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French Algeria
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French Algeria
French Algeria, also known as Colonial Algeria, was the period of Algerian history when the country was a colony and later an integral part of France. French rule lasted from the beginning of the French conquest in 1830 until the end of the Algerian War which resulted in Algeria gaining independence on 5 July 1962.
The French conquest of Algeria began in 1830 with the invasion of Algiers which toppled the Regency of Algiers, though Algeria was not fully conquered and pacified until 1903. It is estimated that by 1875, approximately 825,000 Algerians were killed. Various scholars describe the French conquest as genocide. Algeria was ruled as a colony from 1830 to 1848, and then as multiple departments—an integral part of France—with the implementing of the 1848 French Constitution, until Algerian independence in 1962. After a trip to Algiers in 1860, the then-French emperor Napoleon III became keen on establishing a client kingdom which he would in rule in a personal union, expanding freedoms for the indigenous population and limiting colonisation. This project was futile, however, and the newly-established Third Republic scrapped any plans for Algerian regional autonomy, even seeking to strengthen its hold by granting citizenship to Algeria's native Jewish population and propagating the Kabyle myth in what have been described as examples of divide and rule.
As a recognized jurisdiction of France, Algeria became a destination for hundreds of thousands of European settlers. They were first known as colons, and later as pieds-noirs, a term applied primarily to ethnic Europeans born in Algeria. The native Muslim population comprised the majority of the territory throughout its history. Gradually, dissatisfaction among the Muslim population, due to their lack of political and economic freedom, fueled calls for greater political autonomy, and eventually independence from France. The Sétif and Guelma massacre in 1945 marked a point of no return in Franco-Algerian relations and led to the outbreak of the Algerian War, which was characterised by the use of guerrilla warfare by National Liberation Front, and crimes against humanity by the French (including torture, rape and regroupment camps). The war ended in 1962, with Algeria gaining independence following the Évian Accords in March 1962 and a self-determination referendum in July 1962.
During its last years as part of France, Algeria was a founding member of the European Coal and Steel Community and the European Economic Community.
Since the capture of Algiers in 1516 by the Ottoman admirals, brothers Oruc and Hayreddin Barbarossa, Algeria had been a base for conflict and piracy in the Mediterranean basin. In 1681, French King Louis XIV asked Admiral Abraham Duquesne to fight the Barbary pirates. He also ordered a large-scale attack on Algiers between 1682 and 1683 on the pretext of assisting and rescuing enslaved Christians, usually Europeans taken as captives in raids. Again, Jean II d'Estrées bombarded Tripoli and Algiers from 1685 to 1688. An ambassador from Algiers visited the Court in Versailles, and a treaty was signed in 1690 that provided peace throughout the 18th century.
During the Directory regime of the First French Republic (1795–99), the Bakri and the Busnach, Jewish merchants of Algiers, provided large quantities of grain for Napoleon's soldiers who participated in the Italian campaign of 1796–1797. But Bonaparte refused to pay the bill, claiming it was excessive. In 1820, Louis XVIII paid back half of the Directory's debts. The Dey, who had loaned the Bacri 250,000 francs, requested the rest of the money from France.
The Dey of Algiers was weak politically, economically, and militarily. Algeria was then part of the Barbary States, along with Tunisia; these depended on the Ottoman Empire, then led by Mahmud II, but enjoyed relative independence. The Barbary Coast was the stronghold of the Barbary pirates, who carried out raids against European and American ships. Conflicts between the Barbary States and the newly independent United States of America culminated in the First (1801–05) and Second (1815) Barbary Wars. An Anglo-Dutch force, led by Admiral Lord Exmouth, carried out a punitive expedition, the August 1816 bombardment of Algiers. The Dey was forced to sign the Barbary treaties because the technological advantage of U.S., British, and French forces overwhelmed the Algerians' expertise at naval warfare.[citation needed]
Following the conquest under the July monarchy, France referred to the Algerian territories as "French possessions in North Africa". This was disputed by the Ottoman Empire, which had not given up its claim. In 1839 Marshal General Jean-de-Dieu Soult, Duke of Dalmatia, first named these territories as "Algeria".
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French Algeria
French Algeria, also known as Colonial Algeria, was the period of Algerian history when the country was a colony and later an integral part of France. French rule lasted from the beginning of the French conquest in 1830 until the end of the Algerian War which resulted in Algeria gaining independence on 5 July 1962.
The French conquest of Algeria began in 1830 with the invasion of Algiers which toppled the Regency of Algiers, though Algeria was not fully conquered and pacified until 1903. It is estimated that by 1875, approximately 825,000 Algerians were killed. Various scholars describe the French conquest as genocide. Algeria was ruled as a colony from 1830 to 1848, and then as multiple departments—an integral part of France—with the implementing of the 1848 French Constitution, until Algerian independence in 1962. After a trip to Algiers in 1860, the then-French emperor Napoleon III became keen on establishing a client kingdom which he would in rule in a personal union, expanding freedoms for the indigenous population and limiting colonisation. This project was futile, however, and the newly-established Third Republic scrapped any plans for Algerian regional autonomy, even seeking to strengthen its hold by granting citizenship to Algeria's native Jewish population and propagating the Kabyle myth in what have been described as examples of divide and rule.
As a recognized jurisdiction of France, Algeria became a destination for hundreds of thousands of European settlers. They were first known as colons, and later as pieds-noirs, a term applied primarily to ethnic Europeans born in Algeria. The native Muslim population comprised the majority of the territory throughout its history. Gradually, dissatisfaction among the Muslim population, due to their lack of political and economic freedom, fueled calls for greater political autonomy, and eventually independence from France. The Sétif and Guelma massacre in 1945 marked a point of no return in Franco-Algerian relations and led to the outbreak of the Algerian War, which was characterised by the use of guerrilla warfare by National Liberation Front, and crimes against humanity by the French (including torture, rape and regroupment camps). The war ended in 1962, with Algeria gaining independence following the Évian Accords in March 1962 and a self-determination referendum in July 1962.
During its last years as part of France, Algeria was a founding member of the European Coal and Steel Community and the European Economic Community.
Since the capture of Algiers in 1516 by the Ottoman admirals, brothers Oruc and Hayreddin Barbarossa, Algeria had been a base for conflict and piracy in the Mediterranean basin. In 1681, French King Louis XIV asked Admiral Abraham Duquesne to fight the Barbary pirates. He also ordered a large-scale attack on Algiers between 1682 and 1683 on the pretext of assisting and rescuing enslaved Christians, usually Europeans taken as captives in raids. Again, Jean II d'Estrées bombarded Tripoli and Algiers from 1685 to 1688. An ambassador from Algiers visited the Court in Versailles, and a treaty was signed in 1690 that provided peace throughout the 18th century.
During the Directory regime of the First French Republic (1795–99), the Bakri and the Busnach, Jewish merchants of Algiers, provided large quantities of grain for Napoleon's soldiers who participated in the Italian campaign of 1796–1797. But Bonaparte refused to pay the bill, claiming it was excessive. In 1820, Louis XVIII paid back half of the Directory's debts. The Dey, who had loaned the Bacri 250,000 francs, requested the rest of the money from France.
The Dey of Algiers was weak politically, economically, and militarily. Algeria was then part of the Barbary States, along with Tunisia; these depended on the Ottoman Empire, then led by Mahmud II, but enjoyed relative independence. The Barbary Coast was the stronghold of the Barbary pirates, who carried out raids against European and American ships. Conflicts between the Barbary States and the newly independent United States of America culminated in the First (1801–05) and Second (1815) Barbary Wars. An Anglo-Dutch force, led by Admiral Lord Exmouth, carried out a punitive expedition, the August 1816 bombardment of Algiers. The Dey was forced to sign the Barbary treaties because the technological advantage of U.S., British, and French forces overwhelmed the Algerians' expertise at naval warfare.[citation needed]
Following the conquest under the July monarchy, France referred to the Algerian territories as "French possessions in North Africa". This was disputed by the Ottoman Empire, which had not given up its claim. In 1839 Marshal General Jean-de-Dieu Soult, Duke of Dalmatia, first named these territories as "Algeria".
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