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He Dog (Lakota: Šúŋka Bloká) (ca. 1840–1936), a member of the Oglala Lakota, was closely associated with Crazy Horse during the Great Sioux War of 1876-77.

Key Information

Biography

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Born in the spring of 1840 on the headwaters of the Cheyenne River near the Black Hills, He Dog was the son of a headman named Black Stone and his wife, Blue Day, a sister of Red Cloud.[1] His youngest brother was Grant Short Bull. By the 1860s, He Dog and his brothers had formed a small Oglala Lakota band known as the Cankahuhan or Soreback Band which was closely associated with Red Cloud's Bad Face band of Oglala.[2]

He Dog and his relatives participated in the Great Sioux War of 1876-77. After the treaty commission failed to persuade the Lakota to give up the Black Hills, the President had an ultimatum sent in January 1876 to the northern bands to come into the agencies or be forced in by the army. He Dog was encamped with the Soreback band on the Tongue River when the message was delivered. He Dog's brother, Short Bull, later recalled that the majority of the northern Oglala resolved to head in to the Red Cloud Agency in the spring, after their last big buffalo hunt. In March 1876, He Dog married a young woman named Rock (Inyan) and with part of the Soreback Band, stopped briefly with the Northern Cheyenne encamped on the Powder River in Wyoming Territory. On the morning of March 17, 1876, a column of troops under Colonel Joseph J. Reynolds attacked. "This attack was the turning point of the situation," Short Bull later recalled. "If it had not been for that attack by Crook on Powder River, we would have come in to the agency that spring, and there would have been no Sioux war."[3]

During the summer of 1876, He Dog participated in Battle of the Rosebud and Battle of the Little Bighorn. He also fought at Slim Buttes in September 1876 and Wolf Mountain in January 1877. He finally surrendered at the Red Cloud Agency with Crazy Horse in May 1877. Following the killing of Crazy Horse, He Dog accompanied the Oglala to Washington, D.C. as a delegate to meet the President.

He Dog and other members of the Soreback Band fled the Red Cloud Agency after its removal to the Missouri River during the winter of 1877–78.[4] Crossing into Canada, they joined Sitting Bull in exile for the next two years. Most of the northern Oglala surrendered at Fort Keogh in 1880 and were then transferred to the Standing Rock Agency in the summer of 1881. He Dog and all the northern Oglala were finally transferred to the Pine Ridge Reservation to join their relatives in the spring of 1882.[5]

He Dog lived the remainder of his life on the Pine Ridge Reservation. He served as a respected Indian judge and later in life, was interviewed by a number of historians, including Walter Mason Camp, Eleanor Hinman and Mari Sandoz. He died in 1936 between the ages of 95 or 96.

Portraits

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Misidentified Portraits

Interviews

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Notes

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Bibliography

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He Dog

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He Dog (Lakota: Šúŋka Bloká; c. 1840 – 1936) was an Oglala Lakota warrior and band leader who fought alongside Crazy Horse in the Great Sioux War of 1876–77, participating in major engagements such as the Battles of the Rosebud and Little Bighorn. Born in spring 1840 at the headwaters of the Cheyenne River near the Black Hills, he was the son of Black Stone and Blue Clay, the latter being a sister of the prominent Oglala chief Red Cloud, making He Dog his nephew. As leader of the Soreback Band within Red Cloud's Bad Face group, He Dog developed a close friendship with , sharing camps and combat roles during conflicts with U.S. forces, including the Fetterman Fight of 1866 and the defense against Colonel Joseph Reynolds' attack on Powder River in March 1876. At the on June 25, 1876, his band was encamped with the ; he pursued Major Marcus Reno's retreating troops and observed leading the assault that broke the 7th Cavalry's lines, with the fighting lasting approximately one hour. He also engaged at Slim Buttes in September 1876. He Dog surrendered with at Camp Robinson on May 6, 1877, attempting to mediate tensions between his ally and U.S. Army officers, and was present at 's fatal wounding on September 5, 1877. In his later years on the Pine Ridge Reservation, he served as a judge on the Court of Indian Offenses from the 1890s through the 1930s, acted as the last surviving member of the shirt wearer society, and contributed oral histories to researchers, including accounts of tribal events and battles. He died in 1936 at approximately age 96.

Early Life

Birth and Family

He Dog, whose Lakota name was Šúŋka Bloká, was born in the spring of 1840 on the headwaters of the near the in what is now . His parents were , a tribal headman, and his wife, known variably as Blue Clay or Blue Day Woman. The family affiliated with the band of the Lakota , part of the broader Teton that maintained a nomadic lifestyle centered on buffalo herds across the northern . He Dog was the nephew of , the influential leader who later negotiated the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie. His immediate family included a younger brother, Grant Short Bull, who also participated in later conflicts as a scout, and a nephew, Amos Bad Heart Bull, known for documenting Lakota history through . These kinship ties reinforced He Dog's position within social structures, where leadership often passed through familial lines tied to demonstrated prowess in warfare and hunting.

Youth and Cultural Context

He Dog grew up amid the nomadic bands of the Lakota on the Northern Plains, particularly along the headwaters of the near the , during a period when traditional lifeways centered on procurement and seasonal migrations. As a member of the Soreback Band (Cankahuhan), connected to Red Cloud's influential Bad Face group, he was raised in extended family encampments where daily activities reinforced communal bonds and practical competencies. Young Lakota males like He Dog observed and emulated elders in tasks such as skinning hides, crafting tools from bone and sinew, and tending , which had become integral to mobility and status since their adoption in the . Lakota cultural norms in the and prioritized martial preparation and spiritual rites, with boys around often isolating for the hanbleče ya () to solicit guidance from (the ) through and prayer, fostering resilience and personal medicine bundles. He Dog's early adolescence coincided with this formative phase, transitioning from play-based mimicry of hunts to auxiliary roles in group endeavors, amid a where herds supplied nearly all material needs—from sustenance to coverings—and interband alliances facilitated large-scale surrounds for efficient kills. By his late teens or early twenties, He Dog participated in retaliatory raids against longstanding enemies, including and , to secure horses, honor, and resources, exemplifying the emphasis on proven courage over hereditary rank alone. These expeditions honed tactical skills in and evasion, within a cultural framework valuing wóunspe (generosity) and wówačhin (bravery) as pathways to leadership, unencumbered by formal institutions but guided by council consensus among headmen. This pre-treaty autonomy allowed bands to dominate expansive territories, though early trader contacts introduced iron goods and escalating demands for pelts.

Warrior Activities

Early Raids and Conflicts

As a young Lakota warrior born around 1840, He Dog engaged in traditional horse-raiding expeditions against rival tribes such as and during the early , activities central to building personal status and tribal wealth through captured horses and demonstrated prowess. These intertribal conflicts honed the skills of emerging leaders like He Dog, who aligned with the band of Man Afraid of His Horses, distinct from Red Cloud's faction, emphasizing mobility and opportunistic strikes. The construction of U.S. military forts along the through Lakota hunting grounds escalated tensions, leading to in 1866. He Dog participated in raids targeting wood-cutting parties and wagon trains supplying , , as part of broader efforts to disrupt American expansion and protect buffalo herds essential for Lakota sustenance. On December 21, 1866, He Dog fought in the Fetterman Fight near , collaborating with and approximately 1,000 Lakota and warriors in an ambush that annihilated Captain William J. Fetterman's detachment of 81 soldiers and civilians using decoy tactics and encirclement. This victory, one of the Lakota's most decisive early engagements against the U.S. Army, boosted He Dog's standing and contributed to the eventual abandonment of the forts under the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie.

Formation of Leadership Role

He Dog, born in the spring of 1840 near the headwaters of the close to the , began his path to through demonstrated bravery in inter-tribal conflicts during his youth. As a young Oglala Lakota warrior, he participated in numerous raids against neighboring tribes such as and , accumulating the coups and honors essential for rising status in Lakota society, where was meritocratic and tied to proven skill rather than heredity alone. His familial ties—son of and Blue Clay, the latter being a sister to the prominent leader —provided initial access to influential circles within the Bad Face band, but his personal exploits solidified his authority. A pivotal early demonstration came during the Fetterman Fight on December 21, 1866, near in present-day , where He Dog fought alongside allies including against U.S. forces led by Captain William Fetterman. In this ambush, which resulted in the deaths of Fetterman and 80 soldiers, He Dog's role in the coordinated attack highlighted his tactical acumen and fearlessness, contributing to the Lakota and victory and enhancing his reputation among warriors. Such engagements against encroaching U.S. military outposts, combined with ongoing successes in traditional warfare, elevated him from a promising fighter to a regular leader of mixed Lakota and war parties by the late . By the mid-1870s, He Dog's consistent leadership in these activities earned him recognition as a "shirt wearer," an elite designation for accomplished war leaders responsible for organizing and directing raids, enforcing tribal discipline as akicita (warrior police), and advising band chiefs. This status placed him among peers like Crazy Horse, , and , reflecting broad consensus within the community on his reliability and effectiveness in combat. His integration into Red Cloud's Bad Face band as a key figure further formalized his role, bridging traditional raiding prowess with emerging resistance against U.S. expansion in the .
This progression from participant to commander exemplified Lakota norms, where emerged organically from repeated validation in battle, fostering He Dog's influence ahead of the Great Sioux War.

Association with Crazy Horse

Personal Relationship

He Dog and , contemporaries born around 1840 in the Lakota band, developed a close personal friendship from childhood, growing up in the same camp circle where they played together, courted girls, and initiated their early warrior paths side by side. This bond extended beyond kinship ties—unlike Crazy Horse's direct in-laws such as Red Feather, brother to his wife —into a companionship marked by mutual trust and shared personal risks, with He Dog later recounting intimate details of Crazy Horse's habits, appearance, and decisions in oral interviews. Their relationship manifested in collaborative adventures and leadership roles, as both men were selected as "shirt-wearers"—elite warriors honored for valor—and frequently joined war expeditions, such as raids against enemies in the White Mountains region, where tribal elders bestowed ceremonial spears upon them for their prowess. He Dog's loyalty to persisted despite his own family connections to , his uncle, prioritizing their personal alliance over agency politics during escalating conflicts with the . This enduring camaraderie culminated in joint surrender to U.S. forces at , , on May 6, 1877, after the Great Sioux War, with He Dog remaining a steadfast defender of 's legacy, including to his fatal wounding the following September 5. He Dog's later accounts, given to interviewers like Eleanor Hinman in 1930, portray not merely as a war leader but as a personal confidant whose humility and spiritual convictions he admired deeply, reflecting a relationship of profound mutual respect amid tribal upheavals.

Shared Military Strategies

He Dog and , close allies and frequent war party companions, employed tactics centered on high mobility, coordinated charges, and exploitation of enemy vulnerabilities to maintain the initiative against numerically superior U.S. forces. Their shared approach relied on the agility of pony herds to outmaneuver opponents, using terrain such as ridges and bluffs for positioning and flanking, while avoiding static defenses in favor of fluid, opportunistic strikes. This doctrine, rooted in Lakota traditions of decentralized leadership, allowed small bands to harass and probe before committing to larger engagements when conditions favored numerical superiority. During the on June 17, 1876, directed warriors, including those under He Dog's influence as a key lieutenant, to outdistance General George Crook's command with faster mounts, exposing and severing flanks before launching massed charges in "flocks or herds" to isolate squares. He Dog participated in these actions as part of the unified contingent, contributing to the repulsion of Crook's advance through repeated mounted assaults that forced a U.S. retreat after sustaining heavy casualties. Such maneuvers exemplified their preference for wearing down enemies via sustained pressure rather than frontal assaults. At the on June 25, 1876, their collaboration peaked in a multi-phase : He Dog positioned fighters on western hills overlooking Major Marcus Reno's skirmish line, preparing a tribal-wide charge that was redirected when Reno withdrew, allowing warriors to pivot toward George Custer's isolated battalion. then led a decisive penetration at Captain Miles Keogh's ridge, charging through to divide the soldiers into fragmented groups and their toward the river, disrupting cohesion and enabling piecemeal ; He Dog, fighting alongside, corroborated this as pivotal to collapsing Custer's defense. They further capitalized on U.S. Springfield carbine malfunctions by goading rapid volleys, which jammed mechanisms and neutralized firepower—a tactic refined with allied chiefs like He Dog through close-range harassment. In subsequent Great Sioux War skirmishes, such as the September 9, 1876, attack on Slim Buttes, He Dog and co-led strikes on U.S. supply columns, using similar hit-and-run probes to test defenses before withdrawing under pursuit, preserving warrior strength for defensive concentrations. Their strategies prioritized conserving lives through mobility and timing over attritional combat, reflecting a realist adaptation to industrial-era U.S. while leveraging indigenous horsemanship for asymmetric advantage; He Dog later attributed successes to these methods in oral accounts, emphasizing 's role in instilling disciplined among followers.

Great Sioux War Participation

Key Engagements

He Dog engaged U.S. forces early in the Great Sioux War during the on March 17, 1876, joining a small group of with Cheyenne warriors under to defend against General George Crook's surprise attack on their camp, though the village was largely abandoned by the time troops arrived. His band of Lakota maintained close ties with Cheyenne allies throughout the conflict, camping together along the Powder River prior to major confrontations. On June 17, 1876, He Dog fought in the , where approximately 1,000 Lakota and warriors under and clashed with Crook's 1,300 troops and and scouts, ultimately forcing Crook to retreat after six hours of intermittent fighting that left 10 U.S. soldiers dead and 47 wounded, while Indian losses were lighter and disputed but estimated at around 10 killed. He Dog's role helped blunt Crook's advance northward, preserving momentum for subsequent allied movements. He Dog took part in additional clashes later in 1876, including the on September 9–10, where Crook's exhausted command raided a Lakota-Cheyenne village, killing several non-combatants and capturing supplies amid scattered resistance, marking the U.S. Army's first significant success after Little Bighorn. These engagements demonstrated He Dog's consistent leadership in defending non-treaty Lakota positions against federal incursions into the unceded territory guaranteed by the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty.

Battle of Little Bighorn Account

He Dog, an Lakota war chief and close ally of , participated in the on June 25, 1876, as part of the contingent encamped with a large allied village of approximately 1,800 lodges along the , including , Minneconjou, and bands. His band, the Soreback , was positioned near the camp, and he had arrived at the site shortly after the June 17 engagement at the Rosebud, where Lakota and forces had repelled George Crook's column. When Major Marcus Reno's battalion attacked the southern villages around midday, He Dog mounted from a hill west of Reno's advance and joined warriors in counterattacking, helping to drive Reno's troops back across the river in disarray; he later pursued stragglers and engaged survivors pinned on the bluffs. Shifting to the northern threat, He Dog responded to George Custer's approach via Medicine Tail Coulee, where Custer's men briefly threatened the village center before withdrawing; He Dog attacked Custer's forces from the north near Custer Creek, contributing to the encirclement. In the core fighting against Custer's battalion on the ridges east of the river, He Dog chased elements to Calhoun Hill at the south end of Battle Ridge and witnessed leading a decisive charge through a gap in the ridge, splitting the 7th line at the Keogh company position and isolating segments for annihilation; he observed the final troops fleeing from the "" area toward the river. The Custer phase lasted about one hour, with Lakota and allies employing captured U.S. ammunition and leveraging numerical superiority—estimated at several thousand warriors—to overwhelm the roughly 210 soldiers, resulting in total defeat for Custer's command; He Dog reported low Indian casualties, around 30-40 killed, emphasizing the defensive ferocity driven by protection of families. These details emerge from He Dog's postwar interviews, including one in transcribed from Walter Camp's field notes and another in 1920 with General , which align on key tactics while varying slightly on Custer's river proximity.

Surrender and Reservation Era

Post-War Surrender

Following the conclusion of major hostilities in the Great Sioux War, He Dog remained allied with 's non-treaty band through the harsh winter of 1876–1877, enduring severe shortages of food and ammunition that compelled many Lakota groups to seek terms with U.S. forces. On May 6, 1877, He Dog surrendered alongside and approximately 899 followers at Camp Robinson, , near the Agency, marking the effective end of organized resistance by 's Oglala Lakota faction. The U.S. Army compiled a detailed of the surrendering band that day, recording He Dog's lodge as comprising 5 adult males, 3 adult females, 3 male children, and no female children, for a subtotal of 11 individuals; he was enumerated alongside other prominent warriors such as The Lights and (also known as Wound in Back). As a token of submission during negotiations with Lt. Col. William P. Clark, offered no personal regalia per Lakota custom, prompting He Dog—his close bandmate and friend—to provide his own and scalp shirt, which then presented to the officer. This act underscored He Dog's loyalty and practical role in facilitating the band's compliance amid mounting federal demands for all Lakota to report to agencies. Post-surrender, He Dog endeavored to serve as an intermediary between and army authorities to mitigate tensions, though these efforts failed to prevent escalating suspicions of disloyalty. He witnessed 's fatal wounding by a during an attempted at Camp Robinson on September 5, 1877, after which He Dog joined the relocation of surviving to the newly established Pine Ridge Agency, transitioning from wartime leadership to reservation confinement under U.S. oversight.

Adaptation to Agency Life

Following the surrender of Crazy Horse's band at Red Cloud Agency on May 6, 1877, He Dog sought to mediate relations between the Lakota and U.S. military authorities, positioning himself as a liaison to ease tensions amid the band's confinement. These attempts proved ineffective, as distrust persisted, culminating in He Dog's presence during Crazy Horse's fatal resistance to arrest on September 5, 1877, at Camp Robinson. With the band's relocation to agency oversight, He Dog's group initially remained under Agency administration before joining other northern transfers to the Pine Ridge Reservation by the early 1880s, settling in the White Clay district near the agency headquarters. On the reservation, He Dog navigated the imposed agency system, which enforced allotment, ration distribution, and suppression of traditional practices through the Indian Office's administrative controls. He engaged in formal delegations, including a 1891 journey to , alongside other leaders to negotiate tribal concerns, demonstrating accommodation to bureaucratic diplomacy over autonomous warfare. Relatives, such as his brother Grant Short Bull and nephew Amos Bad Heart Bull, enlisted as agency scouts in the early 1890s at nearby , reflecting familial integration into auxiliary roles that supported reservation security and U.S. interests. This period marked He Dog's shift from battlefield leadership to community stabilization under duress, as agency policies curtailed and nomadic life, forcing reliance on inconsistent annuities and land divisions. By the , his standing enabled participation in legal proceedings, such as testifying in the 1891 of Plenty Horses for the killing of a U.S. , underscoring his emerging role in adjudicating conflicts within the reservation's hybrid governance. Despite these adaptations, He Dog resided modestly, later in a log dwelling, embodying the broader experience of constrained autonomy amid cultural erosion.

Later Contributions

Role as Tribal Judge

Following his surrender in and relocation to the Pine Ridge Reservation, He Dog was appointed as a on the of Indian Offenses in the , a federal institution established by the Office of Indian Affairs to handle civil and minor criminal matters among reservation residents while promoting assimilation policies. This court enforced regulations against traditional Lakota practices such as , traditional dances, and certain customary dispute resolutions, applying U.S. legal standards adapted for tribal contexts. He Dog served in this judicial role for over four decades, continuing until near the end of his life in 1936, when advanced age and failing eyesight compelled his retirement. His tenure reflected his status as a respected elder and former band leader, leveraging his historical knowledge and authority to mediate among the Oglala Lakota, though the court's structure subordinated tribal customs to federal oversight. During this period, he also observed significant reservation events, including the 1891 trial of Plenty Horses for the killing of U.S. Army Lieutenant Edward Casey in the aftermath of the Wounded Knee Massacre. He Dog's position as underscored his adaptation to reservation while maintaining influence as a traditional figure, contributing to the transition from nomadic warrior leadership to institutionalized authority under U.S. administration. His service was marked by reliance on and personal acumen, given limited formal legal training, and he resided near the community, supported by .

Oral Interviews and Historical Testimony

In July 1910, He Dog provided a detailed eyewitness account of the to interviewer William Berger. He estimated the combined and encampment at approximately 1,800 lodges, with Hunkpapas numbering 600-700 lodges and Minneconjous following closely, supplemented by 30-40 Santee lodges under Inkpa Luta. The tribes had relocated to the Little Bighorn vicinity 2-3 days after the June 17, 1876, . He described Major Marcus Reno's assault on the southern end of the village being repulsed primarily by Hunkpapas, while Lieutenant Colonel George Custer's battalion advanced via Medicine Tail Coulee toward the center. , alongside chiefs like Big Road () and Flying Chaser (), led a critical charge against Captain Myles Keogh's company, dividing Custer's forces and contributing to the rout; the engagement lasted about one hour, with Indian losses at 30-40 killed and many wounded. He Dog recounted that seven scouts had observed Custer's dust but failed to alert the village promptly. In a follow-up account from the same interview series, He Dog clarified post-battle movements: the warriors remained near Greasy Grass Creek for two weeks before shifting to the Tongue River area, where Cheyennes pursued and captured horses from elements of the 2nd under Major Samuel S. Sumner. He stated that he and fellow Red Feather remained unaware of Custer's specific identity and death for two weeks, mistaking the attackers for General George Crook's command until informed by a Sioux messenger; they concurred with Hunkpapa chief Feather Earring that a timely warning might have averted the clash. These details underscore He Dog's emphasis on initial confusion regarding U.S. Army dispositions and the decentralized Sioux response. He Dog's 1930 interviews in , , further illuminated Lakota leadership and personal alliances. On July 7, interpreted by Thomas White Cow Killer, he reminisced about 's character and military companionship, portraying him as a steadfast in campaigns. A July 13 session, with John Colhoff interpreting, addressed 's friendships, including a sworn bond with Minneconjou chief High Backbone, through which they shared war exploits and counsel. He Dog also recounted the 1870 killing of Minneconjou leader Hump (Makáȟle), attributing it to a jealous woman's shot during a buffalo hunt near modern , an event that strained intertribal ties but highlighted customary retribution practices. These testimonies, drawn from He Dog's proximity to , provide causal insights into war strategies and the interpersonal dynamics driving resistance, preserved in archival transcripts despite potential interpretive variances from aging memory and translation.

Depictions and Historical Clarifications

Portraits and Misidentifications

Photographs of the Oglala Lakota leader He Dog (Šúŋka Bloká, c. 1840–1936) are limited but include verified images from key historical moments. A portrait captured by Charles M. Bell in Washington, D.C., on October 17, 1877, during a Sioux delegation to negotiate treaty terms shows He Dog in formal attire alongside other leaders. He appears in group photographs from this delegation, such as one documenting the party's arrival and discussions with U.S. officials. Additional authenticated likenesses exist from 1928, commissioned by the Office of Indian Affairs as part of an economic survey on the Pine Ridge Reservation, depicting him in his later years. Misidentifications arise primarily from conflation with a contemporaneous Lakota headman bearing the identical name, leading to biographical and visual mix-ups among historians. The name Šúŋka Bloká, meaning "Dog Standing Up" or similar in Lakota, was not uncommon across bands, facilitating errors in attribution. A notable case involves a profile portrait in eagle feather headdress, photographed by John A. Anderson around 1900 and held in the collection, frequently captioned as the warrior but actually portraying the individual. This image has appeared in publications and exhibits under false pretenses, highlighting archival challenges in verifying Native American portraits without cross-referencing oral histories or band-specific records. Such errors underscore the need for rigorous source verification, as early photographers and collectors often lacked precise tribal distinctions, and later reproductions amplified inaccuracies. Correct identifications rely on contextual evidence like delegation manifests and reservation censuses, distinguishing the He Dog's alliance with from the Brulé's lesser-documented role.

Distinction from Other He Dog Figures

Historians have identified at least two prominent Lakota individuals bearing the name He Dog (Lakota: Šúŋka Blóka), leading to longstanding biographical confusions, particularly regarding tribal affiliation, military roles, and photographic identifications. The primary figure in accounts of the Great Sioux War, an Oglala Lakota born circa 1840 and died in 1936, led the Soreback Band and maintained a close alliance with Crazy Horse, participating in key engagements including the Battle of the Little Bighorn on June 25, 1876. In contrast, a Brulé (Sicangu) Lakota He Dog served as a minor headman under Spotted Tail, aligning with agency-affiliated groups rather than hostile war parties, and joined a delegation to Washington, D.C., in 1875 to discuss treaty matters. Distinctions arise primarily from band loyalties and historical actions: the He Dog embodied resistance against U.S. forces, surrendering only after Crazy Horse's death in 1877 and later providing oral testimonies on warfare, whereas the counterpart engaged in diplomatic efforts and reservation governance without documented combat roles in the 1876 campaigns. Photographic misattributions have exacerbated errors; for instance, images taken by J.A. Anderson around 1900 depict the He Dog, yet have been erroneously linked to the warrior in some publications. No evidence suggests additional figures of comparable prominence sharing the name, though Lakota naming practices allowed for duplicates across bands without implying kinship.
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