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Last Post
The bugle call "Last Post", performed by Sergeant Codie Lynn Williams of Dallas on a Bugle in G
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The "Last Post"
An Australian Army bugler sounds the Last Post at a Remembrance Day ceremony in 2012.

The "Last Post" is a British and Commonwealth bugle call used at military funerals, and at ceremonies commemorating those who have died in war.

Versions

[edit]

The "Last Post" is either an A or a B♭ bugle call, primarily within British infantry and Australian infantry regiments, or a D or an E♭ cavalry trumpet call in British cavalry and Royal Regiment of Artillery (Royal Horse Artillery and Royal Artillery).

Its duration varies typically from a little over one minute to nearly three minutes.[1] For ceremonial use, the "Last Post" is often followed by "The Rouse", or less frequently the longer "Reveille".[2][3]

The two regimental traditions have separate music for the call.[4] While the B♭ infantry bugle version is better known, the E♭ cavalry trumpet version is used by the state trumpeters of the Household Cavalry.

Origin

[edit]

The "First Post" call signals the start of the duty officer's inspection of a British Army camp's sentry posts, sounding a call at each one. First published in the 1790s,[5] the "Last Post" call originally signalled merely that the final sentry post had been inspected, and the camp was secure for the night.[6]

Its use in Remembrance Day ceremonies in Commonwealth nations has two generally unexpressed purposes: the first is an implied summoning of the spirits of the Fallen to the cenotaph, the second is to symbolically end the day, so that the period of silence before the "Rouse" is blown becomes in effect a ritualised night vigil. The "Last Post" as sounded at the end of inspection typically lasted for about 45 seconds; when sounded ceremonially with notes held for longer, pauses extended, and the expression mournful, typical duration could be 75 seconds or more.[5]

From the 17th century, the British infantry had used drums to make signals in camp or on the battlefield, while the cavalry used trumpets. The first infantry drumbeat of the day was Reveille, while the last was Tattoo. This originated with British troops stationed in the Netherlands, after the Dutch call at the end of the day, Doe den tap toe, meaning "Close the tap", a signal that beer taps had to be shut and that soldiers drinking outside the camp should return.[7]

The difficulty of hearing drumbeat signals over the noise of gunfire led to the gradual introduction of the bugle, an instrument used by the Hanoverian Army, during the reign of King George III. The bugle was found especially useful for the mobile tactics of the light infantry and the newly formed King's Royal Rifle Corps in the American War of Independence. A number of different systems were introduced across various parts of the army, and in 1798, James Hyde, a trumpeter in the Royal Opera House and a trumpet-major in the local Volunteer Corps, was asked to "revise the trumpet and bugle soundings, and to reduce them to uniformity, which is hereafter to be strictly observed in all regiments and corps of cavalry in His Majesty's service".[7]

The result was published in the same year as The Sounds for Duty and Exercise. Hyde was dissatisfied with this edition and in 1799, produced another version with an additional chapter entitled "The Bugle Horn Duty for the Light Infantry as used by the Foot Guards"; this included the first known score for the Last Post, under the title of "Setting the Watch". It is likely that Hyde used an amalgamation of existing calls; suggestions that the melody was inspired by Joseph Haydn lack any direct evidence.[7]

Memorial usage

[edit]
Memorial stained glass window, Class of 1934, Royal Military College of Canada showing officer cadet sounding the bugle call for the "Last Post" or "The Rouse".

During the 19th century, the "Last Post" was also carried to the various countries of the British Empire. In all these countries, it has been incorporated into military funerals, where it is sounded as a final farewell, symbolising the fact that the duty of the dead soldier is over and that he can rest in peace.

"Last Post" is used in public ceremonials commemorating the war dead, particularly on Remembrance Day in the Commonwealth of Nations. In Australia and New Zealand it is also sounded on Anzac Day, usually before the two-minute silence, which concludes with "The Rouse".

When the post is sounded during services such as Anzac Day, it is required of all current serving military members to salute for the duration of the call. During services organised by the Royal British Legion, it is expected that no salute is given during the "Last Post" and Silence, as all personnel will have removed head dress as in church service prayer, have heads bowed, weapons inverted, and flags and standards lowered.

In Ireland, the "Last Post" as with the Commonwealth is sounded during memorial services, funerals and commemorations. The difference where the Irish are concerned is that the accompaniment of drums is incorporated into the performance.

In India, Last Post is played at the Amar Jawan Jyoti on Republic Day and Kargil Vijay Diwas (Kargil Victory Day).

Menin Gate

[edit]
Last Post plaque, Menin Gate, Ypres, Belgium
Special ceremony in Ypres for the centenary of the armistice. A version of the Last Post at the Menin Gate is played exceptionally at 11am

Since 1928, the "Last Post" has been sounded every evening at 8 p.m. by buglers of the local Last Post Association at the war memorial at Ypres in Belgium known as the Menin Gate, commemorating the dead at the Battle of Ypres during the First World War. The only exception to this was during the four years of the German occupation of Ypres from 20 May 1940 to 6 September 1944, when the ceremony moved to Brookwood Military Cemetery in England.

On the evening that Polish forces liberated Ypres, the ceremony was resumed at the Menin Gate, in spite of the heavy fighting still going on in other parts of the town. These buglers or trumpeters, sometimes seen in fire brigade uniform, are members of the fire brigade representing the Last Post Association, who organizes the events. The Last Post Association uses both silver B♭ bugles and E♭ cavalry trumpets, with either British Army tradition being respected during services at the gate.

The Last Post ceremony has now been held more than 30,000 times. On 9 July 2015, a ceremony titled A tribute to the tribute[8] took place to commemorate the 30,000th ceremony.

Other uses

[edit]

The "Last Post" was incorporated into the finale of Robert Steadman's In Memoriam, a choral work on the subject of remembrance. It is also incorporated into Karl Jenkins's orchestral mass The Armed Man, and in the movement entitled Small Town, in Peter Sculthorpe's 1963 chamber orchestra work The Fifth Continent. A slightly altered version forms part of the slow movement of the Pastoral Symphony of Ralph Vaughan Williams and the ending of Mike Sammes' choral setting of Laurence Binyon's poem For the Fallen.

Robert Graves's poem "The Last Post" describes a soldier's funeral during World War I. Ford Madox Ford used The Last Post as title for part of his tetralogy Parade's End.

In 2014 the Last Post was played upon arrival of the recovered bodies of the victims of MH17 Eindhoven Airport in the Netherlands. The Last Post was chosen over the Dutch signal Taptoe due to the international character of the disaster.

In 2015, Lee Kernaghan recorded a version for his album Spirit of the Anzacs.

The "Last Post" was performed in 2015 at the state funeral of Lee Kuan Yew, the founding Prime Minister of Singapore.

The Last Post is the title of a theatre play by David Owen Smith and Peter Came performed during Armistice Week at Lincoln Drill Hall, Lincoln in November 2014. The play concerns the Beechey family of Lincoln, UK. Amy Beechey had eight sons who all enlisted to fight during the First World War; only three of them survived. The bugle call is sounded during the final moments of the play. The play was directed by Janie Smith and performed by people of Lincoln.

British Forces Broadcasting Service radio stations would play the "Last Post" before the National Anthem at closedown.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Last Post

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The Last Post is a traditional bugle or trumpet call originating in the British Army during the late 18th century, primarily used to signal the completion of the duty officer's evening inspection of sentry posts and the securing of the camp for the night. Over time, it evolved into a poignant emblem of remembrance, sounded at military funerals to denote a soldier's final rest and during commemorative services such as Remembrance Day and Anzac Day to honor those who died in service. Its melody, lasting approximately 75 seconds in modern performances, features drawn-out notes and pauses that evoke mourning, contrasting with its original brisk 45-second version. First documented in the as one of several routine calls in British military camps, the Last Post was initially a practical signal rather than a ceremonial one, marking the end of daily activities and the transition to lights out. By the mid-19th century, particularly during the and Boer War, regimental buglers adapted it for use at soldiers' gravesides, especially in overseas postings where civilian bands were unavailable, transforming it into a of sacrifice and the final duty. This shift gained widespread prominence during , when mass casualties and the establishment of numerous war memorials—over 600 after the Boer War alone—cemented its role in national and international acts of commemoration, often paired with to represent death and resurrection. In contemporary usage across nations, including , , and the , the Last Post initiates the at services and is played nightly at iconic sites like the Menin Gate Memorial in , , since 1928 to commemorate fallen. It has also been extended beyond military contexts to honor civilians and leaders, such as and , underscoring its universal significance as a call to reflect on mortality and service. Performed by solo buglers or trumpeters without accompaniment, its enduring power lies in its simplicity and emotional resonance, evoking the democracy of death in wartime.

Overview and Musical Characteristics

Definition and Significance

The Last Post is a traditional bugle call used primarily in British Commonwealth military contexts to signal the end of the day's activities or the conclusion of inspections, marking the secure close of routine duties. Originally derived from 18th-century routines, the name refers to the final sentry post inspected at nightfall, ensuring the camp was safe for rest. In its symbolic role, the Last Post represents closure and tribute, particularly in honoring those who have fallen in service, evoking a sense of finality and respect for sacrifices made. This poignant call embodies themes of remembrance and eternal vigilance, resonating deeply within nations as a universal emblem of military valor and loss. Typically performed by a lone bugler on a or , the call lasts approximately 1 to 2 minutes, featuring a series of sustained notes that build an atmosphere of solemnity. It is often paired with "" to frame periods of silence in ceremonial settings.

Versions and Instrumentation

The Last Post exists in several variants adapted to different military branches, primarily differing in key to suit the . For regiments in the and forces, it is typically performed in B♭, while and units use an E♭ version, with the B♭ variant being the most widely recognized and standardized today. The call is primarily played on a , a valveless functioning as a limited to the series of notes, which produces a clear, piercing tone suitable for signaling across distances. In certain traditions, particularly during extended ceremonial sequences like the Last Post and , it may incorporate occasional drum rolls from a side to add rhythmic emphasis, though the bugle remains the core instrument. Its standard notation consists of a simple, repetitive melody relying on five to six natural harmonics without chromatic alterations, typically beginning with a rising and featuring deliberate pauses for dramatic effect. The melody typically begins with a rising and uses the bugle's natural harmonics, most commonly in B♭ for modern performances. Ceremonial renditions may extend to around 75 seconds with ritardando and held notes. The British Army's standardization emphasizes the B♭ infantry adaptation for uniformity in modern remembrance contexts, contrasting with historical cavalry versions in E♭ that allowed for brighter, more resonant projection on mounted trumpet calls suited to open terrain. These differences reflect adaptations to instrument pitch and performance environment, ensuring the call's solemnity across regiments.

History

Origins

The evening "tattoo" routine, a series of drum signals used to regulate camp activities and ensure discipline after dark, originated in the 17th century during British campaigns in the , where the term "tattoo" derived from the Dutch phrase doe den tap toe, instructing innkeepers to close taps and cease serving alcohol to prevent soldiers from becoming unfit for duty. units, relying on drums for communication in camp and on the battlefield, employed beats known as "troop calls" or "sergeant's calls" to summon off-duty soldiers to quarters, end sentry duties, and clear taverns in garrison towns. By the late , amid broader British military reforms that standardized signaling across branches, the transitioned from drum-based alerts to calls, aligning with cavalry traditions that had long used trumpets. The , more portable and audible over distances, facilitated clearer communication during the expanding role of in tactical maneuvers, gradually incorporating the tattoo's evening sequence into keyed bugle notations. This shift marked the formalization of the Last Post as the final signal in the routine, confirming all sentries were posted and the camp secured for the night. The composer of the melody remains unknown. The first published versions of the Last Post as a appeared in the within British military manuals, including collections of standardized signals for regimental use. These early notations, part of about a dozen essential calls, documented the melody for consistent performance across units, embedding it firmly in the tradition as the concluding call to lights out.

Evolution and Standardization

The standardization of the Last Post bugle call occurred in the late under the direction of James Hyde, Trumpet-Major of the London and Westminster Light Horse Volunteers. In 1798–1799, Hyde compiled and published a collection of bugle and trumpet signals for the , including the call known as "Setting the Watch," which evolved into the modern Last Post. This publication, titled A New and Compleat Preceptor for the Trumpet and Bugle Horn, provided the first formalized notation for the call, ensuring uniformity across military units by integrating it into daily camp routines as the signal marking the completion of sentry inspections and the securing of the post for the night. During the , the Last Post underwent adaptations amid British colonial expansions and conflicts, transitioning from a practical evening signal to a symbol of mourning. As British forces engaged in campaigns such as the (1853–1856) and the Boer Wars (1880–1902), regimental buglers increasingly played the call at soldiers' gravesides in remote outposts, where civilian bands were unavailable, thereby embedding it in funeral traditions. It was played at the of the Duke of Wellington in 1852 as an early high-profile commemorative performance, solidifying its association with military remembrance during an era of imperial growth. The First World War further linked the Last Post to collective remembrance, with its performance at battlefield funerals and homefront memorials becoming widespread amid the unprecedented scale of casualties. By the war's end in 1918, the call had been adopted globally by Allied forces and civilian societies as a poignant emblem of sacrifice, often paired with during services. Post-World War I formalization entrenched the Last Post in military protocols, with standardized use in annual observances like across Britain, , and . In Australian forces, it was integrated into ceremonies starting in the , emphasizing national mourning while retaining the core British notation but occasionally accompanied by local hymns or silences for cultural resonance. Canadian variants similarly adopted the call for protocols by the , as outlined in military drill manuals, where it signals the onset of the , reflecting shared heritage with minor adjustments for regimental traditions. The Second World War disrupted established protocols, with remembrance ceremonies featuring the Last Post paused in occupied territories such as , where performances shifted to safer locations like Brookwood Military Cemetery in to maintain the tradition amid conflict. Post-1945 resumptions refined the call's execution, emphasizing slower tempos and extended pauses—extending from about 45 seconds to 75 seconds—for a more solemn tone, influencing standardized military manuals and ensuring its enduring role in commemorations.

Ceremonial and Memorial Uses

Military Funerals and Remembrance Ceremonies

In military funerals across countries, the Last Post is performed during the committal service to symbolize the end of the deceased service member's duties and their passage to eternal rest. call signals the conclusion of the day's watch, with accompanying honors including the slow lowering of regimental colors or flags draped over the casket, and salutes rendered by attending in uniform, who raise their hand on the first note and return it on the last. This tradition underscores the solemn transition from active duty to remembrance, often followed by to evoke awakening in the . The Last Post holds a central role in annual remembrance observances throughout the , marking moments of collective mourning for fallen soldiers. In the and other Commonwealth nations, it is sounded on (11 November) or , immediately preceding the at ceremonies such as those organized by the Royal British Legion, where it follows wreath-laying and precedes the Kohima Epitaph recitation. Similarly, on (25 April) in and , the call is played after of Remembrance and before a minute's silence, honoring the sacrifices of service members from the Australia and New Zealand Army Corps and allied forces. These events emphasize national unity in grief, with the bugle call's strains evoking the finality of duty fulfilled. Protocols for the Last Post in these settings prioritize reverence and uniformity. Participants, whether or civilian, stand in silence with heads bowed or uncovered during the performance, removing hats if worn and placing them over the heart as a of . In contexts or for uniformed personnel, a hand is executed—raised sharply on the first note and lowered on the final one—while Standards or flags are dipped in homage. However, in civilian-led services like those of the Royal British Legion, non-uniformed attendees refrain from saluting, focusing instead on silent observance to maintain decorum without formality. Adaptations of the Last Post reflect local traditions while preserving its core symbolism. In , during observances at the National War Memorial—following the 2022 merger of the eternal flame—buglers sound the call after the Prime Minister's wreath-laying, with the honor guard performing reversed arms to honor national defenders. In Ireland, military ceremonies occasionally feature drum-augmented versions by bands such as the Irish Army's, adapting the bugle call for ensemble performance in remembrance events. These variations ensure the tradition's resonance across diverse contexts.

The Menin Gate Ceremony

The Last Post ceremony at the in (Ieper), , was initiated on July 2, 1928, by the Last Post Association, a voluntary organization founded by local fireman Pierre Vandenbraambussche to honor the Allied soldiers who fell during without known graves. The ceremony commemorates the over 54,000 British Empire servicemen inscribed on the memorial, as well as fallen from other nations, and has become a poignant symbol of remembrance for the sacrifices made in the . Since its start, the bugle call has been performed daily at 8:00 p.m., marking the end of the day's activities and evoking the traditional military farewell. The ceremony begins with the local police halting all traffic under the archway to create a solemn atmosphere, followed by a of participants, including ceremonial assistants and often visiting groups or individuals who lay wreaths at the foot of the memorial. Local volunteer buglers from the Last Post Association, dressed in the uniforms of the Ieper fire brigade, then sound the Last Post on B♭ bugles or E♭ trumpets, a practice that respects traditions. The call is followed by a period of silence, the laying of additional wreaths if applicable, and the sounding of to symbolize and hope. The tradition endured an interruption during , ceasing on May 20, 1940, amid the German occupation of , with performances relocated to Brookwood Military Cemetery in , , until the liberation. It resumed at the on September 6, 1944, and has continued uninterrupted since, even through the with adaptations. By 2015, the ceremony had reached its 30,000th rendition on July 9 of that year, a milestone attended by international dignitaries and highlighting its enduring global significance. Other notable anniversaries include the 10,000th performance on October 8, 1960, and the 25,000th on October 31, 2001, underscoring the commitment of the all-volunteer buglers who rotate duties nightly.

International Variations and Other Memorial Traditions

In non-Commonwealth countries, bugle calls analogous to the Last Post serve similar commemorative roles but differ in melody and historical development. In the United States, "Taps" is the distinctive military bugle call sounded at funerals, wreath-layings, and memorial services, composed in 1862 during the Civil War and unique to U.S. armed forces, though it shares the function of signaling the end of the day or a soldier's final rest with the Last Post. In France, "Aux Morts" (also known as "La Sonnerie aux Morts") is the equivalent, a 24-note call adopted in the 1930s for military funerals and war commemorations, endorsed by General Henri Gouraud after World War I. Emerging uses in Asia reflect colonial legacies, such as the Philippines' "Pahingalay," a Taps-like call for remembrance, while in Singapore, the Last Post is incorporated into Remembrance Day services as a symbol of eternal rest. Beyond standard protocols, the Last Post features prominently at international memorial sites with distinctive elements honoring Commonwealth sacrifices. At the Canadian National Vimy Memorial in , the call was sounded during the 1936 unveiling ceremony by King Edward VIII, followed by a and , attended by over 50,000 people, and continues in annual remembrance events to evoke the . The Australian War Memorial in hosts a daily Last Post since 2013, uniquely structured around narrating the story of one individual from its Roll of Honour of over 102,000 names, incorporating wreath-laying, a , and evocative bugle performance to personalize collective loss. In , adaptations of the Last Post blend British colonial traditions with local customs during , observed annually on July 26 to commemorate the 1999 victory. At the War Memorial, the call reverberates through the Himalayan valley during wreath-laying and tribute events, symbolizing sacrifice alongside indigenous elements like floral offerings and salutes, as seen in the 2025 26th anniversary ceremonies honoring 545 martyrs. Post-colonial influences extend the Last Post to and the through (CWGC) sites, where it underscores remembrances at memorials like those in and , adapting the call to local contexts of multi-national casualties without altering its core solemnity. In , it appears in Boer War commemorations, reflecting enduring British military heritage in post-apartheid observances.

Cultural Impact and Other Uses

In Literature, Music, and Media

The Last Post has been incorporated into various musical compositions as a motif symbolizing remembrance and the finality of loss in wartime. In Karl Jenkins's The Armed Man: A Mass for Peace (1999), the bugle call serves as a central theme in the movement titled "Last Post," evoking the devastation of conflict, particularly the Hiroshima bombing, and leading into a cathartic resolution. Similarly, Australian composer Peter Sculthorpe integrated the call into The Fifth Continent (1964), where it is first announced by harp and then taken up by trumpet alongside didgeridoo, blending military tradition with Indigenous elements to reflect on Australia's colonial history and war's intrusion into the landscape. Sculthorpe also featured it in Small Town (1963) for orchestra (with later wind band arrangements), using the motif to commemorate war dead in a rural Australian context. Ralph Vaughan Williams drew on bugle calls reminiscent of the Last Post in the second movement of his Symphony No. 3, A Pastoral Symphony (1922), where a trumpet cadenza mimics battlefield signals, capturing the quiet lament of World War I soldiers amid pastoral serenity. In literature, the Last Post appears as both a literal and metaphorical element in works grappling with the psychological toll of war. Robert Graves's poem "The Last Post" (1916) contrasts the bugler's romantic "call of high romance" with the grim reality of , portraying it as a futile prayer amid the mud and fear of the Western Front. The call underscores the soldiers' vulnerability, transforming a routine signal into an ironic for the living who dread its next sounding. Ford Madox Ford's Last Post (1928), the concluding novel in the Parade's End tetralogy, uses the title to frame the postwar disillusionment of protagonist Christopher Tietjens, evoking the end of an era and the fragmented lives left by . Set in a single summer day, the narrative explores themes of honor, betrayal, and quiet endurance, with the bugle call symbolizing the irrevocable close of prewar ideals. The bugle call features prominently in 20th-century media, particularly war documentaries and films, where it amplifies moments of solemn tribute. In historical footage like the 1929 silent film The Last Post for Distinguished Soldier, documenting the funeral of Canadian Colonel Agar Adamson, the call accompanies the , marking a direct link to remembrance traditions. Television series such as The Last Post (2017), set during the , incorporate the motif to underscore the personal costs of colonial conflicts, blending drama with authentic military rituals. News coverage of the 2014 arrival of Flight MH17 victims in the highlighted its contemporary resonance, as a lone bugler played the Last Post during the solemn of the first 40 bodies at Eindhoven Air Base, honoring the 193 Dutch nationals among the 298 deceased. Symbolically, the Last Post functions as an in 20th-century war narratives across and media, representing not just literal but the broader rupture of and the imperative of . In Graves's verse, it ironizes the romance of duty against mechanized slaughter, while in Ford's prose, it signals the "end" of Edwardian certainties amid postwar reconstruction. Documentaries often deploy it to transition from archival chaos to reflective , as seen in commemorations, where the call's sparse notes evoke the transition from daily routine to , reinforcing themes of and unresolved . This evocative power stems from its origins as a simple end-of-day signal, repurposed after to embody universal mourning in artistic depictions of conflict.

Modern and Civilian Applications

In the wake of the , the Last Post has been adapted for virtual and community-based commemorations, particularly during 2020 when traditional gatherings were restricted. In , individuals like performed the bugle call from their balconies or driveways to honor veterans, fostering a sense of collective remembrance in isolated settings. Similarly, the Australian War Memorial produced pre-recorded versions of the ceremony for digital platforms, allowing widespread online participation at 4:55 p.m. on , while distributed special audio recordings of the Last Post and for household lockdown services. These adaptations extended the tradition into civilian digital spaces, emphasizing accessibility amid public health constraints. Beyond pandemic responses, the Last Post has found prominent use in civilian memorial contexts, such as police honors. At the United Kingdom's National Police Memorial Day in 2024, the call was sounded following a silence as petals representing fallen officers descended, marking a solemn to sacrifices. This continued in 2025, where it honored PC Faizaan Najeeb during a service that included a performance and , highlighting the tradition's expansion to non-military remembrances. In sporting events, it featured at the 2025 Remembrance Rugby Match between St Mary's and the Royal Artillery, opening proceedings with a service that included the call and a , blending athletic competition with community reflection on service and loss. The evolving role of the Last Post in diverse, multicultural societies reflects its integration into inclusive civilian practices post-2020. For instance, at the 2024 ceremony in , 10-year-old Celine Wu, of Chinese heritage, performed the bugle call, izing intergenerational and cultural participation in honoring wartime sacrifices. Community initiatives, such as the 2020 "Light Up the Dawn" campaign in ' Snowy Valleys, encouraged residents to join virtual Anzac observances by lighting candles at 6 a.m., promoting shared multicultural vigils that underscore themes of unity and resilience in varied societal contexts. While primarily a of closure and , its civilian applications have occasionally intersected with broader advocacy, as seen in discussions around Anzac events that balance remembrance with anti-war sentiments in pluralistic communities.

References

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  7. https://anzacportal.dva.gov.au/commemoration/event-planning/order-of-service
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  49. https://www.awm.gov.au/media/press-releases/2020anzacdaymediainfo
  50. https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/anzac-day-special-recording-of-the-last-post-reveille-to-play-during-lockdown-services/76ESXYQLEX33YQFZ2CFAFGPIGU/
  51. https://www.polfed.org/kent/news/2024/remembering-fallen-officers-national-police-memorial-day-2024/
  52. https://www.polfed.org/northants/news-key-info/all-news/2025/pc-faizaan-najeeb-honoured-at-national-police-memorial-day/
  53. https://www.stmarys.ac.uk/news/2025/10/remembrance-rugby-match
  54. https://www.facebook.com/simonwattsmp/posts/just-incredible-10-year-old-celine-wu-plays-the-last-post-at-the-remembrance-day/1125134969615891/
  55. https://www.snowyvalleys.nsw.gov.au/News-Media/Snowy-Valleys-Community-Encouraged-To-Light-Up-The-Dawn-This-ANZAC-Day
  56. https://www.quora.com/If-I-am-anti-war-why-should-I-celebrate-Anzac-Day
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