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Heel Stone
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51°10′45″N 1°49′31″W / 51.179305°N 1.825302°W
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The Heel Stone is a single large block of sarsen stone standing within the Avenue outside the entrance of the Stonehenge earthwork in Wiltshire, England. In section it is sub-rectangular, with a minimum thickness of 2.4 metres (7 ft 10 in), rising to a tapered top about 4.7 metres (15 ft) high. Excavation has shown that a further 1.2 metres (3 ft 11 in) is buried in the ground. It is 77.4 metres (254 ft) from the centre of Stonehenge circle. It leans towards the southwest nearly 27 degrees from the vertical. The stone has an overall girth of 7.6 metres (25 ft) and weighs about 35 tons. It is surrounded by the Heelstone Ditch.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- Atkinson, R J C, Stonehenge (Penguin Books, 1956)
- Cleal, Walker, & Montague, Stonehenge in its Landscape (London, English Heritage 1995)
- Cunliffe, B, & Renfrew, C, Science and Stonehenge (The British Academy 92, Oxford University Press 1997)
- Hawley, Lt-Col W, Report on the Excavations at Stonehenge during the season of 1923 (The Antiquaries Journal 5, Oxford University Press, 1925)
Further reading
[edit]- Newall, R S, Stonehenge, Wiltshire (Ancient monuments and historic buildings) (Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1959)
- Pitts, M, Hengeworld (Arrow, London, 2001)
- Pitts, M W, On the Road to Stonehenge: Report on Investigations beside the A344 in 1968, 1979 and 1980 (Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 48, 1982)
- Stone, J F S, Wessex Before the Celts (Frederick A Praeger Publishers, 1958)
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Heel Stone
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Physical Characteristics
Description and Dimensions
The Heel Stone is a large sarsen monolith characterized by its sub-rectangular shape, standing upright but leaning approximately 27° to the southwest from the vertical. This lean contributes to its distinctive profile as a standalone pillar within the landscape. The stone's natural form lacks the precision shaping seen in other elements of the site, emphasizing its raw, imposing presence. Its dimensions include a height of 4.7 meters (16 feet) above ground level, with an additional 1.2 meters (3.9 feet) buried below the surface for stability. At the base, it measures 2.4 meters (7.9 feet) in thickness and has a girth of 7.6 meters (25 feet) around its perimeter, resulting in an estimated total weight of approximately 35 tons. These measurements highlight the stone's substantial scale and the engineering challenges involved in its erection. The surface of the Heel Stone exhibits a natural, unworked texture, marked by weathering and roughness without any evidence of tooling or dressing. This contrasts sharply with the smoothed and sculpted surfaces of the sarsen stones in the central Stonehenge circle, preserving its original geological character as a hard sarsen boulder.Geological Composition
The Heel Stone is composed of sarsen, a type of silicified sandstone known as silcrete, which consists primarily of quartz grains cemented by secondary silica, making up over 99% silica content with trace amounts of other elements such as aluminum, calcium, iron, potassium, and sodium.[8] This material formed through the silicification of Tertiary (Paleogene) period sediments, specifically Eocene sands and gravels, during a period of arid climate conditions that facilitated the precipitation of silica as a cementing agent.[9] The resulting rock exhibits a hard, fine-grained texture, often with a saccharoid appearance when freshly broken, due to its quartz-rich matrix.[10] Geochemical analysis indicates that the Heel Stone originated from deposits on the Marlborough Downs in Wiltshire, approximately 25 kilometers north of Stonehenge, with the most probable source being the West Woods area, consistent with the provenance of other sarsen megaliths at the site.[8][11] These sarsens occur as scattered, residual blocks on the chalk landscape, remnants of a once more extensive silcrete cap that weathered in situ after the underlying softer sediments eroded away.[9] The Heel Stone's undressed, natural form further supports its derivation from a local erratic boulder rather than a quarried block, though its chemical signature aligns closely with the dressed sarsens used elsewhere in the monument.[8] The geological properties of sarsen, including its high hardness, exceptional durability, and strong resistance to chemical and physical weathering, have enabled the Heel Stone's preservation for over 4,500 years in an exposed position.[12] This resilience stems from the impermeable silica cement that protects the quartz framework from dissolution and frost damage, contrasting with more friable sandstones.[10] In comparison to the bluestones at Stonehenge, which were transported over 200 kilometers from the Preseli Hills in Wales and consist of altered igneous rocks like dolerite, the Heel Stone's sarsen material highlights a regional sourcing strategy for the monument's larger uprights, relying on abundant local resources rather than long-distance procurement.[8][12]Location and Setting
Position within Stonehenge
The Heel Stone occupies a prominent position within the Stonehenge complex, situated along the Avenue—a ceremonial pathway consisting of parallel banks and ditches that extends approximately 3 kilometers from the River Avon to the northeastern entrance of the earthwork enclosure.[4] This pathway channels visitors toward the monument's central stone circle, with the Heel Stone marking a key point near its terminus just outside the enclosure at the northeastern entrance.[3] Positioned 77.4 meters northeast of the center of the main stone circle, the Heel Stone serves as an isolated outlier aligned with the broader layout of the site.[13] Its placement emphasizes the northeastern approach, integrating it into the monument's axial design without direct connection to the surrounding uprights or lintels.[2] The Heel Stone is located at geographic coordinates 51°10′45″N 1°49′31″W, on the open expanse of Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire, England. It is oriented along the solstitial axis that defines the Stonehenge enclosure's primary northeast-southwest orientation.[4]Surrounding Features
The Heel Stone is encircled by the Heelstone Ditch, a narrow and shallow circular feature measuring just over 1.5 meters in width, which can be traced for part of its circuit around the stone and is similar in form to ditches associated with other early elements at the site. This ditch is possibly of Neolithic origin, aligning with the earliest phases of monument construction around 3000 BCE.[3] To the southwest of the Heel Stone is a large stone hole, excavated in 1979, which contained evidence suggesting it once held a similar-sized sarsen stone that would have flanked the Heel Stone as a pair.[4] The Heel Stone stands immediately outside the northeastern entrance to the Stonehenge enclosure, directly marking the start of the Avenue—a linear ceremonial earthwork pathway flanked by parallel ditches and banks that extends approximately 3 kilometers northeast toward the River Avon, functioning as a gateway to the monument. Nearby, just inside the entrance, lies the low mound known as the North Barrow, an early earthen feature potentially contemporaneous with the Heel Stone.[3] Set on the open chalk grasslands of Salisbury Plain, the Heel Stone occupies a prominent position in the landscape, rising to a height of about 4.7 meters above ground and maintaining clear line-of-sight visibility with the main stone circle roughly 80 meters to the southwest.[2]Astronomical and Ceremonial Significance
Solstice Alignment
The Heel Stone serves as a key marker in Stonehenge's astronomical alignment, particularly with the summer solstice sunrise. When viewed from the center of the stone circle, the sun rises directly over or immediately behind the Heel Stone on midsummer morning, creating a precise sightline along the monument's northeast-southwest axis.[14] This alignment was established during the erection of the sarsen stones around 2500 BC, when the larger monolithic structures were positioned to frame solar movements with notable accuracy.[4] Archaeological evidence suggests the Heel Stone originally had a partner stone, positioned to the north of it, which would have enhanced the visual effect by framing the rising solstice sun between the two monoliths.[4] A large stone hole discovered adjacent to the Heel Stone supports this interpretation, indicating a deliberate design to create a vista for the solar event. Laser surveys of the sarsen stones have confirmed that those along the solstice axis, including elements framing the Heel Stone, were shaped with vertical sides for optimal alignment.[4] Observationally, the alignment produces a striking effect at dawn on the summer solstice, where the sun's disk appears to emerge precisely above the Heel Stone, momentarily "resting" in position before ascending.[14] This northeast-southwest orientation not only highlights the solstice but also extends to the winter solstice sunset in the opposite direction, underscoring Stonehenge's role as a solar observatory.[1]Role in Rituals
The Heel Stone served as a key focal point for prehistoric solstice processions at Stonehenge, guiding participants along the Avenue toward the monument during midsummer sunrise ceremonies. Archaeological evidence from the nearby Stonehenge Cursus reveals two large pits aligned precisely with the midsummer sunrise and sunset when viewed from the Heel Stone, suggesting it functioned as an observation point for ritual gatherings.[15] These alignments indicate that Neolithic communities likely processed from the eastern pit along the Cursus pathway, reaching a midpoint at midday before converging at the Heel Stone, where the stone's position would have framed the solar event.[4] A large socket hole adjacent to the Heel Stone, potentially for a partner stone, further supports this framing role, creating a deliberate gateway for ceremonial approaches.[4] Symbolically, the Heel Stone marked the threshold or entrance to Stonehenge's inner sanctum, embodying a portal between the outer landscape and the sacred circle during seasonal rites. Positioned at the northeast end of the Avenue, it delineated the site's boundary, with the solstice sun rising directly behind it to illuminate the circle, reinforcing its role in transitionary rituals tied to renewal.[16] This entrance function aligns with broader Neolithic monument designs, where such markers signified passage into ritual spaces for communal observances.[4] In the context of Neolithic practices, the Heel Stone's prominence reflects Stonehenge's use in ancestor worship and calendrical ceremonies linked to agricultural cycles. Excavations show the site was maintained as a clean, dedicated ritual area, with solstice alignments aiding in tracking seasonal changes essential for farming communities, possibly incorporating offerings or veneration of the dead.[17] Evidence from associated burials and the monument's bluestones suggests ties to healing and fertility rites, where the Heel Stone's solar framing may have symbolized life's renewal at the solstice.[17] These elements connect to wider prehistoric traditions of using megaliths for communal gatherings that reinforced social and spiritual bonds with the cosmos.[4] Today, the Heel Stone continues to hold ceremonial significance in modern pagan and druidic solstice gatherings, where thousands assemble to witness the sunrise alignment as a nod to ancient traditions. Participants, including Druids from groups like the Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids, conduct rituals such as chants and offerings near the stone, emphasizing continuity in honoring seasonal renewal.[18] English Heritage manages these events, allowing access to the circle for midnight vigils and dawn ceremonies centered on the Heel Stone's view.[19]Historical Development
Construction and Dating
The Heel Stone was likely erected during the sarsen stone phase of Stonehenge's construction around 2500 BC, marking the transition from the late Neolithic to the early Bronze Age, though its date is debated and some evidence suggests it may align with the initial henge enclosure around 3000 BC.[12][3] This phase transformed the site by introducing massive sarsen monoliths, including the Heel Stone as an isolated pillar aligned with the monument's northeastern entrance.[12] The stone postdates or is contemporary with the initial henge enclosure, established around 3000 BC with a circular ditch and bank, but integrates as an early outlying element.[3] Sourced from the silcrete deposits of West Woods in the Marlborough Downs approximately 15 miles (24 km) north, the Heel Stone weighs more than 36 tonnes and stands approximately 4.9 meters (16 feet) tall above ground.[2][5] Transportation likely involved hauling it overland on sledges or rollers using plant-fiber ropes and teams of workers, followed by shaping if needed—though the Heel Stone remains largely unshaped.[12] At the site, workers dug a socket pit about 1.2 meters deep, tipped the stone in at an angle, and raised it upright via earthen ramps, wooden levers, and counterweight earthworks, then packed the base with rubble for stability.[20] In 1979, a stone hole was discovered adjacent to it, suggesting a possible companion stone that framed the entrance.[2] The Heel Stone is encircled by the Heelstone Ditch, a shallow, roughly circular earthwork 10 meters in diameter, 1.1 meters wide, and up to 1.2 meters deep, which yielded bluestone chips indicative of activity during the sarsen phase.[20] Radiocarbon dating of antler tools and associated organic remains from sarsen-era contexts, including ditch fills across the site, supports this timeline with calibrated ranges of 2655–2485 cal BC for the circle and 2470–2200 cal BC for trilithon elements.[21] These dates align the Heel Stone's integration with broader monument enhancements, emphasizing its role in extending the site's ceremonial axis.[12]Early Documentation
The earliest systematic examination of Stonehenge was conducted by architect Inigo Jones in the early 1620s, with results published posthumously in 1655 as The Most Notable Antiquity of Great Britain, vulgarly called Stone-Heng under the editorship of John Webb. In this treatise, Jones interpreted the monument as a Roman temple dedicated to the sky god Coelus and provided the first relatively accurate plans and measurements, illustrating the solitary sarsen stone positioned outside the northeastern entrance—later identified as the Heel Stone—though without assigning it a specific name.[22] Antiquarian John Aubrey conducted a survey of the site in 1666, documenting his findings in the unpublished manuscript Monumenta Britannica. Aubrey referred to the prominent stone beyond the northeastern entrance as the "Friar's Heel," describing it as one of two significant sarsens northeast of the enclosing bank and suspecting it served as an astronomical index, potentially marking an avenue or processional entry aligned with celestial events. In the 18th century, physician and antiquary William Stukeley extensively studied and sketched Stonehenge during visits from 1720 onward, publishing his observations in Stonehenge, A Temple Restor'd to the British Druids in 1740. Stukeley attributed the monument's construction to the ancient Britons and Druids, emphasizing the Heel Stone's role at the avenue's terminus; he noted its position along the principal northeast-southwest axis, through which the summer solstice sun rises when viewed from the monument's center, and included detailed illustrations of the site's layout to highlight this alignment.[23] Victorian-era scholarship intensified focus on the Heel Stone's astronomical properties and local traditions. In 1771, Dr. John Smith, in Choice Observations, explicitly identified the "Friar's Heel" as the midsummer sunrise marker, confirming that the sun appears to rise directly over it from the circle's center on the summer solstice. Pre-20th-century folklore compilations, such as those referenced in 19th-century antiquarian journals, preserved regional oral histories linking the stone's name to tales of divine or demonic intervention, including accounts of its transport and the imprinted heel mark from a friar's encounter.Legends and Folklore
Origin of the Name
The name "Heel Stone" for the prominent sarsen monolith at Stonehenge emerged as the standard designation in the 19th century, appearing on Ordnance Survey maps and reflecting an evolution from earlier variants such as "Friar's Heel" and "Hele Stone." These older appellations are documented in antiquarian accounts from the 18th and early 19th centuries, where "Friar's Heel" alluded to a perceived heel-like indentation on the stone, while "Hele Stone" drew from Anglo-Saxon linguistic traditions.[24][25] The term "Hele Stone" is traced to the Old English verb helan, meaning "to hide," "to conceal," or "to shelter," possibly referencing the stone's position in visually obscuring the rising sun during solstice observations from the monument's center.[25][26] This etymological link underscores the stone's astronomical role, with some early sources interpreting hele as evoking a protective or hidden quality in the landscape. The "Friar's Heel" variant is linked to a folk legend involving the Devil and a friar (see below). Alternative historical names in antiquarian literature include "Sun Stone," highlighting its solar alignment, as noted in 19th- and early 20th-century discussions.[27] In contemporary usage, the name "Heel Stone" has been standardized by English Heritage in official publications and site management, ensuring consistency in archaeological and interpretive materials. This modern convention prioritizes clarity while preserving the historical nomenclature's legacy in scholarly references.[2]Associated Myths
One prominent legend associated with the Heel Stone recounts how the Devil, enraged by a friar who correctly guessed the number of stones comprising Stonehenge, hurled a massive sarsen at the holy man to disrupt his observation. The stone struck the friar on the heel, imprinting a mark that gave rise to the alternative name "Friar's Heel," symbolizing the eternal conflict between Christian piety and demonic interference.[28] In Arthurian lore, Stonehenge features within the broader narrative of mystical origins, as detailed in Geoffrey of Monmouth's 12th-century Historia Regum Britanniae. Here, the wizard Merlin employs enchantment to transport ancient stones from Ireland to Wiltshire at the behest of King Aurelius Ambrosius, erecting them as a memorial to Britons slain by Saxon invaders. Seventeenth- and eighteenth-century antiquarians, such as John Aubrey and William Stukeley, influenced by emerging ideas about ancient religions, interpreted Stonehenge as a Druidic sanctuary, with its stones, including the Heel Stone, potentially serving as ritual markers for solar worship.[17] Local Wiltshire traditions imbue Stonehenge with supernatural qualities, including legends of curative powers associated with the stones when water is infused with them. The Heel Stone is tied to the "cursed" origin in the Devil-friar tale.[29]Archaeological Investigations
Early Excavations
Early investigations into the Heel Stone and its surrounding features began in the 19th century with amateur and survey-based efforts. Sir Henry James, as Director-General of the Ordnance Survey, oversaw mapping projects at Stonehenge in the 1860s, which included tracing the course of the Avenue leading to the Heel Stone but involved only superficial probing rather than deep trenching around the stone itself.[30] In 1901, archaeologist William Gowland conducted limited excavations at Stonehenge during the re-erection of leaning upright stones, including probes at the bases of several sarsens to assess their stability and buried depths. Although focused primarily on the central circle, these works noted the pronounced lean of certain monoliths, similar to that observed in the isolated Heel Stone, without full-scale trenching in its immediate vicinity.[31] The most significant early excavations targeting the Heel Stone occurred between 1923 and 1924, led by Lieutenant-Colonel William Hawley on behalf of the Office of Works and the Society of Antiquaries. Hawley's team uncovered the Heelstone Ditch, a narrow, shallow circuit approximately 1.5 meters wide encircling the stone, and confirmed the presence of a socket pit beneath the Heel Stone itself, indicating its deliberate placement.[32][33] Within the Heelstone Ditch, Hawley discovered antler picks—tools likely used in its construction—and fragments of pottery shards, both attributable to the Neolithic period based on their style and associated dating evidence from comparable finds. These artifacts provided initial insights into the ditch's prehistoric origins, with the antler tools suggesting labor-intensive digging techniques typical of early monumental earthworks. The ditch features a curved alignment that briefly intersects the nearby Avenue, though full details of its form were reserved for later analysis.[32][33]Modern Research
In the 1950s and 1960s, archaeologist Richard Atkinson directed extensive excavations and geophysical surveys at Stonehenge, uncovering details about the monument's construction phases and the positioning of outlying features like the Heel Stone.[34] These efforts, continued into the 1970s, included geophysical prospecting that revealed a large stone hole adjacent to the Heel Stone, indicating it likely had a partner stone to frame the summer solstice sunrise when viewed from the circle's center.[22] The Stonehenge Riverside Project (2003–2009), led by Mike Parker Pearson, integrated ground-penetrating radar surveys to map the Avenue's extent toward the Heel Stone and surrounding landscape, while excavations and radiocarbon dating confirmed an earlier Neolithic construction timeline for the monument, around 3100–3000 BCE.[35] In the 2020s, English Heritage has conducted analyses using high-resolution laser scanning as part of a 2021 conservation project to assess erosion on the Heel Stone's surface and measure its structural stability, including its known lean, and informing ongoing monitoring protocols.[36] Sediment core samples extracted from the Heel Stone in recent studies have fueled debates on its placement, with mineralogical evidence showing it originated from West Woods, 25 kilometers north, rather than a local natural position; this supports the consensus that it was deliberately transported and erected, though questions remain about the extent of prehistoric modification to its base.[8]Preservation and Management
Conservation Efforts
Conservation efforts for the Heel Stone have been integrated into broader initiatives for the Stonehenge monument, managed primarily by English Heritage since the site's transfer to public ownership in the early 20th century. In the 1950s, significant stabilization work was undertaken during restorations led by the then Ministry of Works, involving the re-erection of fallen sarsen stones and the use of concrete to secure footings against environmental stresses such as weathering and ground movement. Although specific interventions for the Heel Stone—a massive sarsen boulder weighing over 36 tonnes and leaning approximately 30 degrees—are not documented separately, these measures addressed instability across the site's upright stones to prevent further deterioration.[37] In the 2010s, attention turned to biological threats, with vegetation management implemented to maintain open grassland around the stones, thereby reducing invasive plant growth that could trap moisture and accelerate surface degradation. Lichens, which colonize the sarsen surfaces including the Heel Stone, are actively conserved rather than removed, as they contribute to the site's ecological and aesthetic integrity; however, selective control of excessive biological growth has been part of ongoing maintenance to mitigate potential damage from mosses or algae.[38][39] Environmental monitoring has intensified since the early 2000s, focusing on threats like acid rain and climate change impacts, like increased rainfall and erosion, through risk assessments and periodic surveys coordinated by the Stonehenge and Avebury World Heritage Site partnership. These efforts track changes in stone condition and atmospheric pollution to inform adaptive conservation strategies.[40][41] The inscription of Stonehenge, Avebury, and Associated Sites as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986 has bolstered these protections, enforcing international standards for safeguarding the Heel Stone within its landscape setting through legal frameworks like the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 and regular management planning.[42]Public Access and Tourism
Public access to the Heel Stone is carefully managed to preserve the monument, with visitors approaching along a designated path that follows the prehistoric Avenue but remaining at a distance to prevent soil erosion from foot traffic. The stone, positioned just outside the northeastern entrance to the Stonehenge enclosure, is viewed from elevated platforms and roped-off areas that offer clear sightlines while restricting direct proximity. This setup, implemented since the late 1970s in response to increasing visitor impact, ensures the site's integrity for future generations.[43][44][2] English Heritage organizes solstice celebrations with free managed open access, permitting several thousand attendees to witness the summer sunrise align with the Heel Stone from approved viewing zones. For instance, around 8,000 people attended the 2023 summer solstice sunrise event, while the 2025 gathering drew approximately 25,000 participants, highlighting the stone's enduring astronomical appeal in contemporary observations.[45][46] These events emphasize safety and minimal environmental disturbance, with live streams extending access to global audiences exceeding 200,000 viewers in recent years.[47] The Heel Stone is incorporated into broader visitor experiences through guided tours, such as the Stonehenge Explorer Tour, which covers outlying features including the Avenue and associated stones, and the main visitor center's exhibitions that provide context on its role in the monument's layout. Interpretive panels and displays along the access path detail the stone's isolation and alignment significance, aiding educational engagement for the site's annual influx of over 1.4 million tourists as of 2024. As a prominent foreground element in solstice alignments, the Heel Stone has become a favored photographic vantage point, capturing the imagination of visitors during peak seasons.[48][49][50][51] During solstice gatherings, the Heel Stone also serves a symbolic function in modern rituals, drawing diverse groups for ceremonial purposes under English Heritage oversight.[6]References
- https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/helen