase fabrication complexity. The relation to the ounce stems from its use as the base mass unit, converted to thickness via copper's fixed without adjustment for alloys in standard foils. The thickness tt in micrometers can be calculated as t≈35×wt \approx 35 \times w, where ww is the weight in oz/ft², providing a practical approximation for design; for precision, t=w×28.35×106929.03×8.96t = \frac{w \times 28.35 \times 10^6}{929.03 \times 8.96} µm, accounting for the ounce-to-gram conversion, square foot area in cm², and in g/cm³. This ounce-based standard emerged in the mid-20th century alongside the commercialization of PCBs in the and 1950s, rooted in U.S. conventions for copper-clad laminates. While metric equivalents in micrometers are increasingly adopted in international standards like IPC-4562 for global supply chains, the oz/ft² notation persists in U.S.-centric design and fabrication due to its entrenched use in specifications.

Other applications

In culinary contexts, the ounce is commonly used to specify portion sizes in recipes and nutritional labeling on . For instance, a standard serving of might be listed as 8 ounces, helping consumers and cooks gauge nutritional content such as calories and protein intake, as regulated by the U.S. (FDA) for accurate labeling on pre-packaged meats and products. This practice extends to international recipes where the ounce aligns with everyday kitchen measurements for ingredients like or , promoting consistency in meal preparation across English-speaking regions. The (USPS) employs ounces to measure the weight of lightweight mail items, such as letters and small parcels, with first-class mail typically limited to 13 ounces for standard rates. This system facilitates efficient pricing based on weight increments, where items under 1 ounce qualify for the lowest postage, and additional ounces incur incremental fees up to the maximum for that category. Internationally, similar ounce-based weighing is used by services like for parcels up to 2 kilograms, though converted to grams for precision. In , ounces denote the weight of items critical for balance and performance, such as clubs typically weighing 10 to 15 ounces total, with heads around 6 to 8 ounces, to optimize swing dynamics for different player strengths. lines are also rated by breaking strength in pounds (lb test), with ultralight lines typically 2-6 lb for sensitivity and casting ease in competitive angling. These specifications are standardized by organizations like the (USGA) to maintain fair play. Emerging applications include , where filament spools are often sold by weight in ounces—typically 1 pound (16 ounces) per spool—to standardize material usage and cost estimation for hobbyists and professionals creating prototypes. In battery technology, lithium-ion cells for consumer electronics like drones are approximated by weight in ounces, with a typical 18650 cell weighing about 1.7 ounces, influencing design choices for portability and in portable power systems. Culturally, the term "ounce" appears in the 18th-century proverb "an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure," popularized by in his 1736 Poor Richard's Almanack, emphasizing proactive measures over reactive remedies in health and daily life. This idiomatic expression has permeated English literature and campaigns, underscoring the value of small preventive actions.

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  51. https://www.pcbpower.us/blog/importance-of-pcb-thickness
  52. https://www.sunstone.com/pcb-manufacturing-capabilities/detailed-capabilities/copper-weights
  53. https://www.pcbuniverse.com/pcbu-tech-tips.php?a=4
  54. https://www.engineersedge.com/materials/densities_of_metals_and_elements_table_13976.htm
  55. https://www.syspcb.com/pcb-blog/knowledge/pcb-trace-width-copper-thickness-and-current-relationship-a-design-guide.html
  56. https://www.eurocircuits.com/technical-guidelines/understanding-manufacturing-tolerances-on-a-pcb/tolerances-on-copper-thickness/
  57. https://justgolfstuff.ca/blogs/guide/golf-club-and-golf-bag-weight
  58. https://www.bassresource.com/bass-fishing-forums/topic/194432-fishing-line-capacity-test-for-dummies/
  59. https://grammarist.com/proverb/an-ounce-of-prevention-is-worth-a-pound-of-cure/
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