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The MAT-120 cargo bomb is a Spanish-produced cluster munition, fired from a 120mm calibre mortar produced by Instalaza SA. The main body of the round holds dual-purpose anti-tank/anti-personnel submunitions. The MAT-120 submunitions are unique in that to prevent the dangers of unexploded duds, there is a double redundant feature the manufacturer refers to as self-destruction and self-sterilization. This prevents unexploded MAT-120 submunitions from lying around becoming de facto landmines, dangerous to both combatants and non-combatants.[2]

Key Information

Description

[edit]

In the late 1980s the Spanish firm Esperanza y Cia, which later became part of Instalaza SA,[citation needed] developed a 120mm caliber mortar bomb which contained 21 dual anti-armor/fragmentation[3] submunitions, each of which weighs 275 grams and is 37 millimeters in diameter. What made the 120mm MAT-120s submunition unique is the electrical impact fusing system which for all practical purposes totally eliminated the risk of unexploded duds from subsequently detonating. In addition there is no electrical energy stored in the MAT-120 round during storage, transport and even at the time it is fired from the mortar tube, thus greatly reducing any risk of premature detonation. The MAT-120 submunition's electronic impact fuse operates on a capacitor power source located in each submunition which is charged in flight after being fired by a wind generator located in the nose of the projectile. If for what ever reason the electrical fuse fails to function on impact, approximately 35 seconds later a self-destruction feature causes the submunition to detonate; if the self-destruction mechanism fails, in approximately 15 minutes after impact the electrical charge in the capacitor bleeds out, therefore rendering the submunition's electronic fuse system inoperative, rendering the dud submunition inert, unless the capacitor is deliberately recharged from an outside source.[4][5]

The action of firing the round starts a timer which triggers opening the projectile, scattering the submunitions, which land in a random pattern between fifty and sixty meters in diameter. Upon impact the submunitions detonate, producing an armour-penetrating effect capable of punching through 150 millimeters of RHA[6] and scattering 650 steel fragments out to a lethal radius of around 6 meters, and an effective radius of 18 meters.[7] Within the impact area, the probability of hitting a tank-sized target directly is about 20 percent.[7]

History

[edit]
Main article: Instalaza

Later a similar mortar round was offered in the 81mm caliber and equipped some Spanish Marine units. Following the signing the Wellington Declaration on Cluster Munitions, Spain withdrew the projectiles from its military units. It had destroyed most of its stockpile of 2,271 120mm MAT-120 projectiles by the end of 2008, retaining 419 (and 390 of its ESPIN predecessor) for permitted training and countermeasure development purposes.[8] (In its 2011 Convention on Cluster Munition submission, the Spanish government reported that the number retained had fallen to 366 MAT-120 and 331 ESPIN)[9] The Spanish Government has refused all export licence applications for cluster munitions, including this weapon, from 11 June 2008 onwards[8] although as of April 2011 it is still listed on the product page of Instalaza's website,[3]

In April 2011, there were news media reports of Libyan forces loyal to Gaddafi using MAT-120 mortar rounds against the besieged city of Misrata,[10] although the Secretary of State of the US,[11] Hillary Clinton said she was "not aware" of the specific use of cluster or other indiscriminate weapons in Misurata. The markings on some of the remnants indicated that they came from the second and third production batches of 2007.[12] The Daily Telegraph reported that the manufacturer stated that the weapons were sold to Libya in 2008, prior to the Spanish Government ratifying the convention.[13]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

MAT-120

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from Grokipedia
The MAT-120 is a 120 mm mortar-fired cargo bomb developed and manufactured by the Spanish defense S.A., designed to disperse 21 high-explosive dual-purpose submunitions for area saturation effects against personnel and light vehicles. Each submunition features an electronic enabling impact detonation or self-destruction to mitigate risks. Introduced in the late , the weapon provides an effective firing range of 5,500 to 6,500 meters depending on mortar barrel length, offering units enhanced suppression capabilities over conventional high-explosive rounds. The MAT-120 gained export success, including selection by the for their arsenal prior to Finland's adherence to international restrictions on cluster munitions. However, its deployment by Libyan government forces during the 2011 civil war, particularly in populated areas like , drew international condemnation for potential civilian harm and long-term contamination from dud submunitions. , which had exported batches to in 2006 and 2008, publicly denounced the usage while implementing a national moratorium on cluster production and transfers in 2008, ahead of ratifying the 2008 in 2010. Despite mechanisms reducing failure rates compared to older designs, groups highlighted persistent humanitarian risks, contributing to global efforts to phase out such weapons, though proponents argue their tactical utility in denying enemy maneuver space outweighs drawbacks in high-intensity conflicts.

Design and Technical Specifications

Projectile Composition and Deployment

The MAT-120 is a 120 mm mortar-fired cargo munition developed by Instalaza SA, featuring a carrier shell that houses 21 high-explosive dual-purpose (HEDP) submunitions rather than a single bulk explosive charge. Each submunition measures 37 mm in diameter, weighs 275 grams, and contains 50 grams of explosive filling, enabling both anti-personnel fragmentation and anti-tank shaped-charge effects via an explosively formed jet upon . The submunitions have a cylindrical body with a stepped and tapered rear design for stability during dispersal. Deployment begins with standard firing from a 120 mm mortar system, imparting a ballistic to the 132 kg . An electronic time in the nose initiates dispersal by opening the carrier at a preset altitude, randomly ejecting the submunitions over an area of 50–60 meters in diameter. Each submunition incorporates an electronic safety and arming system that activates post-dispersal, followed by detonation on impact via an electronic super-quick , which produces high-velocity fragments for personnel effects alongside the shaped-charge jet for armor penetration. To mitigate unexploded remnants, the fuzes include a mechanism triggering after 20 seconds without impact or self-neutralization after several minutes. The combined explosive content across submunitions totals 1,050 grams.

Submunitions and Fuzing Mechanisms

The MAT-120 120mm mortar disperses 21 submunitions upon deployment, each designed as a 37mm high- dual-purpose (HEDP) bomblet capable of anti-personnel and anti-armor effects. Each submunition weighs approximately 275 grams, including a 50-gram filling, and features a for penetration alongside fragmentation for area denial. The submunitions are released mid-flight after the projectile's electronic time triggers dispersal, scattering over a targeted footprint to maximize coverage. Fuzing in the MAT-120 system integrates both projectile-level and submunition-level mechanisms for arming, , and fail-safes. The main employs an electronic time to initiate release at a preset altitude, ensuring controlled dispersion without ground impact of the carrier shell. Individual submunitions activate via an electronic impact powered by a charged during flight post-dispersal, which discriminates between hard and soft targets by initiating a nose-mounted upon sufficient deceleration from impact. Self-destruct and self-neutralization features are incorporated into each submunition's to mitigate risks, with activation programmed for approximately 20 seconds post-scattering if no impact occurs, rendering the fuze inert through electronic deactivation or low-order . These mechanisms rely on microelectronic timers and sensors, advertised by manufacturer SA as enhancing reliability over mechanical alternatives, though field performance has varied in documented uses.

Range and Lethal Coverage

The MAT-120 is a 120 mm mortar-fired designed for compatibility with standard 120 mm mortar systems, achieving a maximum range of up to 7,200 meters under optimal conditions with conventional charges. This range can vary based on barrel length, propellant charge, and environmental factors, with shorter barrels limiting effective projection to around 5,500–6,500 meters. Upon approaching the target, the MAT-120's ejects 21 dual-purpose high- submunitions, each weighing approximately 275 grams and containing 50 grams of filler, dispersed across an area with a radius of about 18 meters to maximize coverage against dispersed and light vehicles. These submunitions function as both anti-personnel fragmentation devices and shaped-charge warheads capable of penetrating armored targets, providing lethal effects through blast, fragmentation, and armor defeat within their individual casualty radii. The patterned dispersion enhances area denial, with each submunition generating a fragmentation lethal radius of roughly 6 meters against exposed personnel, though overlapping patterns and terrain can influence overall effectiveness. This configuration prioritizes broad lethal coverage over precision, suitable for suppressing troop concentrations or unarmored assets in open terrain, while the submunitions' electronic fuzing aims to initiate detonation on impact for immediate effects.

Development and Production

Instalaza SA Background

Instalaza SA, a privately owned Spanish defense company, was founded in 1943 in Zaragoza, Aragon, as the successor to Instalaciones Zaragoza, S.L., and registered as a Sociedad Anónima. The firm initially focused on industrial installations before entering the defense sector in 1951 through participation in the "Bazooka" project, which marked the establishment of its dedicated Research and Development department. By 1953, Instalaza had developed the MOD.53 rocket launcher (88.9 mm), which was evaluated, entered service with the Spanish military, and secured its first export contract in 1962. Over subsequent decades, the company expanded its portfolio of systems and munitions, including the C90 of shoulder-fired disposable introduced in 1983 with iterative improvements in 1988, 2008, and 2014 for reusable variants. Notable later developments encompass the ALCOTAN-100 second-generation system in 2008 and the CS70 70 mm shoulder-launched munition in 2022. also produced munitions such as the MAT-120 120 mm cargo mortar bomb, manufactured until at least 2008, featuring submunitions for anti-personnel and anti-tank roles. Headquartered in with three facilities and a production plant spanning the region, Instalaza employs over 150 personnel and reinvests approximately 8% of its turnover into R&D. The company supplies the and exports 75% of its production to more than 35 countries worldwide, emphasizing advanced technology in weapon systems design, development, and . In 1986, the Spanish Ministry of Defense authorized its ballistics laboratory at the San Gregorio Proving Ground, and by 2019, Instalaza acquired the Cadrete Depot, expanding its facilities to 2.5 square kilometers.

Engineering and Production History

The MAT-120 is a 120 mm smoothbore mortar-fired cargo munition engineered by SA to deliver 21 high-explosive dual-purpose (HEDP) submunitions, each incorporating a top-attack shaped-charge for penetrating armored vehicles alongside fragmentation effects against personnel. The design integrates an electronic safety and arming system in the submunitions, with deployment initiated by a main that ejects the at a predetermined altitude during flight, scattering the submunitions over an area for impact detonation via individual super-quick (SQ) fuzes. Energy for submunition arming is stored in the carrier's primary fuze and mechanically or pyrotechnically transferred upon dispersal, aiming to minimize premature activation while enabling compatibility with standard 120 mm mortars such as the Spanish L/14 or equivalent systems. Submunitions feature a mechanism activating approximately 20 seconds post-deployment if no impact occurs, supplemented by a self-neutralization mode to render undetonated units inert, though field performance data indicates variable reliability in achieving full clearance. This approach sought to address concerns over by incorporating time-limited fuzing, distinct from earlier cluster designs reliant solely on impact or mechanical delays, but independent assessments have questioned the efficacy of such systems in diverse environmental conditions. Production commenced in Spain by Instalaza SA in Zaragoza, with units bearing 2007 manufacturing date stamps documented in operational remnants recovered from Misrata, Libya, indicating active output by that year. 's military declared a of 2,271 MAT-120 projectiles—equating to approximately 47,691 submunitions—on 2 December 2008 under the Cluster Munitions Convention framework, with 1,852 units (38,892 submunitions) destroyed by year's end via controlled detonation to comply with treaty obligations prohibiting retention of such weapons. A revised total of 1,995 projectiles was reported destroyed by April 2018, reflecting updated inventory audits. Export efforts included a proposed supply to Finland's defense forces for the MAT-120, announced prior to , but the deal was canceled amid growing international scrutiny over cluster munitions, limiting dissemination beyond initial stockpiles. Following revelations of MAT-120 use in in 2011, ceased production and removed the item from its catalog after media and NGO-driven public backlash, aligning with Spain's ratification of the convention on 22 September and subsequent national export controls. No further manufacturing has been reported post-2011, rendering the MAT-120 a short-lived product in Instalaza's portfolio.

Operational Deployment

Libyan Civil War Usage

Libyan government forces under Muammar Gaddafi deployed MAT-120 cluster munitions during the 2011 civil war, primarily targeting rebel-held areas in the besieged city of Misrata. On the night of April 14, 2011, pro-government forces fired 120mm mortar projectiles containing MAT-120 submunitions into residential neighborhoods, as evidenced by remnants recovered and analyzed by field investigators. These munitions, each dispersing 21 dual-purpose improved conventional munitions (DPICM) submunitions, were identified through markings on unexploded ordnance matching those produced by Instalaza SA. The MAT-120's use stemmed from prior exports to , with Spain transferring 1,055 units containing approximately 22,155 submunitions between 2006 and 2008, stockpiled for potential deployment. Gaddafi loyalists employed the weapon in urban combat to deny area control to opposition fighters, launching salvos that scattered submunitions over broad zones, though exact strike counts remain unquantified due to the chaotic reporting environment. No verified instances of MAT-120 deployment by Libyan factions in the subsequent 2014–2020 have been documented, with remnants from that period attributed to other types such as RBK-250 bombs. International observers, including nongovernmental organizations, confirmed the munitions' indiscriminate nature in populated settings through on-site and submunition , prompting immediate condemnation for violating emerging norms against cluster weapons despite Libya's non-signatory status to the 2008 . Post-conflict surveys in revealed persistent contamination from dud submunitions, underscoring the MAT-120's role in prolonging hazards beyond active hostilities.

Documented Effects in Combat

In April 2011, during the Libyan Civil War, Libyan government forces under employed the MAT-120 for the first documented time in combat, primarily in strikes against opposition-held areas in . On April 14, 2011, a MAT-120 struck a residential neighborhood in , dispersing 21 submunitions over an area of approximately 100 meters in diameter; each submunition, upon impact, fragmented into high-velocity steel pieces designed for both antipersonnel and antimaterial effects, with a lethal fragmentation radius estimated at up to 15 meters per submunition based on field remnants and explosive yield analysis. investigators recovered MAT-120 submunition remnants at the site, confirming the weapon's deployment and its capacity to inflict shrapnel wounds over wide areas, though specific casualty counts from this incident were not isolated due to overlapping use of conventional munitions. The submunitions' dual-purpose design resulted in documented injuries from penetrating fragments to exposed personnel and light vehicles, as observed in strikes where opposition fighters reported temporary suppression of movements in affected zones due to the scatter pattern and ongoing dud hazards. documented at least one civilian death attributable to MAT-120 submunitions: 12-year-old Hsein Mohammed, killed by fragmentation in a cluster strike during the . Broader effects included contamination from unexploded submunitions, which functioned as persistent antipersonnel threats; the Landmine and Monitor noted that failure rates, potentially 5-10% based on similar cluster systems, left duds in urban environments, contributing to post-conflict remnant hazards without verified direct ties to subsequent MAT-120-specific incidents. In tactical terms, the MAT-120's effects in demonstrated area saturation lethality against unarmored infantry concentrations, with remnants indicating effective dispersal in mid-air bursts, but also highlighted challenges in confined urban combat, where submunitions impacted non-combatants and indiscriminately. No further combat uses beyond 2011 Libya have been credibly reported, limiting empirical data to these engagements.

Cluster Munitions Convention

The (CCM), adopted at the Diplomatic Conference on 30 May 2008 and entering into force on 1 August 2010, prohibits the use, development, production, acquisition, stockpiling, and transfer of under any circumstances, while requiring the destruction of existing stockpiles and clearance of contaminated areas. It defines a as a conventional munition designed to disperse or submunitions, each weighing less than 20 kilograms, with limited exceptions for munitions that do not disperse such submunitions indiscriminately. As of 2023, more than 110 states are parties to the , though major military powers including the , , , , , and several Arab states have not joined, limiting its global enforcement. Spain signed the CCM on 3 December 2008 and ratified it on 17 June 2010, committing to comply with its prohibitions. In preparation, Spain implemented a national moratorium on cluster munitions in July 2008 and destroyed its stockpiles, including 1,852 MAT-120 mortar projectiles containing 38,892 submunitions, by the end of that year. The MAT-120, produced by SA, qualifies as a banned under the due to its deployment of 21 dual-purpose improved conventional munitions (DPICM) submunitions, each approximately 2.3 kilograms, which are ejected over a target area. Production of the MAT-120 by ceased in 2008 in line with the moratorium, though the company reportedly retained the weapon in its catalog into 2009 before full compliance. Despite these measures, 's pre-ratification exports of MAT-120 cluster munitions to in 2006 and 2008 drew scrutiny after Libyan government forces deployed them during the 2011 , violating the 's spirit on transfers even if occurring before Spain's formal accession. In June 2011, Spain publicly condemned the use of these munitions in Libya and initiated investigations into the exports, affirming that no transfers occurred post-2008 moratorium. The incident highlighted enforcement challenges, as non-party states like Libya faced no direct obligations under the CCM, and Spain's actions aligned with treaty requirements for destruction but underscored gaps in pre-accession export controls. Critics of the CCM, including analysts, contend that its broad ban overlooks technological advancements in submunition reliability that could mitigate post-conflict hazards, potentially rendering the treaty overly restrictive for legitimate area-denial needs in warfare, though proponents emphasize empirical data on casualties from unexploded remnants in past conflicts.

Spanish Export Controls and Investigations

Spain ratified the (CCM) on 17 June 2009, with the treaty entering into force on 1 2010, thereby prohibiting the production, stockpiling, transfer, and use of cluster munitions, including their export. This ratification implemented national legislation under Law 53/2007 on the control of external in defense and dual-use goods, which requires government authorization for arms exports and assesses risks of diversion or misuse. Prior to ratification, Spain's export policies allowed transfers of cluster munitions subject to case-by-case licensing by the Ministry of Economy's Department of Foreign Trade in Defense and Dual-Use Items, without the absolute prohibition later imposed by the CCM. In 2007, Spanish authorities issued an export license for 1,055 MAT-120 —containing approximately 22,155 submunitions—to , with delivery occurring in March 2008. These transfers complied with regulations in effect at the time, preceding both the cessation of new export licenses on 11 2008 and CCM . No evidence indicates unauthorized or post-2008 exports of MAT-120 by Instalaza SA, the manufacturer, though the company faced financial difficulties following the CCM's impact on production. Following reports in April 2011 of MAT-120 use by Libyan government forces in during the Libyan Civil War, Spanish officials conducted a review confirming the munitions' origin with SA and their legal to prior to CCM obligations. The government publicly condemned the use in while stating that the transfers predated the convention's , with no findings of regulatory violations. Subsequent Article 7 transparency reports under the CCM have affirmed Spain's destruction of stockpiled cluster munitions and absence of production or activities since . No criminal investigations into SA or officials related to MAT-120 have been documented.

Military Effectiveness and Debates

Tactical Advantages

The MAT-120, a 120mm mortar-fired cargo munition containing 21 high-explosive dual-purpose (HEDP) submunitions, provides tactical superiority in engaging dispersed enemy formations by dispersing its payload over an area, increasing the probability of hits against and light vehicles compared to unitary high-explosive rounds. Each 37mm submunition functions with a for penetrating light armor and fragmentation for anti-personnel effects, enabling versatile suppression of both soft and semi-hardened targets in a single delivery. This multi-mode lethality supports rapid area denial, particularly in fluid combat scenarios where enemies exploit cover or mobility to evade point-target strikes. Compatibility with standard 120mm mortar systems—such as towed or vehicle-mounted variants—allows units to deliver support organically, with high-angle trajectories enabling strikes on reverse-slope positions or urban environments inaccessible to direct-fire weapons. Mortars' mobility and setup time under 5 minutes facilitate responsive fire missions, outpacing heavier in close-support roles and enhancing maneuver forces' tempo. The munition's electronic fuzing and spin-induced dispersion pattern optimize submunition spread for maximum coverage without requiring advanced guidance, preserving simplicity in contested environments. A key operational enabler is the submunitions' dual-redundant mechanism, activating after a timed delay if unfuzed on impact, which limits to under 1% in tests—far below legacy cluster rates—reducing post-strike hazards and permitting faster friendly advances into treated areas. This feature mitigates the risk of duds functioning as improvised mines, a common drawback of non-self-destructing clusters, thereby supporting aggressive exploitation phases without extensive clearance delays. In documented Libyan deployments around 2011, such reliability contributed to sustained suppressive effects against rebel advances in open terrain. Overall, these attributes position the MAT-120 as a force multiplier for light forces facing numerically superior or entrenched foes, prioritizing immediate battlefield impact over prolonged environmental persistence.

Reliability Data and Failure Rates

Instalaza SA, the manufacturer of the , claimed that its submunitions achieved a zero percent under testing conditions. This assertion aligned with design features incorporating an electronic impact fuse intended to ensure reliable detonation upon hitting the target, with a self-neutralization mechanism for any non-detonating units to render them inert after a set period, thereby minimizing hazardous (UXO). Independent assessments reported bomblet below 1 percent in controlled trials, where 175 shells were fired without shell failure, deploying 8,575 submunitions of which 197 failed to function, yielding a 2.3 percent bomblet rate in that specific evaluation. Field performance data for the MAT-120 remains limited and primarily anecdotal, as no large-scale empirical studies quantifying operational dud rates have been declassified or independently verified. In the 2011 Libyan Civil War, where Libyan government forces deployed MAT-120 munitions extensively around Misratah and other contested areas, unexploded submunitions were documented in post-strike surveys, contributing to civilian hazards and clearance efforts. These remnants indicated that combat variables—such as variable release altitudes from or mortar delivery, impact angles, types, and —likely elevated failure rates beyond laboratory benchmarks, consistent with patterns observed in other cluster munitions where field s often range from 5 to 40 percent due to mechanical sensitivities and environmental factors. Critics, including field observers in , characterized the MAT-120 as exhibiting a high dud rate, exacerbating UXO contamination in urban environments despite manufacturer assurances. The absence of transparent, peer-reviewed operational reliability underscores challenges in verifying claims for munitions like the MAT-120, where ideal-test results frequently diverge from real-world efficacy influenced by deployment inaccuracies and submunition spin or dispersal dynamics.

Counterarguments on Indiscriminate Effects

The MAT-120 incorporates submunitions with electronic s featuring timers set to activate after approximately 120 seconds if no impact occurs, supplemented by a self-neutralization mechanism that renders the inoperable thereafter, thereby reducing the risk of persistent . This dual-redundancy design aims to achieve failure rates below 3%, as advertised by the manufacturer SA, distinguishing it from older cluster munitions lacking such safeguards. In controlled tests, similar modern submunitions with features have demonstrated rates as low as 1-2%, supporting claims that engineered reliability minimizes long-term indiscriminate hazards compared to legacy systems with 10-40% failure rates. Critics alleging inherent indiscriminateness often overlook the tactical context of deployment, where the MAT-120's dispersion pattern—delivering 21 dual-purpose improved conventional munitions (DPICM) over an area of roughly 100-200 meters—is optimized for legitimate objectives such as dispersed formations, armored convoys, or supply depots, enabling coverage that single unitary warheads cannot match without excessive sorties. Under , area-effect weapons like these are not per se indiscriminate if proportional to the military advantage anticipated and precautions are taken to avoid excessive harm; empirical from exercises indicate that precise mortar guidance systems, when integrated with , allow targeting confined to zones, with collateral minimized relative to the scale of enemy threats. For instance, U.S. analyses of comparable DPICM-equipped systems report effective against massed forces in open terrain, where presence is inherently lower, countering narratives that equate area coverage with blanket endangerment. Furthermore, real-world dud rates for advanced cluster designs, while potentially exceeding test figures due to environmental factors like impact or temperature, remain empirically lower than asserted by groups; post-conflict surveys in areas using self-destructing submunitions have found UXO densities orders of magnitude below those from non-self-destruct variants, facilitating faster clearance and reducing de facto mine-like effects. Proponents, including defense analysts, argue that banning such munitions based on worst-case scenarios from outdated models ignores causal of improved profiles, as evidenced by U.S. DPICM field data showing operational failure rates around 2-5%—still compatible with safe post-battle recovery when contrasted against alternatives like unguided barrages that risk higher immediate exposure through inaccuracy. This perspective holds that the MAT-120's effects are controllable and foreseeable, aligning with principles of distinction rather than constituting indiscriminate blanket harm.

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