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Guanare
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Guanare (Spanish pronunciation: [ɡwaˈnaɾe]) is the capital of Portuguesa State, Venezuela. It is where la Virgen de Coromoto is said to have appeared to a Coromoto Indian.

Key Information

Guanare was founded on 3 November 1591 by João Fernandes de Leão Pacheco (1543–1593), a Portuguese captain from Portimão.

Located at the edge of the Southwestern floodplains, near the Andes foothills, Guanare is in a region known for livestock and agricultural production. Guanare is also the location of one of the campuses of UNELLEZ

Notable people

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Geography

[edit]

Climate

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Nuestra Señora de Coromoto National Shrine
Climate data for Guanare (1991–2020, extremes 1971–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 37.7
(99.9) 		38.5
(101.3) 		38.5
(101.3) 		37.9
(100.2) 		38.8
(101.8) 		35.0
(95.0) 		38.2
(100.8) 		34.7
(94.5) 		35.2
(95.4) 		35.4
(95.7) 		35.3
(95.5) 		35.9
(96.6) 		38.8
(101.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 33.6
(92.5) 		34.6
(94.3) 		35.0
(95.0) 		33.8
(92.8) 		32.3
(90.1) 		31.0
(87.8) 		30.9
(87.6) 		31.3
(88.3) 		31.9
(89.4) 		32.2
(90.0) 		32.3
(90.1) 		33.0
(91.4) 		32.7
(90.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 26.7
(80.1) 		28.0
(82.4) 		28.8
(83.8) 		28.4
(83.1) 		27.4
(81.3) 		26.2
(79.2) 		25.8
(78.4) 		26.0
(78.8) 		26.5
(79.7) 		26.7
(80.1) 		26.7
(80.1) 		26.6
(79.9) 		27.0
(80.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 21.0
(69.8) 		22.0
(71.6) 		23.4
(74.1) 		24.0
(75.2) 		23.7
(74.7) 		22.9
(73.2) 		22.4
(72.3) 		22.5
(72.5) 		22.7
(72.9) 		22.8
(73.0) 		22.7
(72.9) 		21.5
(70.7) 		22.6
(72.7)
Record low °C (°F) 15.4
(59.7) 		15.4
(59.7) 		17.5
(63.5) 		18.3
(64.9) 		19.4
(66.9) 		17.2
(63.0) 		17.9
(64.2) 		17.7
(63.9) 		18.7
(65.7) 		18.6
(65.5) 		17.9
(64.2) 		9.4
(48.9) 		9.4
(48.9)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 10.7
(0.42) 		15.0
(0.59) 		37.4
(1.47) 		126.6
(4.98) 		208.9
(8.22) 		264.3
(10.41) 		220.2
(8.67) 		215.3
(8.48) 		188.4
(7.42) 		180.1
(7.09) 		92.2
(3.63) 		29.1
(1.15) 		1,588.2
(62.53)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 1.5 1.9 3.9 9.4 14.7 17.2 16.9 15.1 13.3 12.6 8.2 3.9 118.6
Average relative humidity (%) 67.5 64.5 64.0 69.5 76.0 78.5 78.5 78.0 77.5 76.5 76.0 72.5 73.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 257.3 221.2 207.7 141.0 145.7 138.0 167.4 186.0 195.0 207.7 219.0 232.5 2,318.5
Mean daily sunshine hours 8.3 7.9 6.7 4.7 4.7 4.6 5.4 6.0 6.5 6.7 7.3 7.5 6.4
Source 1: NOAA (sun 1971–1990)[1][2]
Source 2: Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología (humidity 1970–1998)[3][4]

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Guanare

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from Grokipedia
Guanare is the capital city of Portuguesa State in northwestern Venezuela, situated in the Llanos plains at an elevation of 150–200 meters above sea level, and recognized as the nation's spiritual capital due to its role as the site of the 1652 Marian apparition of Our Lady of Coromoto to the indigenous chief Coromoto, which facilitated the conversion of local tribes to Christianity and led to her designation as Venezuela's patroness. Founded on November 3, 1591, by captain Juan Fernández de León as the "City of the of the Valley of San Juan de Guanaguanare," the city has evolved from an early colonial outpost focused on and trade into a regional hub with a diverse centered on , production, and exploration. As of the 2011 , the municipality had a of 192,644, accounting for about 22% of the state's 876,496 residents. Geographically, Guanare borders the Andean foothills to the north and expansive alluvial plains to the south, encompassing tropical dry forest ecosystems with wooded savannas and numerous rivers that have shaped its historical navigability and settlement patterns. The and National Shrine of , built near the apparition site, draws pilgrims annually for feasts on September 8 and 11, underscoring the city's enduring religious significance, while infrastructure developments like the Tucupido Reservoir and early educational institutions, such as the 1825 house of study, highlight its contributions to during Venezuela's independence era.

History

Founding and early settlement

Guanare was founded on November 3, 1591, by the Portuguese captain João Fernandes de Leão Pacheco, originally from , who acted under orders from the governor of , Diego de Osorio. The settlement was initially named Ciudad del Espíritu Santo del Valle de San Juan de Guanaguanare, a designation that blended Catholic religious symbolism with references to the local indigenous landscape and the Guanaguanare River. This name reflected the dual influences of Spanish colonial and the pre-existing indigenous presence in the region. Established as a strategic outpost in the vast plains south and southeast of and , Guanare served to extend Spanish control over unexplored territories amid ongoing colonial expansion efforts. The site's selection on a high bluff known as the Mesa de Cavacas provided natural defensibility, supporting the settlement's role in securing borders against potential threats while facilitating further penetration into the interior. Early inhabitants included shepherds and agricultural workers, marking Guanare's initial function as a base for resource extraction and territorial consolidation within the broader Spanish of . Interactions with local indigenous groups, such as the Coromoto, were integral from the outset, with around 700 married indigenous individuals recorded in the area at founding, though their numbers declined to about 150 by 1608 due to labor systems and displacement. Basic infrastructure emerged rapidly with indigenous assistance, including humble dwellings constructed from bamboo, clay, and palm thatch, as well as a rudimentary church equipped for Christian services. Agricultural plots were established in the 1590s and 1600s, where settlers cultivated crops like cilantro, sweet peppers, , and , alongside small livestock pens, laying the groundwork for subsistence farming in the fertile soil. These developments underscored the settlement's evolution from a provisional camp to a sustained colonial presence.

Colonial period and religious origins

During the mid-17th century, Guanare emerged as a focal point for religious transformation following the reported apparitions of the Virgin Mary to the indigenous Cospes tribe leader, Chief Coromoto, in 1652. On , while in the near Guanare, Coromoto and his wife encountered a radiant woman holding a child, who spoke in their language and instructed them to go to the "" (the Spanish settlement) to receive baptismal water for entry into heaven; when Coromoto attempted to seize her, she vanished, leaving behind a miraculous imprinted image on a or in his hand. A second apparition occurred on September 16 in his home, where the Virgin reappeared, further urging conversion; this event, coupled with Coromoto's subsequent illness from a during flight from the Spanish, prompted his return to Guanare, where he was baptized as Ángel Custodio de la Guardia and actively promoted among his people. Coromoto's conversion catalyzed the rapid spread of Catholicism among the resistant Cospes, who had fled Spanish encroachment since the town's founding; within months, nearly the entire underwent , establishing Guanare as a hub for indigenous evangelization and integrating native communities into colonial religious structures. This shift reinforced the town's identity as a spiritual center, with the imprinted image becoming a revered that drew pilgrims and solidified the Virgin of Coromoto's role in local devotion. By the late 17th century, Franciscan missionaries, active across Venezuela's regions including areas near Guanare, supported these efforts through doctrinal instruction and community organization, while Jesuit influences from broader provincial activities in the contributed to sustained evangelization in the 17th and 18th centuries. The religious fervor spurred infrastructural developments, including the construction of early churches to accommodate growing congregations. The first significant temple in Guanare began in 1710 and was completed in 1742 under the oversight of Presbyter Francisco Valenzuela, serving as a central site for worship dedicated to the Virgin of Coromoto; this structure, though later damaged by an 1782 earthquake, symbolized the consolidation of Catholic presence in the region. Paralleling these spiritual advancements, Guanare's economy transitioned under the colonial system, where Spanish settlers were granted indigenous labor rights for tribute and work, shifting from initial subsistence to cattle ranching on expansive haciendas and small-scale farming of crops like corn and yuca to support outposts and hides and .

Independence and modern development

Guanare played a notable role in Venezuela's War of (1810–1823), particularly through local support in the region for patriot forces. From 1810 onward, residents of Guanare and nearby areas like Araure and Ospino provided financial aid to the independence cause, including contributions of 905 pesos and 6½ reales from Guanare in November 1811, as recorded in contemporary gazettes. José Vicente Unda, a native of Guanare born in 1777, served as a deputy from the town in the 1811 Congress, where he signed the Act of Independence on July 5, 1811, and supported the drafting of the first Venezuelan Constitution later that year. During Simón Bolívar's Admirable Campaign in 1813, patriot forces under Bolívar occupied Guanare from to 3, following a victory at the Battle of Desembocadero near the town on , where cavalry defeated royalist troops, bolstering the push into the western . The around Guanare supplied llanero horsemen, whose guerrilla tactics were crucial to Bolívar's campaigns in the region, helping to sustain patriot momentum against Spanish forces. On April 10, 1851, by congressional decree, the territory encompassing modern became a province named , with designated as its capital, incorporating the cantons of , Araure, Guanarito, and Ospino. Following its creation as a in 1851, was merged into the Great State of the South in 1881. It was reestablished as an independent state in 1909 under the new constitution. was designated as its capital by presidential decree under , solidifying its position as the political center of the . Throughout the , Guanare experienced gradual , transitioning from relative isolation to improved connectivity and administrative expansion. Until the , the city remained largely disconnected from central due to the challenging terrain, but post-1950s infrastructure projects, fueled by national oil revenues, facilitated growth through new road networks linking Guanare to major highways and the construction of administrative buildings, schools, and public facilities. This development supported increases and urban expansion, with oil-funded investments enabling modern amenities like electricity and water systems by the late 20th century. In the , Guanare faced significant challenges from Venezuela's nationwide economic crisis, marked by exceeding 1 million percent in 2018, widespread shortages, and infrastructure failures, which disrupted local development and prompted substantial out-migration. As the state capital, Guanare saw residents, particularly youth and families, emigrate to neighboring countries like and in search of stability, contributing to significant out-migration from the region, as part of the broader Venezuelan crisis. These shifts strained local services and slowed urban projects, though community resilience, bolstered by religious sites like the of , helped mitigate social impacts.

Geography

Location and physical features

Guanare is situated in the western Llanos plains of Portuguesa State, northwestern Venezuela, serving as the state capital and a key urban center in the region. Its geographic coordinates are 9°02′37″N 69°44′56″W. The municipality encompasses 2,008 km² of predominantly lowland terrain. At an elevation of 183 meters above sea level, the area features gently undulating landscapes typical of the broader Orinoco Basin ecosystem. The topography of Guanare is characterized by expansive flat savannas, with scattered low hills and mesas providing minor relief amid the otherwise level plains. This savanna-dominated environment forms part of the vast Orinoco Llanos ecoregion, known for its open grasslands and seasonal water dynamics. The municipality lies in proximity to several rivers, including the Río Guanare—a major local waterway that traverses the area—and the Río Portuguesa, both contributing to the surrounding wetlands. These hydrological features influence periodic flooding patterns, as the flat terrain and wetland systems allow for widespread inundation during heavy rainfall events.

Climate

Guanare experiences a , classified as Aw in the Köppen-Geiger system, characterized by distinct wet and s. The wet season runs from May to October, when the majority of precipitation occurs due to the northward migration of the , while the dry season extends from November to April, featuring minimal rainfall and higher evaporation rates. The average annual in Guanare is 27.0°C, with monthly means ranging from about 25.8°C in to 28.5°C in , reflecting stable warmth throughout the year driven by the region's equatorial proximity. The highest recorded reached 43°C on March 16, 1985, while the lowest was 15.4°C, both underscoring the 's variability within tropical bounds. Annual rainfall totals approximately 1,631 mm, concentrated in the with peaks exceeding 250 mm in and , compared to under 30 mm in . Additionally, the region enjoys approximately 2,270 hours of sunshine annually, with clearer skies during the averaging over 8 hours per day in . These seasonal patterns significantly impact local life, as the intense wet-season downpours increase flood risks on the flat terrain, occasionally leading to inundation of low-lying areas and disruptions to . In , the limits water availability, prompting reliance on for crops, while the wet period aligns with key planting cycles for staples like and corn, though excessive rains can cause crop losses from waterlogging. The surrounding plains foster relatively uniform microclimates, enhancing the predictability of these patterns but amplifying flood propagation during heavy events.

Demographics

Population and growth

Guanare Municipality had a population of 205,705 as of the 2011 census, yielding a density of approximately 102.5 inhabitants per square kilometer across its area of 2,008 square kilometers. This figure includes the urban core and surrounding rural zones. The city proper accounted for about 71% of the municipal population (145,223 residents), while the remaining 29% resided in rural areas, highlighting urban concentration within the broader territory. Historically, the population grew from about 8,100 residents in 1950 to 37,700 by 1971, followed by further expansion to 84,900 in 1990 and 185,028 by 2015, driven by agricultural booms in the Llanos region, including land reforms and modernization that attracted migrants for rice, corn, and livestock production. Growth has slowed in recent decades due to Venezuela's economic crisis and mass emigration, with over 7.7 million Venezuelans leaving since 2014. Pre-crisis projections estimated the municipal population at 232,739 in 2019, but out-migration likely led to stagnation or decline in interior cities like Guanare.

Ethnic and social composition

Guanare's ethnic composition reflects central Venezuela's majority, with the 2011 recording at 52.4% (107,748 individuals), whites at 37.1% (76,246 individuals), at 2.4% (4,998 individuals), other ethnic groups at 1.2% (2,544 individuals), and indigenous at 0.04% (85 individuals) of the municipal . About 7% did not specify an ethnic group. The social structure features a rural-urban divide, with the urban as a commercial and administrative hub and rural areas focused on family-based farming and . Gender distribution was nearly balanced in 2011, with males at 49.6% and females at 50.4%. Adult literacy rates in Portuguesa State were approximately 94% as of 2013. Despite the small indigenous population today, historical Amerindian influences persist in local traditions and Venezuelan Spanish variants.

Economy

Agriculture and livestock

Agriculture in Guanare and the broader Portuguesa state centers on staple crops such as corn, rice, sesame, cotton, and sorghum, which form the backbone of the region's farming output and support national food security. These crops thrive in the fertile plains, with annual production playing a key role in establishing Portuguesa as Venezuela's "breadbasket," a status recognized for its substantial contributions to the country's agricultural yields. Livestock husbandry, dominated by ranching, complements farming and accounts for a significant share of agricultural value, approximately two-fifths nationally, through dual-purpose systems producing and for domestic markets and limited exports. In Guanare's , operations leverage the expansive grasslands, fostering integrated models that enhance local economic resilience. To mitigate the impacts of dry seasons in the , farmers have increasingly adopted systems and modern water management techniques, enabling consistent crop cycles and expanded cultivation areas. employs a substantial portion of workforce in Guanare, serving as the primary economic driver, while post-2000 agrarian reforms under the have promoted cooperative structures to redistribute land and bolster initiatives. These cooperatives facilitate resource sharing, technology access, and sustainable practices among smallholders. As of 2024, production of and corn has risen due to loans of fertilizers and seeds to farmers.

Tourism and other industries

Guanare serves as a significant hub for , primarily driven by the Basilica Sanctuary of , the patron saint of , located in the city. The shrine attracts hundreds of thousands of pilgrims annually, with over 300,000 expected to visit during the main September festivities commemorating the Virgin's apparition in 1652. This influx substantially boosts local services, including hotels, restaurants, and artisan crafts that produce religious souvenirs and traditional items for sale to visitors. Logging represents a key secondary industry in Guanare, with lumber extraction from nearby forests and savanna fringes forming a principal economic product alongside agriculture. Efforts toward sustainable timber harvesting aim to balance resource use with environmental preservation in the Llanos region, though national-level logging contributes less than 1% to Venezuela's overall GDP, underscoring its more localized importance in areas like Portuguesa state. The low in Guanare, averaging $713 per month as of 2025, supports the growth of small-scale , enabling affordable labor for processing local resources into goods like textiles and food products. This figure positions the city among the world's least expensive urban areas, facilitating economic diversification beyond primary sectors.

Culture and religion

Religious significance and festivals

Guanare is widely recognized as the "Spiritual Capital of " owing to its central role in the devotion to , the nation's patroness, whose apparition in 1652 to the indigenous chief Coromoto near the city profoundly shaped Venezuelan Catholicism. The Virgin of Coromoto was proclaimed patroness of by the Venezuelan episcopate on May 1, 1942, a declaration ratified by on October 7, 1944, elevating her as the "Celestial and Principal Patroness of the Republic." Her image, a small, luminous relic depicting the Virgin holding the Child Jesus, is attributed with miraculous properties, including a documented instance where a before it burned for over 50 hours and instances of color changes in the image itself, from to white, fostering widespread pilgrimages to Guanare. The and of , located at the site of the apparition, serves as the focal point of this devotion. The original Church of Guanare, housing the relic, was elevated to minor status by on May 24, 1949. The was elevated to the status of minor by in 2007. Construction of the current began in 1982 at the exact apparition site and was completed in 1996. It was inaugurated by during a on February 10, 1996, enhancing its role as a major destination. The Annual Coromoto Festival, held primarily from September 8 to 14, draws national crowds to Guanare for a week of religious observances commemorating the apparition and nativity of the Virgin. Key events include solemn masses, grand processions carrying through the streets, and traditional reenactments of the indigenous chief's with the Virgin, blending liturgical rites with cultural expressions of faith. The festival culminates on September 11, the feast day marking the 1952 canonical coronation of the image by , featuring massive gatherings at the with eucharistic celebrations and vows of consecration. Local practices in Guanare reflect a deep integration of Catholicism with indigenous beliefs, stemming from the apparition where the Virgin appeared in the Cospes tribe's , urging and leading to the formation of Venezuela's first indigenous Catholic community under Capuchin José de . This is evident in devotional rituals that honor the Virgin as a protector bridging native spiritual traditions with Christian sacraments, such as communal baptisms and processions invoking ancestral lands alongside Marian prayers.

Local traditions and arts

Guanare's cultural landscape is deeply rooted in the traditions of the Llanos region, where Llanero music and dance form a cornerstone of local identity. The joropo, a rhythmic and energetic genre, dominates performances, often featuring the arp llanera (harp), maracas, and cuatro guitar, with local variants emphasizing improvisational elements like contrapunteo—poetic duels sung in verses. These traditions are showcased annually at the Festival Internacional de Música Llanera “El Silbón” in Guanare, which brings together musicians from Venezuela and Colombia to celebrate the genre's vitality. Traditional crafts in Guanare reflect indigenous and rural influences, with artisans producing chinchorros—woven or hammocks used for resting and —and crafted from local clay for everyday and decorative purposes. These items, often incorporating motifs inspired by wildlife and landscapes, are commonly sold in municipal markets and during cultural events, preserving techniques passed down through generations. Secular festivals highlight Guanare's communal spirit, including the Mascarada Portuguesa during Carnival season, a four-day event with parades, elaborate floats (carrozas), costumed groups (comparsas), and street performances that blend satire and revelry. Local fairs, such as agricultural expositions, feature coleo—a traditional sport where riders attempt to snag a bull's on horseback—and demonstrations of herding, evoking the equestrian prowess central to life. Oral and literary traditions in Guanare draw from folklore, encompassing coplas (versified songs) and cuentos (tales) that narrate rural hardships, pastoral routines, and the heroic deeds of independence figures like , the "Centauro de los Llanos," whose exploits in battles across the plains are retold in communal gatherings and musical improvisations. These narratives, transmitted through generations via and song, reinforce a sense of historical continuity and regional pride.

Government and infrastructure

Administration and politics

Guanare has been the capital of Portuguesa State since the territory was established as a province by congressional decree on April 10, 1851. As the state capital, it hosts key institutions including the governor's office and the Legislative Council of Portuguesa State, which is located at the Palacio Legislativo on Calle 16 between Carrera 3 and 4. The current governor, Primitivo Cedeño of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV), was reelected in 2025 for the period 2025-2029, securing 206,313 votes or 93.61% of the total. The municipal government of Guanare is headed by a mayor, or alcalde, responsible for local administration and services. Oscar Novoa, also affiliated with the PSUV, serves as the current , having been sworn in for the 2025-2029 term following reelection under the Great Patriotic Pole Simón Bolívar coalition. Local elections in Guanare align closely with national politics, where the PSUV has maintained dominance, winning the majority of regional and municipal positions in recent cycles, including control over 23 of Venezuela's 24 states as of 2025. The municipality is divided into five civil parishes: Córdoba, Guanare, de la Montaña, San Juan de Guanaguanare, and La Virgen de Coromoto. These administrative units facilitate localized , with influenced by national policies promoting participatory structures. In the , socialist reforms under the Bolivarian Revolution have shaped local in Guanare by emphasizing communal councils and popular power mechanisms to deepen democratic participation and at the municipal level.

Education and transportation

Guanare's education system benefits from the presence of the Universidad Nacional Experimental de los Occidentales Ezequiel Zamora (UNELLEZ) campus, which specializes in programs related to and to support the region's agrarian economy. The campus offers undergraduate degrees in areas such as agroindustrial engineering and veterinary science, contributing to training in and production. Primary and secondary schools in the serve students through institutions emphasizing foundational skills and vocational preparation, amid Venezuela's national literacy average of around 97%. Transportation in Guanare relies on a mix of air, road, and bus networks for regional connectivity. The (SVGU/GUQ) handles regional flights, primarily private and charter services, facilitating access to nearby cities like Barinas and . Key highways, including Troncal 5, link Guanare to and other major centers, enabling efficient travel across the region for passengers and goods. Bus terminals, such as the Terminal de Pasajeros in central Guanare, provide daily services to destinations like via operators including SITSSA, with journeys taking about six hours. These routes support intercity movement but face limitations in frequency due to broader infrastructural constraints. Infrastructure challenges in Guanare include frequent road maintenance issues stemming from seasonal floods, which damage highways like Troncal 5 and disrupt connectivity in the flood-prone . Public transit remains limited to urban bus services within the city, lacking extensive inter-municipal options and relying heavily on private vehicles for daily commuting. Access to higher education is enhanced through UNELLEZ's partnerships with other national universities, offering extension programs in specialized fields like and to broaden opportunities for local residents.

Notable people

Historical figures

Guanare's early history was profoundly shaped by João Fernandes de Leão , a captain born in in 1543, who founded the settlement on November 3, 1591, originally naming it Ciudad del Espíritu Santo del Valle de San Juan de Guanaguanare. As a and explorer in Spanish colonial service, Pacheco led the expedition that established the town amid the , marking the formal European colonization of the region and laying the groundwork for its agricultural and missionary development; he served as its first and died in 1593 shortly after the founding. His initiative integrated seafaring expertise into Spain's expansion, fostering Guanare's role as a strategic outpost in the Province of . In the , Chief Coromoto, of the indigenous Cospes tribe near Guanare, became a pivotal figure symbolizing the collision and eventual blending of indigenous and Catholic cultures. On September 8, 1652, according to tradition, the Virgin Mary appeared to Coromoto and his wife while they were in the mountains, speaking in their language and urging them to seek the "" for conversion; initially resistant to Spanish influence, Coromoto attempted to capture the apparition's image, resulting in a miraculous injury from thorns that prompted his and that of many tribespeople. This event, later commemorated as the origin of —Venezuela's patroness—facilitated peaceful efforts in the area, reducing indigenous resistance and integrating native communities into colonial society around Guanare. The 18th-century presbyter Francisco Valenzuela advanced Guanare's religious infrastructure by overseeing the completion of the town's first significant church in 1742, a structure initiated in 1710 that served as the precursor to the modern Basílica Catedral de Nuestra Señora de Coromoto. Arriving in Guanare around 1729, Valenzuela, known for his administrative zeal, directed the construction amid colonial challenges, elevating the site's status as a center tied to the Coromoto devotion; the church endured until a 1812 earthquake but symbolized the consolidation of Catholic presence in the . During the early 19th-century struggle for Venezuelan independence, local leaders in Guanare, including minor caudillos like Miguel Madrid, provided crucial support to Simón Bolívar's campaigns across the llanos, supplying troops and resources that bolstered patriot forces against Spanish royalists. In 1813, amid the Admirable Campaign's extensions, figures such as Madrid rallied regional militias in Guanare to aid Bolívar's western advances, contributing to the guerrilla tactics that sustained the independence movement in the vast plains; their efforts, though not always centrally documented, exemplified the decentralized role of llanero caudillos in securing victories like those leading to the 1821 Battle of Carabobo.

Contemporary figures

Ivian Lunasol Sarcos Colmenares, born on July 26, 1989, in Guanare, Portuguesa state, is a Venezuelan model and beauty queen who achieved international prominence by winning the Miss World 2011 title on November 6, 2011, in London, United Kingdom. Representing Venezuela after being crowned Miss Venezuela 2011, Sarcos became the sixth woman from her country to claim the Miss World crown, marking the first such victory since Ninibeth Leal in 1991. Her win highlighted Venezuela's strong tradition in international pageantry and brought attention to her personal story of resilience, having spent part of her childhood in an orphanage and later in a convent. In sports, particularly , Guanare has produced several players who have contributed to Venezuela's robust presence in . Martín Pérez, born April 4, 1991, in Guanare, emerged as a notable left-handed pitcher, signing with the Texas Rangers organization in 2008 and making his MLB debut on June 27, 2012. Over his career, Pérez has played for teams including the Rangers, , and , earning recognition for his durability and effectiveness as a starter, with a career highlight including an selection in 2022. Other local talents, such as first baseman Ernesto Mejía (born December 2, 1985, in Guanare), who debuted in MLB with the in 2011, and pitcher Ramón García (born February 9, 1969, in Guanare), who debuted with the in 1991 and provided relief pitching across several seasons, have also appeared in MLB games. In regional politics, Javier Alejandro Bertucci Carrero, born November 16, 1969, in Guanare, has risen as a prominent evangelical pastor, businessman, and political figure. Founder of the Maranatha Church and the political party Esperanza por el Cambio, Bertucci entered national politics by running as a presidential candidate in the 2018 Venezuelan election, where he garnered over 10% of the vote while advocating for social and economic reforms rooted in his community's values. His work often intersects with philanthropy, including aid distribution in Portuguesa state, reflecting Guanare's influence on his outreach efforts.

References

  1. https://www.virgendecoromoto.com/history-of-the-virgin
  2. http://iies.faces.ula.ve/censo90/Portuguesa/Generales/port_gen_2.htm
  3. https://www.grupodelabellasenora.com/guanare-notas-biograficas-de-su-fundacion/
  4. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354035641_Evolucion_historica_de_Guanare_y_la_dinamica_en_su_paisaje_biodiverso_una_vision_critica
  5. https://www.miraclehunter.com/marian_apparitions/approved_apparitions/coromoto/index.html
  6. https://www.virgendecoromoto.com/baslicas
  7. https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/frd/frdcstdy/ve/venezuelacountry00hagg/venezuelacountry00hagg.pdf
  8. https://www.britannica.com/topic/encomienda
  9. http://bicentenariodelabatalladearaure.blogspot.com/2013/10/los-llanos-de-guanare-y-araure-en-la.html
  10. https://archive.org/details/acta-de-independencia-venezuela
  11. http://bicentenariodelabatalladearaure.blogspot.com/2013/10/efemerides-del-anobicentenario-de-la.html
  12. https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/Portuguesa%2C_Venezuela_Genealogy
  13. https://www.tierramagica.net/en/guanare-2/
  14. https://www.pastcities.com/showitem.php?item=guanare-portuguesa-venezuela&lang=en
  15. https://www.unrefugees.org/news/venezuela-crisis-explained/
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  38. https://observatorioeducativo.wordpress.com/2013/07/25/analfabetismo-entre-123-y-579/
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  41. https://www.americaeconomia.com/en/analisis-y-opinion/notes-livestock-farming-and-its-importance-venezuela
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  43. https://escholarship.org/content/qt3pf0v5q1/qt3pf0v5q1.pdf
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  45. https://redradiove.com/300-mil-peregrinos-honran-a-nuestra-virgen-de-coromoto/
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  48. https://es.catholic.net/op/articulos/2769/cat/103/guanare-capital-espiritual-de-venezuela.html
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  61. https://culturavenezuela.com/artesanos-de-portuguesa-celebraron-su-dia-resaltando-la-identidad-nacional/
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