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The MPATGM or man portable anti-tank guided missile,[8] is an Indian third generation fire-and-forget anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) derived from India's Nag ATGM. It is being developed by the Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO).[1][9][10]

Key Information

Design

[edit]

The MPATGM is a low weight, long cylindrical missile with two groups of four radial fins, larger ones at the middle, and smaller ones at the tail.[10] It is fitted with one high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) shaped charge warhead.[9] The missile has a length of about 130 cm and a diameter of about 12 cm with a collapsible tripod, and launch tube of aluminum and carbon fiber to reduce weight.[1][11] It has a weight of 14.5 kg, with its command launch unit (CLU) weighing 14.25 kg which combines a laser designator with digital all-weather sight.[1] Minimum range is 200 to 300 m; maximum range is 4 km.[12]

The MPATGM is equipped with an advanced dual-mode imaging infrared homing (IIR) sensor with integrated avionics for day and night operations.[13][14] With both direct and top attack capabilities, the missile fires in lock-on before launch mode.[15][16] It reportedly shares many similarities with ATGMs such as America's FGM-148 Javelin[17] and Israel's Spike.[18]

Development

[edit]

DRDO started work on a man-portable version of the Nag missile in 2015.[19] The Ministry of Defence (MoD) sanctioned the official development of the MPATGM on 27 January 2015 with probable completion date around 26 July 2018 at a cost of ₹73.46 crore.[20]

On 20 December 2017, India cancelled a major deal for acquiring the Israeli Spike (ATGM) in favour of the DRDO MPATGM, after deciding that no technology transfer was needed to develop the MPATGM.[17] However, India reauthorized the deal in January 2018 during a visit of Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu to India.[21] This deal was cancelled again in June 2019 after DRDO promised to deliver the MPATGM by 2021.[22] However, the Indian Army bought a limited number of Spike (ATGM) to cater for their immediate needs until the MPATGM is ready for induction.[18] MPATGM user trials were planned to be complete by 2020 but were postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[23] On induction, the MPATGM will replace second generation MILAN and 9M113 Konkurs ATGMs with the infantry, parachute, and special forces.

In collaboration with Bharat Dynamics, defense startup Tonbo Imaging is developing an uncooled lightweight infrared seeker that does not require a cryogenic compressor. The seeker has integrated real-time target identification and edge AI image processing to assist the missile in orienting itself toward the most vulnerable area of a target.[24]

Production facility

[edit]

The MPATGM will be manufactured by Bharat Dynamics at a facility located in Bhanoor, Telangana. This facility was inaugurated on 29 September 2018.[9][25]

Testing

[edit]
  • Test 1 – On 15 September 2018, DRDO conducted the first trial of the MPATGM; it was successful. On 16 September 2018, this was followed by another successful trial.[8][15]
  • Test 2 – On 13 March 2019, DRDO successfully completed guided flight trials (GFTs) of the MPATGM at Rajasthan desert. It proved the top attack mode, at a range of 2,500 m. On 14 March 2019, another successful test occurred.[26][27]
  • Test 3 – On 11 September 2019, the missile was tested again. A man portable tripod launcher was used in the test. The target of the test was a dummy tank, which was hit via top-attack.[28]
  • Test 4 – After a gap of one year due to COVID-19 lockdown in India, on 21 July 2021, DRDO successfully flight tested the MPATGM on a target mimicking a tank, using a thermal sight to prove the minimum range using direct attack at 200–300 meters. The test was to validate missile in-flight stability and deployment of guidance mechanism within short distance. With this test, the MPATGM development project is now nearer completion. During this test, the missile used a newly developed light-weight state of the art miniaturized version of the IIR seeker.[20][29]
  • Test 5 – On 11 January 2022, DRDO successfully flight tested MPATGM in final deliverable configuration. The test was to prove consistent performance at minimum range. It already completed a similar successful test for maximum range. The missile used a miniaturized IIR seeker with advanced avionics for on-board control and guidance. The system is now ready to enter serial production.[30] In this test, the Indian Army's demand that the missile be effective and accurate at 200–300 m, was demonstrated for the second time.[12][31] This matched the minimum range performance of ATGMs such as Spike-LR with effective minimum range of 200 m.[32][33]
  • Test 6 – In 2023, flights trials of MPATGM were conducted for a range of 2.5 km at National Open Air Range (NOAR), Kurnool.[34]
  • Test 7 – At the Pokhran Test Range, DRDO successfully completed a number of field evaluation tests on 13 April 2024. The MPATGM missile, the launcher unit, the target acquisition system, and the fire control unit were all part of the test system. Trials for both tandem warhead penetration and warhead flight were conducted in the presence of a user team. This test will now lead to 'Final User Evaluation Trials' and eventual induction into the Indian Army.[35][36]
  • Test 8 – The warhead flight trials have been successfully conducted on 13 August 2024 at Pokhran Field Firing Range. The joint Indian Army-DRDO team assessed the performance using a range of flight configurations and operating factors. The efficiency in defeating contemporary armor-protection has been demonstrated by successful penetration trials of tandem warhead system.[37][38]
[edit]
  • Maiden test flight.
    Maiden test flight.
  • Top-attack ability and tripod launcher validation test.
    Top-attack ability and tripod launcher validation test.
  • Final deliverable configuration test.
  • Calibration test for target at minimum range.

See also

[edit]
Related development
Missiles of comparable role and configuration

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

MPATGM

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from Grokipedia
The Man-Portable Anti-Tank Guided Missile (MPATGM) is a third-generation, fire-and-forget anti-tank guided missile developed by India's Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) as a lightweight, infantry-carried weapon system to enhance close-range armored threat neutralization. Derived from the Nag missile family, it employs an imaging infrared seeker for autonomous target acquisition and all-weather guidance, with a soft-launch mechanism from a disposable canister to minimize back-blast hazards. The system weighs approximately 15 kg for the missile itself, with a command launch unit adding about 14 kg, enabling a single soldier to carry and operate it via a tripod or shoulder-fired configuration. Development of the MPATGM was sanctioned by the in January 2015, aiming to provide the with a man-portable alternative to heavier vehicle-launched ATGMs, with a focus on top-attack capability against modern armored vehicles. Key specifications include a length of 1,340 mm, diameter of 120 mm, and a maximum effective range of 2.5 km, supported by advanced for day-night operations and penetration of reactive armor. Successful developmental trials culminated in , demonstrating precision hits on moving targets, leading to the completion of technology validation and readiness for final user evaluation trials by the . This indigenous effort, produced in collaboration with , addresses operational gaps in portable anti-tank firepower while reducing reliance on imported systems.

Development

Origins and Program Initiation

The Man-Portable Anti-Tank Guided Missile (MPATGM) program was initiated by India's Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) to address the Indian Army's requirement for an indigenous, third-generation anti-tank weapon system suitable for infantry use against modern armored vehicles. Existing imported systems, such as the second-generation Milan and Konkurs missiles, relied on manual guidance and lacked capabilities like fire-and-forget operation and top-attack trajectories needed to penetrate tanks fitted with explosive reactive armor. The MPATGM was conceived as a lightweight solution, with a total system weight under 15 kg, enabling shoulder or tripod launch while incorporating advanced imaging infrared guidance for all-weather effectiveness. Formal development began after the sanctioned the project on 27 2015, allocating approximately ₹73 for design, prototyping, and initial testing, with a targeted completion by 26 July 2018. This approval followed preliminary explorations by DRDO since around , which drew from challenges in miniaturizing the Nag ATGM into a man-portable variant but evolved into a standalone system emphasizing reduced size, enhanced seeker technology, and a range of up to 2.5 km. The initiative prioritized , integrating partners like Kalyani Strategic Systems for components to accelerate progress beyond prior DRDO-led ATGM efforts. The program's origins reflected broader strategic imperatives in the mid-2010s, including border tensions necessitating rapid anti-armor upgrades and India's shift toward domestic defense production to mitigate vulnerabilities. By focusing on a with tandem design, MPATGM sought to equip forward-deployed troops with a survivable weapon that minimized exposure during launch, contrasting with line-of-sight guided predecessors.

Key Milestones and Technological Advancements

![Maiden test flight.](./assets/Indigenously_developed_Man_Portable_Anti-Tank_Guided_Missile_MPATGMMPATGM The MPATGM project was sanctioned to the (DRDO) on 27 January 2015, initiating the design and development of a third-generation system. The first developmental flight trial occurred on 15 September 2018 at the Field Firing Range in , validating the missile's basic flight characteristics and guidance. A second guided flight test followed on 13 March 2019, confirming the imaging infrared seeker's performance in engaging armored targets. Subsequent trials advanced the system's maturity, including a flight test of the final deliverable configuration on 11 January 2022, which demonstrated consistent performance across multiple parameters such as minimum and maximum ranges. Developmental trials in April 2024 at the range verified day/night and top-attack capabilities, marking the completion of technology demonstrations. Warhead flight trials on 13 April 2024 confirmed tandem warhead penetration against explosive reactive armor. DRDO-Indian trials in August 2024 and a third series in August 2025 further validated operational effectiveness in desert conditions. Technological advancements in the MPATGM include a miniaturized mid-wave imaging seeker enabling operation with lock-on before launch, supporting both direct and top-attack modes for engaging modern armored threats. The system integrates advanced for onboard guidance and a dual-mode seeker configuration, enhancing all-weather, day/night versatility without reliance on external illumination. Its lightweight design, with a weight under 15 kg and portable launcher, addresses man-portability requirements while delivering a high-velocity tandem for armor defeat. These features represent indigenous progress in seeker and propulsion, reducing dependence on imported systems.

Design and Technical Specifications

System Architecture and Components

The weapon system consists of the contained in a launch tube (LT), forming the weapon round; a command launch unit (CLU) integrated with a thermal sight; and a for stable firing configuration. This enables man-portable operation, with the total system weight allowing deployment by or personnel. The design emphasizes , facilitating transport, setup, and firing in under 30 seconds from a disposable or reusable configuration. The missile itself measures 1,340 mm in length and 120 mm in , with a weight of approximately 14.5 to 15 kg. It employs a soft-launch mechanism, where an initial ejection motor propels it clear of the tube before the dual-thrust solid rocket motor ignites for sustained flight, achieving a maximum range of 2,500 meters and flight time of 17 seconds. The launch tube serves as a protective canister, discarded after use in disposable variants. The CLU incorporates the fire control unit and system, featuring day/night thermal imaging for seeker lock-on prior to launch. This unit interfaces with the , which provides elevation and traverse adjustments for precise aiming, supporting both shoulder-fired and ground-launched modes. Integration of these components ensures autonomy post-launch, with the system's overall portability limited to two-person carry for extended operations.

Guidance, Propulsion, and Warhead Features

The MPATGM utilizes an imaging infrared (IIR) seeker for precision guidance, supporting operation with integrated for onboard control. This passive homing system tracks targets via infrared emissions, enabling day/night engagement and top-attack profiles to exploit vulnerabilities in vehicle upper armor. Dual-mode seeker functionality enhances adaptability, allowing operation in varied environmental conditions without reliance on external illumination or laser designation. Propulsion employs a dual-thrust solid rocket motor paired with a canister-based ejection motor for initial , permitting firing from enclosed or confined spaces without back-blast hazards exceeding the operator's position. The system incorporates thrust vector control via jet vane thrusters to adjust post-ejection, achieving a maximum range of 2.5 km and flight duration up to 17 seconds. This configuration ensures stable while maintaining the missile's compact, man-portable form factor. The features a high anti-tank () configuration, engineered to penetrate contemporary armored vehicles including those equipped with reactive armor. Designed for tandem penetration effects, it delivers focused energy to defeat thick composite and spaced armor plating, with trials validating performance against simulated modern threats.

Testing and Validation

Developmental and Warhead Trials

The initial developmental trials of the MPATGM were conducted on 15 and 16 September 2018 at the test range in , validating the missile's flight performance across varying ranges up to its maximum capability of 2.5 km. These tests confirmed stable flight, guidance accuracy, and overall system integration in the man-portable configuration, with all mission parameters achieved successfully. Further developmental trials, incorporating the full weapon system envelope, were carried out from 13 April 2024 at the Field Firing Range in by DRDO and the . These encompassed warhead flight trials, demonstrating precise top-attack capability, day-night operation, and reliable performance under diverse environmental conditions as per General Staff Qualitative Requirements. Warhead-specific penetration trials of the tandem warhead system were completed during these 2024 evaluations, proving its effectiveness in defeating modern armor-protected main battle tanks through detonation. The trials highlighted the warhead's ability to penetrate reactive armor and underlying composite protection, with consistent results across multiple firings from man-portable and . Following these successes, the MPATGM system advanced to readiness for user trials, affirming its operational maturity. On January 11, 2026, the Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL) in Hyderabad conducted a successful flight test of the third-generation fire-and-forget MPATGM at the KK Ranges in Ahilya Nagar, Maharashtra, demonstrating top-attack capability against a moving target. The indigenously developed missile features an Imaging Infrared homing seeker, tandem warhead, all-electric control actuation system, fire control system, propulsion system, and high-performance sighting system, enabling day-night operation and defeat of modern main battle tanks. It was launched from tripod or military vehicle configurations. Raksha Mantri Rajnath Singh complimented DRDO, partners, and industry, while DRDO Chairman Dr. Samir V. Kamat stated that the test paves the way for induction into the Indian Army.

Field and User Trials

![MPATGM launched in final deliverable configuration][float-right] The , in collaboration with the (DRDO), conducted successful field trials of the Man-Portable (MPATGM) weapon system at the Field Firing Range in on April 13, 2024. These trials evaluated the missile's performance across multiple flight configurations, confirming its ability to engage targets at minimum and maximum ranges with top-attack capability. The tests were performed in the presence of army user representatives, assessing both missile guidance and warhead effectiveness under operational conditions. Penetration trials of the MPATGM's tandem warhead system demonstrated its capacity to defeat modern armour-protected targets, meeting the specified defeat criteria. The system, comprising an uncooled imaging infrared seeker, integrated , and a man-portable launcher, achieved consistent hits on simulated armored vehicles, validating its day-night and all-weather operability. Overall performance aligned with requirements for a lightweight, shoulder-fired anti-tank solution with a range exceeding 2.5 kilometers. These field evaluations represent a critical phase prior to full user trials, which had been delayed from initial 2020 targets due to the but are now progressing toward final validation and potential induction. Successful outcomes have cleared the path for enhanced operational testing, focusing on integration with units and live-fire scenarios under varied environmental conditions.

Production and Operational Integration

Manufacturing and Facilities

The Man-Portable (MPATGM) is manufactured by (BDL), a under India's responsible for missile production. BDL's facility in Bhanur, , serves as the primary production site for the MPATGM system, including integration of the missile, launcher, and associated components. This plant was established specifically to support third-generation programs, with inauguration occurring on September 29, 2018, to enable serial production pending final user trials. Components such as the insensitive booster for the MPATGM's propulsion system are developed and produced by Economic Explosives Limited (EEL), a subsidiary of Solar Industries India Limited, under a technology transfer from the . Warhead assembly and certain may involve additional DRDO laboratories and private sector partners like Kalyani Strategic Systems, though BDL handles final system integration and quality assurance. As of April 2025, DRDO confirmed that MPATGM production is imminent following successful developmental trials, with BDL geared to commence bulk manufacturing upon clearance, targeting infantry and requirements. The Bhanur facility's capacity supports an annual output aligned with projected orders, emphasizing indigenous supply chains to reduce import dependency, though full-scale induction remains contingent on ongoing field evaluations.

Induction Status and Deployment Plans

The MPATGM weapon system completed developmental trials in April 2024, with successful warhead flight tests conducted at the Field Firing Range in , demonstrating consistent missile performance, guidance accuracy, and warhead effectiveness against armored targets. These trials validated the system's top-attack capability and tandem warhead penetration, clearing the path for final user evaluation trials by the , the concluding phase before formal induction. As of mid-2025, however, induction remains pending, with no confirmed timeline for production or operational deployment, amid ongoing evaluations. Deployment plans envision the MPATGM equipping infantry battalions and parachute units, providing a lightweight, anti-tank solution for short-range engagements up to 2.5 km, particularly suited for mountainous and urban terrains along borders with and . The system is intended to phase out second-generation wire-guided missiles like the Milan-2T, enhancing mobility and lethality against modern armored threats without reliance on vehicle-mounted launchers. Potential could reach tens of thousands of rounds to meet operational needs, supporting India's self-reliance goals under the initiative, though persistent developmental delays have prompted parallel emergency acquisitions of foreign systems such as the US ATGM. DRDO officials have indicated that production could commence soon following user trials, with manufacturing led by public sector undertakings to ensure scalability and cost-effectiveness compared to imported alternatives. Critics, including defense analysts, highlight that MPATGM's non-operational status as of early 2025—despite trial successes—reflects broader challenges in DRDO timelines, potentially limiting its immediate role in bolstering frontline anti-tank inventories amid regional tensions. The Indian Army's Requests for Information for additional ATGMs in October 2024 underscore a hedging , prioritizing proven systems while awaiting MPATGM validation.

Strategic Comparisons and Alternatives

Role in Indian Defense Doctrine

The MPATGM enhances the Indian Army's and ' ability to counter armored threats at short ranges of up to 2.5 km, enabling dismounted troops to engage and defeat modern main battle tanks (MBTs) with its imaging infrared seeker and tandem warhead designed for top-attack profiles. This capability aligns with the Army's operational requirements for lightweight, man-portable systems that allow soldiers to neutralize enemy armor without requiring vehicle-mounted launchers, thereby supporting doctrines emphasizing infantry mobility and rapid anti-tank response in high-threat environments. In the broader context of India's defense strategy, which prioritizes addressing mechanized incursions along contested borders, the MPATGM addresses vulnerabilities in legacy systems like the Konkurs by providing indigenous third-generation precision, reducing exposure of launchers to counterfire through its soft-launch mechanism and day-night-all-weather operation. Its integration supports the doctrinal shift toward offensive-defensive postures capable of handling two-front contingencies, where sections equipped with such systems can disrupt armored advances in plains or semi-urban terrains without relying on heavier or air support. The system's development underscores India's emphasis on self-reliance () in critical munitions, aiming to phase out import dependencies for anti-tank guided missiles and ensure logistical sustainability in extended conflicts, with planned inductions of approximately 2,330 units to bolster frontline units by the mid-2020s. This aligns with procurement strategies that favor domestic alternatives where technically viable, though evaluations continue for complementary foreign systems like the to diversify capabilities amid ongoing border tensions.

Benchmarks Against Foreign ATGMs

The MPATGM, as a third-generation , shares core operational parameters with the American and Israeli Spike-MR, including a maximum range of 2.5 km, imaging infrared (IIR) seeker guidance for day/night top-attack profiles, and tandem (HEAT) warheads designed to defeat reactive armor on modern main battle tanks. Unlike the Russian , which relies on semi-automatic command to line-of-sight (SACLOS) beam-riding guidance requiring continuous operator exposure, the MPATGM enables lock-on before launch and autonomous terminal homing, reducing vulnerability in contested environments. Key distinctions emerge in portability and lethality. The MPATGM weighs 14.5 kg, with its command launch unit (CLU) adding 14.25 kg for a total disposable mass of approximately 28.75 kg, rendering it less agile for dismounted operations compared to the Javelin's 11.8 kg and 22.3 kg overall . The Spike-MR in canister is lighter at around 13-14 kg, though its full man-portable configuration approaches similar totals when including the reusable CLU. In contrast, the Kornet's 27 kg (29 kg with tube) matches the MPATGM's heft but offers superior range (up to 5.5 km) and reported penetration of 1,000-1,200 mm rolled homogeneous armor (RHA) equivalent after reactive armor (), exceeding estimates for the MPATGM's warhead, which has demonstrated capability against simulated modern armor in trials but lacks publicly detailed quantitative metrics beyond meeting requirements for at least 800 mm post- defeat.
ParameterMPATGMFGM-148 JavelinSpike-MR9M133 Kornet
Missile Weight14.5 kg11.8 kg13-14 kg (in canister)27 kg
System Weight~28.75 kg (incl. CLU)22.3 kg~25-26 kg (est. incl. CLU)29 kg (with tube)
Range0.2-2.5 km2-2.5 km0.25-2.5 km0.1-5.5 km
GuidanceFire-and-forget IIRFire-and-forget IIRFire-and-forget IIR/EOSACLOS beam-riding
WarheadTandem HEAT (top-attack)Tandem HEAT (top-attack)Tandem HEATTandem HEAT (1200 mm RHA)
The MPATGM's soft-launch mechanism from a tube-launched canister mitigates backblast hazards akin to the , enhancing confined-space usability over the Kornet's more pronounced recoil profile. However, its greater mass has prompted DRDO considerations for a lighter variant under 15 kg total to better compete with imported systems, amid evaluations favoring Javelin's proven combat record in for rapid deployment despite MPATGM's successful 2024 field trials. The Kornet, while potent against heavy armor, lags in autonomy, exposing operators to counterfire in peer conflicts where systems like the MPATGM provide tactical against mechanized threats.

Challenges and Debates

Development Hurdles and Technical Criticisms

The development of the MPATGM encountered significant technical hurdles, particularly in achieving a compact imaging infrared (IIR) seeker capable of supporting a 2.5 km range within a 12 cm diameter missile body, which posed challenges for optical module configuration and in a man-portable system. Early trials in 2017 and 2018 demonstrated basic functionality, but the expressed skepticism regarding the missile's maturity and reliability claims by DRDO, contributing to prolonged validation phases. A primary criticism centered on the system's weight exceeding man-portable thresholds, with the complete weapon system initially surpassing acceptable limits for deployment, prompting DRDO to pursue a redesign for a lighter variant as of early 2023. This issue delayed progression beyond developmental trials, as the missile's 14.5 kg launcher-missile configuration strained operator mobility compared to benchmarks like the US , which balances similar capabilities at around 22 kg total but with proven field ergonomics. Further hurdles included integration of the tandem warhead for defeating explosive reactive armor, requiring extensive penetration trials that extended into , alongside field evaluations exposing gaps in all-weather performance and top-attack precision under diverse conditions. Critics, including defense analysts, have noted that these delays—spanning over a decade from inception—stem from iterative fixes to guidance algorithms and seeker miniaturization, resulting in a non-operational status as of mid-2025 and raising questions about DRDO's ability to meet user timelines without compromising on range or lethality relative to foreign alternatives. The MPATGM's effective range, capped at approximately 2.5 km, has also drawn technical scrutiny for falling short of medium-range needs in contested terrains, potentially limiting its doctrinal utility against maneuvering armored threats.

Procurement Controversies and Self-Reliance Implications

The development delays in the MPATGM program, sanctioned by the in 2010, have prompted the to pursue emergency procurements of foreign anti-tank guided missiles, including 240 Israeli Spike missiles approved in April 2019 amid border tensions. These acquisitions occurred despite a 2018 cancellation of a larger Spike deal, attributed to insufficient and a policy shift favoring indigenous systems under the initiative. Critics, including defense analysts, argue that such imports reflect a perceived lack of confidence in DRDO's timelines, even as MPATGM trials demonstrated success in operational envelopes by April 2024. Further controversy arose in early 2025 when trials of the Israeli Spike and US systems reportedly failed in extreme Indian conditions, such as the and Ladakh's high-altitude terrain, while the indigenous MPATGM and Nag missiles met performance benchmarks in similar tests. This has fueled debates over the Army's procurement priorities, with accusations that persistent advocacy for foreign systems—despite these setbacks—undermines DRDO efforts and exposes strategic vulnerabilities to disruptions from geopolitically unstable suppliers. Proponents of imports cite immediate operational needs during conflicts like in 2017 and Galwan in 2020, where MPATGM was not yet available, but detractors highlight how repeated emergency buys, such as planned acquisitions confirmed in July 2025, contradict mandates. The MPATGM's role in India's agenda underscores a broader tension between rapid capability gaps and long-term technological independence, as its successful validation in 2024 trials positions it as a cost-effective, domestically producible alternative weighing 14.5 kg with capabilities. By prioritizing indigenous systems like MPATGM, aims to mitigate import dependencies that have historically led to scandals and delays, fostering local under guidelines. However, ongoing preferences for versatile foreign options like Spike's multi-range profile risk stalling MPATGM induction, potentially perpetuating a cycle of foreign reliance and hindering the goal of equipping forces with proven, homegrown weaponry. A October 2024 request for new-generation ATGMs, tailored to MPATGM specifications, signals potential resolution but requires swift user trials to avert further imports.

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  39. https://www.samdesindia.in/blog/man-portable-anti-tank-guided-missile-mpatgm-weapon-system-drdos-success-armys-strength/
  40. https://idrw.org/why-india-continues-to-pay-royalties-for-the-indigenously-produced-9m113-konkurs-atgm/
  41. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350131181_APPRAISAL_OF_INDIAN_MILITARY_MODERNIZATION_IMPLICATIONS_FOR_REGIONAL_STRATEGIC_STABILITY
  42. https://idrw.org/both-mpatgm-and-javelin-can-co-exist-in-the-indian-army-sources/
  43. https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/products/javelin.html
  44. https://www.army-guide.com/eng/product2722.html
  45. https://odin.tradoc.army.mil/WEG/Asset/9M133_Kornet_%28AT-14_Spriggan%29_Russian_Man-Portable_Anti-Tank_Guided_Missile_%28ATGM%29
  46. https://weaponsystems.net/system/88-FGM-148%2BJavelin/
  47. https://www.udcusa.com/9m133kornet
  48. https://alphadefense.in/index.php/2024/10/15/indian-army-new-generation-atgm-procurement/
  49. https://armyrecognition.com/news/army-news/2025/indias-emergency-buy-of-u-s-javelin-missiles-adds-armor-punch-and-co-production-ambition
  50. https://www.strategicfront.org/forums/threads/indian-missiles-and-munitions-discussion.75/page-22
  51. https://thediplomat.com/2019/04/indias-army-approves-emergency-purchase-of-240-israeli-anti-tank-guided-missiles/
  52. https://stratpost.com/make-india-minus-military-preparedness/
  53. https://idrw.org/indian-armys-atgm-procurement-under-fire-failed-trials-of-spike-and-javelin-spark-debate/
  54. https://defence.in/threads/why-indian-army-prioritizing-foreign-spike-and-javelin-atgms-despite-failed-field-trials-while-indigenous-mpatgm-and-nag-proved-worthy-repeatedly.13187/
  55. https://idrw.org/india-to-bolster-anti-tank-capabilities-with-us-made-javelin-missiles-confirms-defence-secretary/
  56. https://thediplomat.com/2019/09/indias-drdo-test-fires-new-man-portable-anti-tank-guided-missile-system/
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