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Lipman Emanuel "Lip" Pike (May 25, 1845 – October 10, 1893) the "Iron Batter",[2] was an American star of 19th-century baseball in the United States.[2][3] His brother, Israel Pike, played briefly for the Hartford Dark Blues during the 1877 season.

Key Information

Pike was one of professional baseball's first great sluggers, leading early professional leagues in home runs four times.[1] Pike possessed "great speed, a powerful, if erratic, throwing arm, and enormous power."[4]

Pike was also the first Jewish baseball star and manager in America.[5][4]

Early and personal life

[edit]

Pike was Jewish and was born in New York into a Jewish Dutch family, and grew up in Brooklyn.[6][2] His father Emanuel was a haberdasher.[7] His mother was Jane, his brothers were Boaz, Israel, and Jacob, and he had a sister Julia.[5] His family moved to Brooklyn when he was very young.[5] Several of Pike's ancestors were Jewish rabbis who emigrated from Portugal to the Netherlands.

Baseball career

[edit]

Pike began in baseball when he was 13.[8] Pike first rose to prominence playing for the Philadelphia Athletics, whom he joined in 1866.[3] He brought an impressive blend of power and speed to the team, hitting many home runs as well as being one of the fastest players around. On one occasion he hit five home runs in one game.[2]

However, it was soon brought to light that he and two other Philadelphia players were being given $20 ($430 in current dollar terms) a week to play.[3][9] Since all baseball players were ostensibly amateurs (though many were, like Pike, accepting money under the table), a hearing was set up by the sport's governing body, the National Association of Base Ball Players. In the end, no one showed up to the hearing, and the matter was dropped. By 1869, the Cincinnati Red Stockings became the first openly professional team, and Pike's hearing, farcical as it seems to have been, paved the way for Harry Wright's professionalization of baseball. The Athletics were very successful, but Pike was dropped from the team in 1867, because he was from New York, and thus a 'foreigner,' calling his loyalty into question.

He moved on to the Irvington, New Jersey club and later in 1867 to the New York Mutuals, always a leading team, where he returned for 1868, having caught the eye of Boss Tweed. In 1869 he moved to the Brooklyn Atlantics, another perennial leader, where he hit .610. In 1870, the Atlantics, with Pike manning second base, finally ended Cincinnati's 93-game winning streak.

National Association

[edit]

In 1871, the National Association was formed as the first professional baseball league, and Pike joined the Troy Haymakers for its inaugural season. He was their star and for 4 games was the captain and manager,[3] batting .377 (6th best in the league) and hitting a league-leading 4 home runs.[1] He also led the league in extra base hits (21), and was 2nd in slugging percentage (.654) and doubles (10), 4th in RBIs (39), 5th in triples (7), 6th in on-base percentage (.400), 9th in hits (49), and 10th in runs (43).[1] The Haymakers only finished 6th, though, and the team's captaincy switched to Bill Craver.

The Haymakers revamped their roster for the 1872 season, and Pike headed for Baltimore, where he played for the Baltimore Canaries. Pike had another excellent season, leading the league in home runs again (with 6), RBIs (60), and games (56), and coming in 2nd in total bases (127) and extra base hits (26), 3rd in at bats (288), 5th in doubles (15) and triples (5), 9th in slugging percentage (.441) and stolen bases (8), and 10th in hits (84).[1]

In 1873, Pike led the league in home runs for the 3rd consecutive season, hitting 4, and was 2nd in triples (8), 4th in total bases (132), stolen bases (8), and extra base hits (26), 7th in slugging percentage (.462), 8th in doubles (14), RBIs (50), and at bats (286), 9th in hits (90), and 10th in games (56).[1]

Pike was also one of the fastest players in the league. He would occasionally race any challenger for a cash prize, routinely coming out the winner.[10] On August 16, 1873, he raced a fast trotting horse named "Clarence" in a 100-yard sprint at Baltimore's Newington Park, and won by four yards with a time of 10 seconds flat, earning $250 ($6,600 today).[3]

Baltimore went bankrupt after the season, so Pike headed off to captain the Hartford Dark Blues for the 1874 season. The Dark Blues were a poor team, but Pike had another fine season, slugging .574 to lead the league, and coming in 2nd with an on-base percentage of .368.[1]

Pike abandoned the weak Hartford team after a single season, switching to the St. Louis Brown Stockings.[1] For the first time in his professional career, Pike failed to hit a home run, although he stole 25 bases.[1] He also hit 12 triples and 22 doubles (leading the league) in what was probably his finest offensive season.[1]

In all, Lip Pike has the National Association career home run (15) and extra base hits (135) records.

National League

[edit]
1876 St. Louis Brown Stockings, with Lip Pike in the second row, 4th from the left

In 1876, when the National League replaced the National Association, Pike stuck with St. Louis. The Brown Stockings turned in a very good season, finishing a solid 2nd to the Chicago White Stockings. Pike continued to produce offensively, notching totals of 133 total bases (5th in the league) and 34 extra-base hits (2nd).[1]

Seemingly never content to stay with a team very long, Pike headed to the Cincinnati Reds for the 1877 season. The Reds finished last. Pike was still a top-quality player, leading the league in home runs for the 4th time in the 1870s.[8] However, age was starting to catch up with the 32-year-old Pike. He began the season as the 8th-oldest player in the league, and was the 4th-oldest player of the 1878 season. The 1878 Reds played very well, though. They finished 2nd, but Pike was replaced by Buttercup Dickerson halfway through the season and forced to look elsewhere for a team. He ended up playing a few games for the Providence Grays, and spent the next two years playing for minor league teams.

Sporting Life subsequently named him an outfielder on its 1870–1880 All-Star team.[2]

Pike got a brief call-up in 1881 to play for the Worcester Worcesters,[11] but the 36-year-old Pike could no longer play effectively, hitting .111 and not managing a single extra base hit in 18 at-bats over 5 games.[1] His play was so poor as to arouse suspicions, and Pike found himself banned from the National League that September. He was added to the National League blacklist in 1881. He turned to haberdashery,[11] the vocation of his father, and spent another 6 years playing only amateur baseball. He was reinstated in 1883.

American Association

[edit]

In 1887, the New York Metropolitans of the American Association gave Pike another chance. At 42, he was the oldest player in baseball. The only game he played was more of a sending off than a new start, though, and Pike headed back to his haberdashery once more.

Death

[edit]

Pike died suddenly of heart disease at the age of 48 in 1893.[2] The Brooklyn Eagle reported that "Many wealthy Hebrews and men high in political and old time baseball circles attended the funeral service."[12] He was interred in the Salem Fields Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York.

Legacy

[edit]

In 1936, decades after he died, Pike received one vote in the veterans election for the 1936 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting. He was not included on any further ballots.[2]

Pike was inducted into the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in 1985.[5]

Pike was inducted into the New York State Baseball Hall of Fame in the Class of 2016.[citation needed]

Pike was inducted into the National Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in 2024.

Pike was the first Jewish manager in major league history and one of only seven all-time.[13]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Lip Pike

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Lipman Emanuel "Lip" Pike (May 25, 1845 – October 10, 1893) was an American player recognized as the first great Jewish star in the sport and one of the earliest paid professionals in history. Born in to a Jewish family of Dutch origin, Pike began playing organized in the mid-1860s and competed at a high level until 1881, primarily as an and . Standing 5 feet 8 inches tall and weighing around 160 pounds, he was a left-handed batter and thrower known for his power hitting during an era when home runs were rare. Pike's professional career began in 1866 when he signed with the for $20 per week, making him one of the first players to receive payment for playing, which marked the transition from amateur to . In his debut season, he achieved early fame by hitting five home runs in a single game on July 16, 1866, against the Alerts of , a record that stood as a benchmark for power hitting in the pre-modern era. Over the next decade, Pike played for numerous teams, including the Irvington (New Jersey) , , , Troy Haymakers, Baltimore Canaries, , , , and , contributing to the growth of the National Association (1871–1875) and National League (1876 onward). In 425 documented major league games across these leagues, he compiled a .322 and .467 , with 21 home runs. Among his most notable achievements, Pike led his league in home runs four times—three consecutive seasons in the National Association (1871–1873) and once in the National League (1877)—establishing him as 's premier slugger of the 1870s. He also topped the National Association in runs batted in (1872) and doubles (1874), while posting a league-leading .610 in 1869 with the during an amateur season. Despite his offensive prowess, Pike's teams often struggled, and he faced challenges such as inconsistent fielding and the era's rudimentary rules, yet his contributions helped popularize as a professional spectator sport. After retiring from playing, Pike returned to Brooklyn, where he successfully operated a haberdashery , the same as his father, and lived a quiet life until his death from heart disease at age 48. He was married, and his legacy as a pioneer endured, earning induction into the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in 1985. Pike's career bridged baseball's roots and professional development, symbolizing the sport's evolution in the post-Civil War .

Early life and family

Jewish heritage and family background

Lipman Emanuel Pike was born on May 25, 1845, in to Emanuel Pike, a Dutch Jewish immigrant and , and his wife Jane Pike. The Pike family traced its Jewish roots to the , where Emanuel had been born before emigrating to the in the early 19th century, reflecting the broader migration patterns of Dutch Jews seeking new opportunities in America. Pike grew up in a close-knit Jewish household as the second of five children, with an older brother named and three younger siblings: brothers and , and sister Julia. His brother briefly entered professional baseball in 1877, appearing in one game for the Hartford Dark Blues. The family's observance of Jewish traditions was evident in Pike's bar mitzvah around age 13 in 1858, a that marked his formal entry into Jewish adulthood. The Pikes relocated from to during Lipman's early childhood, a move that strengthened their ties to the burgeoning Jewish community in the borough and shaped his formative years. Later in life, Pike followed in his father's footsteps by working as a after retiring from .

Youth and early interests in Brooklyn

Lipman Emanuel Pike, born on May 25, 1845, in to Dutch Jewish immigrants Emanuel and Jane Pike, relocated with his family to at a very young age. The Pike family settled in a neighborhood where 's Jewish population remained relatively small during the early , immersing young Lip in a close-knit community shaped by his parents' traditions from . This environment, including religious observances, fostered his Jewish identity from childhood. Details on Pike's formal are scarce, reflecting the era's limited schooling opportunities for immigrant families, but he contributed early to the household by working in his father's haberdashery business, a shop selling men's clothing and accessories in . Alongside his older brother , Pike assisted with tasks such as fetching supplies, which honed his sense of responsibility and from a young age. Pike's early athletic interests centered on , though he also enjoyed running as a . Following his bar mitzvah in 1858, he engaged in his first organized involvement, playing amateur games with local junior clubs that included his brother . One week after the ceremony, Pike appeared in his debut recorded amateur match at first base while Boaz played , marking the beginning of his exposure to the sport in Brooklyn's burgeoning baseball scene in 1858.

Professional baseball career

Amateur and early professional years (1866–1870)

Lipman Pike, at the age of 21, debuted with the in 1866, becoming one of the earliest documented paid players in history by receiving $20 per week under the table—a compensation that violated the era's strict amateur ideals and sparked backlash from purists who viewed professionalism as a corruption of the sport. Despite his Jewish heritage occasionally serving as a subtle barrier to full acceptance in the predominantly Protestant community of the 1860s, Pike quickly proved his value on the field with his powerful hitting. Pike's slugging prowess was immediately evident in a remarkable performance on July 16, 1866, when, playing for the against the Alert Club of , he hit five consecutive home runs in a single game, powering his team to a lopsided 67–25 and cementing his reputation as a premier at a time when home runs were rare and celebrated feats. This outburst, played under hot summer conditions at a ballpark, highlighted his ability to dominate amateur competition and drew widespread attention to the young outfielder's talents. Following his stint with the Athletics, Pike moved to the Irvington club of in 1867 before joining the later that year, where he remained through the 1868 season amid the growing tensions of semi-professional play. In 1869, he signed with the , batting an extraordinary .610 over 48 games with a of .883, though such inflated averages were common due to rules allowing batters to call fair or foul on bunts. He continued with the into 1870, renowned for prodigious long-distance hits, including a legendary drive at New York's Union Grounds that struck and bent an iron rod atop the pagoda structure, estimated at around 360 feet from home plate. At 5 feet 8 inches tall and weighing approximately 160 pounds, Pike was compact yet explosive, batting and throwing left-handed while demonstrating versatility across outfield positions, second base, and , though he primarily patrolled during these years. His physical style—combining speed, a strong arm, and raw power—made him a standout in the transition from amateur sandlot games to organized .

National Association (1871–1875)

Lip Pike began his professional baseball career in the inaugural season of the National Association (NA), the first professional league, debuting with the Troy Haymakers on May 5, 1871, in a game against the where he recorded six hits in a 25-10 victory. As captain of the Haymakers, Pike batted .377 that year, tying for the league lead with four home runs while finishing second in (.654) and fourth in RBIs (39). In 1872, Pike joined the Baltimore Canaries, where he led the NA in home runs with seven and in RBIs with 60, batting .298 and ranking second in . He remained with Baltimore in 1873, again leading the league in home runs with four while hitting .316 and contributing 51 RBIs. Pike moved to the Hartford Dark Blues in 1874, posting a .355 and leading the NA in doubles (22) and (.504). His final NA season came in 1875 with the , where he batted .346, finished second in (.494), and topped the league in adjusted OPS+ (203). Over his five NA seasons, Pike maintained a .346 , hit 16 home runs (leading the league in 1871–1873), and amassed 244 RBIs, establishing himself as the era's premier . Pike's playing style combined raw power with exceptional speed, allowing him to excel as an and while covering vast center field territory; he often raced fans or animals for wagers, including a 1873 exhibition at Newington in where he outran a horse named Clarence over 75 yards in 10 seconds flat. Despite his success, Pike endured the rigors of early professional travel, including long train journeys and inconsistent scheduling across the nine-team league. By the end of the NA era, his 16 home runs represented over two-thirds of his career total of 21 in professional play. His older brother, Israel Pike, later made a brief appearance with the Hartford Dark Blues in the National League in 1877, though the siblings never played together professionally.
YearTeamGBAHRRBI2B
1871Troy Haymakers28.37743910
1872Baltimore Canaries56.29876015
1873Baltimore Canaries56.31645115
187452.35515022
187570.34604422

National League and American Association (1876–1887)

Pike transitioned to the National League in 1876 with the , where he batted .323 over 63 games, ranking third in the league in at .472 and fifth in , while leading his team in most offensive categories except runs and walks. The Brown Stockings finished second in the NL that year, marking a strong start for Pike in the more structured league following his home run leadership in the preceding National Association. In 1877, Pike joined the Cincinnati Reds, leading the NL with four home runs while batting .298 in 58 games and excelling defensively in center field after a midseason positional shift. He resigned as team captain on June 10 following a loss but remained a key contributor, including a notable home run at Union Grounds that traveled approximately 360 feet and bent a metal rod 40 feet high, demonstrating his enduring power at age 32. The following year, 1878, he split time between the Reds (31 games, .324 average) and Providence Grays (released after a poor outing), finishing with a .311 average but no home runs across 36 games. Pike's later NL tenure included a brief and unsuccessful stint with the Worcester Ruby Legs in 1881, where he batted .120 in six games before being suspended on September 3 for allegedly throwing a game and blacklisted by the league on September 29 alongside other players. He was reinstated in 1883 after the ban, which had stemmed from contract disputes and jumping affiliations, though he primarily played in during the interim. His final major league appearance came on July 28, 1887, at age 42 with the New York Metropolitans of the American Association, where he played one game in center field with solid defense but went hitless at the plate. Throughout his career, Pike demonstrated remarkable versatility, playing all nine positions, and compiled a lifetime .322 batting average with 21 home runs and 332 RBI, though his production declined with age in the late 1870s while still maintaining averages above .280.

Managerial career

Troy Haymakers (1871)

At age 26, Lip Pike was elected captain and player-manager of the Troy Haymakers for the inaugural season of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players in 1871, marking his entry into professional management. Under his brief leadership, the team compiled a 1-3 record in four games before transitioning to co-manager Bill Craver, ultimately finishing sixth in the nine-team league with an overall mark of 13-15-1. This role positioned Pike as one of the earliest player-managers in professional baseball, navigating the uncertainties of the nascent league, including inconsistent team discipline and the challenges of establishing professional standards. Pike's key decisions emphasized an offensive style aligned with his own prowess, which had been evident since his days in when he hit five home runs in a single game. He focused on power hitting and on-field tactics such as managing the batting order and player positions to maximize scoring opportunities, as demonstrated in a 25-10 rout of the where the Haymakers exploited aggressive hitting. Amid the early era's disciplinary issues, including influences and player unrest, Pike handled team cohesion, though these factors contributed to early losses. In his dual role, Pike excelled personally, batting .377 over 28 games while tying for the league lead with four home runs and ranking second in slugging percentage at .654, yet the team grappled with pitching inconsistencies that undermined overall performance. These vulnerabilities, including unreliable arms and defensive lapses, led to Pike relinquishing the captaincy after just four games, though he continued as a key player for the season. Pike's tenure set a for player-managers in the evolving professional game and established him as the first Jewish manager in major league history, influencing future dual-role figures despite the short duration. His time with concluded after the 1871 season, as he signed with the Canaries for 1872 amid the Haymakers' ongoing organizational challenges in sustaining a competitive roster.

Hartford Dark Blues and Cincinnati Reds (1874–1877)

In 1874, Lip Pike signed with the of the National Association as a player-manager and , taking over after the team's previous leadership struggles. Under his guidance, the Dark Blues compiled a 16–37 record, finishing seventh in the eight-team league amid a season marked by inconsistent performance and off-field issues. Pike's approach to managing was notably hands-off, characterized by minimal organized practices and granting players significant autonomy in their routines, as reported by contemporary accounts that criticized the team's lack of discipline. This style reflected the transitional nature of management in the era, where player-managers like Pike balanced leadership with their own on-field contributions, though it contributed to the Dark Blues' defensive and strategic shortcomings. By 1877, Pike had moved to the National League's , again serving as captain and initial manager while playing center field. He helmed the team for the first 14 games, posting a 3–11 record, before resigning on June 10 after a lopsided 13–2 defeat to the . The Reds cycled through three managers that year—including Bob Addy and Jack Manning—and ultimately finished sixth with a 15–42–1 mark, plagued by poor pitching and overall disarray in a league still stabilizing after the National Association's dissolution. Across his managerial stints, Pike's teams achieved a combined 20–51 record, yielding a .282 , and he navigated common era challenges such as frequent player defections to rival clubs seeking higher salaries, which disrupted team cohesion. Following his from the Reds, Pike stepped away from managing altogether to concentrate on his playing career, a decision influenced by the mounting demands of the role amid ongoing losses.

Later life and death

Post-playing endeavors

After his suspension from the National League in 1881 due to suspicions of poor play arousing concerns of game-fixing—though no evidence of actual wrongdoing was found—Pike returned to the family haberdashery business in , following in the footsteps of his father Emanuel, who had immigrated from the and established the trade. He was reinstated by the league in 1883 but chose not to resume full-time play, instead building a prosperous enterprise that became a hub for local baseball discussions among enthusiasts. Pike maintained a connection to baseball through occasional involvement in amateur and local games during the 1880s, including umpiring matches in the Brooklyn area as a way to stay engaged with the sport he had helped pioneer. In a brief professional comeback attempt, he appeared in one game for the New York Metropolitans of the American Association on July 28, 1887, at age 42, where he fielded capably in center field but struggled at the plate with a single hit in five at-bats. His business success underscored the immigrant achievement narrative of his Jewish Dutch heritage, providing financial stability that allowed Pike to focus on community ties in Brooklyn's growing Jewish enclave. He remained active in local Jewish circles, earning admiration from the community for his accomplishments both on and off the field. Personally, Pike was married to Zeliah "Lilly" Harrigan. They had a son, , who died in 1883 at age 14. Pike centered his later years on family life in .

Illness and death

In the early 1890s, Lip Pike's health began to decline due to heart disease, likely worsened by the physical demands of his long career and the stresses of his subsequent business ventures. Pike died suddenly on October 10, 1893, at the age of 48 in his home from . His funeral was a significant event, drawing prominent members of Brooklyn's Jewish community and figures from the baseball world; the services were conducted by Rabbi Geismer of Temple Israel, with the Brooklyn Eagle noting a tribute to Pike's exemplary life. He was buried at Salem Fields Cemetery in Brooklyn, where his modest gravesite reflects the simpler circumstances of his later years. Following his death, Pike's family managed his affairs, with his brother Israel among those present.

Legacy

Honors and inductions

Pike received one vote in the inaugural Baseball Hall of Fame election held in 1936, recognizing his contributions as a pioneering slugger decades after his death. He was inducted into the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in 1985, located in Netanya, Israel, honoring his role as baseball's first prominent Jewish professional player. In 2016, Pike was enshrined in the New York State Baseball Hall of Fame as part of its Class of 2016, acknowledging his early career with New York-based teams like the Troy Haymakers. More recently, in 2024, he was inducted into the National Jewish Sports Hall of Fame, celebrating his enduring legacy as a trailblazing athlete. Historical recognitions include his selection as an outfielder on the all-star team for the 1870–1880 era, as compiled by Sporting Life publisher Francis Richter in 1911. The Society for American Baseball Research (SABR) has further highlighted Pike as the first professional Jewish player in baseball history, based on his paid contract with the Philadelphia Athletics in 1866. Among his statistical milestones, Pike is credited as the first player to hit multiple home runs in a single game, achieving this feat on July 16, 1866, against the Alert Club of Philadelphia, where he hit five home runs total. He led the National Association in home runs three times, in 1871, 1872, and 1873, establishing early benchmarks for power hitting that contributed to his posthumous honors. Known as the "Iron Batter" for his remarkable durability across multiple positions and seasons, Pike's major league career home run total of 21, which included setting the National Association career record. Advocacy continues, including a Change.org petition calling for his induction into the Baseball Hall of Fame, emphasizing his pioneering role.

Cultural and historical impact

Lip Pike holds a pioneering role as the first prominent Jewish athlete in , emerging in an era when permeated American society and sports were largely dominated by non-Jewish participants. Born to Dutch Jewish immigrants in 1845, Pike openly embraced his heritage while breaking barriers by becoming one of the earliest paid players in 1866, a revelation that challenged the amateur ideals of the game and exposed widespread covert professionalism. His success as a slugger and manager, including leading the National Association in home runs for its first three seasons, positioned him as a trailblazer who defied prejudices associating with financial motives rather than athletic prowess, thereby instilling communal pride and paving the way for future Jewish stars like and . In the broader context of Jewish American assimilation, Pike symbolized the integration of immigrant families into mainstream culture through , bridging traditional religious life with emerging American pastimes. Just after his bar mitzvah in 1858, he joined an amateur team and quickly demonstrated prodigious talent, transitioning to professional play by age 21 and earning acclaim in Brooklyn's Jewish community. This trajectory highlighted baseball's role as a cultural conduit for second-generation immigrants, allowing Pike to honor his father's emphasis on and identity while achieving national fame, a narrative that underscores how early Jewish athletes navigated assimilation amid societal suspicions of disloyalty. His story, as depicted in Richard Michelson's children's book Lipman Pike: America's First Home Run King, illustrates this bridge, portraying Pike's rise from a haberdasher's son to a sports icon who enriched Jewish participation in American leisure. Pike's legacy endures as a symbol of early baseball's professionalization and power hitting, yet he remains underrepresented in general histories compared to non-Jewish contemporaries like or . Featured in scholarly works such as the (SABR) biography and modern articles, his contributions are often overshadowed, receiving just one vote in the 1936 Hall of Fame election despite eligibility for pre-integration ballots. A 2014 profile in Moment Magazine revived interest, emphasizing his overlooked role in fostering Jewish athletic pride, while a petition advocates for his induction, noting the absence of major tributes like stadiums or awards in his name. This gap reflects early 20th-century antisemitic undercurrents that may have diminished recognition of Jewish pioneers, contrasting with the fuller acclaim for their peers.

References

  1. https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/lip-pike/
  2. https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/p/pikeli01.shtml
  3. https://sabr.org/gamesproj/game/july-16-1866-lipman-pikes-home-run-record/
  4. https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=pike--001lip
  5. https://jewishsportshof.org/listings/lipman-lip-pike/
  6. https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2014-05-25/ty-article/.premium/1845-first-pro-baseball-player-born-in-ny/0000017f-e74a-dea7-adff-f7fbc1fc0000
  7. https://momentmag.com/remembering-lipman-pike/
  8. https://forward.com/news/436117/jewish-sports-baseball-lipman-pike/
  9. https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/israel-pike/
  10. https://myrtleavenue.org/123-vanderbilt-lip-pike/
  11. https://www.slj.com/review/lipman-pike-americas-first-home-run-king
  12. https://www.jewishbookcouncil.org/book/lipman-pike-americas-first-home-run-king
  13. https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/pike-lipman-emanuel
  14. https://www.baseball-reference.com/bullpen/Lip_Pike
  15. https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NA/1871-batting-leaders.shtml
  16. https://www.baseball-reference.com/leagues/NA/1875-batting-leaders.shtml
  17. https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/lip-pike
  18. https://www.newyorkalmanack.com/2025/04/baseball-history-troy-haymakers/
  19. https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/TRO/1871.shtml
  20. https://sabr.org/gamesproj/game/july-16-1866-lipman-pike-s-home-run-record
  21. https://www.baseball-reference.com/managers/pikeli01.shtml
  22. https://ghtbl.org/dark-blues
  23. https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/CIN/1877.shtml
  24. https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/the-hall-of-fame-case-for-lip-pike
  25. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/7567241/lip-pike
  26. https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Pike-4315
  27. https://www.jpost.com/jewish-world/jewish-features/lipman-pike-120-years-on-327073
  28. https://www.baseball-reference.com/awards/hof_1936.shtml
  29. https://www.nysbaseballhof.com/2016
  30. https://www.jewishpost.com/hp/20250127-national-jewish-sports-hall-of-fame.html
  31. https://www.change.org/p/induct-lipman-pike-into-the-baseball-hall-of-fame
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