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Naval Undersea Warfare Center
Naval Undersea Warfare Center
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The Naval Undersea Warfare Center (NUWC) is the United States Navy's full-spectrum research, development, test and evaluation, engineering and fleet support center for submarines, autonomous underwater systems, and offensive and defensive weapons systems associated with undersea warfare. It is one of the corporate laboratories of the Naval Sea Systems Command. NUWC is headquartered in Newport, Rhode Island and has two major subordinate activities: Division Newport and Division Keyport in Keyport, Washington. NUWC also controls the Fox Island facility and Gould Island. It employs more than 4,400 civilian and military personnel, with budgets over $1 billion.

The current entity is composed of many elements of Navy undersea research, particularly acoustics and acoustic systems with weapons research and development history dating to the 19th century. Two major laboratories, in Newport and New London composed the largest elements of what is now Division Newport. Those laboratories were themselves made up of consolidated older laboratories and facilities dating from World War I.

Early history

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Newport, Rhode Island

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C. 1900, picture of U.S. Torpedo Station on Goat Island
Sailors at the U.S. Torpedo Station in Newport ca. 1910-1926

In 1869, the U.S. Naval Torpedo Station was founded in Newport, Rhode Island on Goat Island, the site of Fort Wolcott which was built in 1702 and served as an Army fort from 1794 to 1835. During the 1890s, Charles Munroe and John Bernadou worked at Newport, patenting a formulation of nitrocellulose colloided with ether and alcohol which was used as smokeless powder for naval artillery through the two World Wars.[1] The Army adopted the Navy formulation in 1908 and began manufacture at Picatinny Arsenal.[2]

A factory was built in 1907 to manufacture steam torpedoes for the Navy. The torpedo factory became a major employer in the Newport area, as Rhode Island congressmen protected it from competition. The Torpedo Station designed the Mark VI magnetic influence fuze for torpedoes during the 1920s.[3] The Naval Torpedo Station researched and tested underwater weaponry through World Wars I and II, creating additional facilities on Rose Island, Fox Island, and Gould Island. In 1951, the station on Goat Island was reorganized:

For the next 15 years, it was the Underwater Ordnance Station, and then the Underwater Weapons Research and Engineering Station until 1970. That year, the Underwater Sound Laboratory from New London, Conn. was combined with the Newport facility to form the Naval Underwater Systems Center or NUSC. In 1992, the command was reorganized as the Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Newport.[4]

New London, Connecticut

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Pier area, Naval Experimental Station, New London circa 1918.

New London, Connecticut had been the site of World War I sound research since the establishment of the Naval Experimental Station there as a result of meetings between Navy and the Submarine Signal Company, manufacturer of submarine signals as navigation aids and active in underwater acoustics since establishment in 1901, the Western Electric Company and the General Electric Company. The companies, under naval supervision had established an acoustical research station at East Point, Nahant, Massachusetts. The Navy, under one of its officers involved in the corporate effort, established the Naval Experimental Station at Fort Trumbull where physicists and engineers, including scientists from nearby universities, worked under the direction of the Special Board on Antisubmarine Devices.[5]

Though that laboratory had closed with the end of that war the same criteria and some of the same people advising made New London the logical place to site the East Coast laboratory in response to the Chief, Bureau of Ships, now Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA), April 10, 1941 request to the National Defense Research Committee to establish both an East and West coast antisubmarine warfare research laboratory. On July 1, 1941 the New London laboratory's establishment got approval with management by Columbia University for a wide range of antisubmarine warfare work including, passive sonar, ocean acoustics and recording of underwater sounds for that work.[5]

In 1944 the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) directed reorganization of the Underwater Sound Laboratory at New London for peacetime operation consolidating the Harvard Underwater Sound Laboratory, which had focused on physics of underwater sound, surface ship sonar and weapons systems, in Cambridge, Massachusetts with the New London laboratory. After recruiting scientists from both efforts the new Navy Underwater Sound Laboratory was established on March 1, 1945.[5]

Significant accomplishments during World War II included the development of greatly improved surface ship and submarine sonar systems, acoustic homing torpedoes, sonobuoys, and acoustic mines. This work contributed greatly to the success against U-boats in the Battle of the Atlantic and the near-total destruction of the Imperial Japanese Navy and merchant fleets in the Pacific War.[6]

Predecessor organizations

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Naval Underwater Systems Center (NUSC) lineage chart showing predecessor organizations.
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In July 1945 the Harvard facility's equipment and many of its personnel were moved to the new Navy Underwater Sound Laboratory, New London. NRL oversaw NUSL until turning over direction to the Bureau of Ships. Navy laboratories were reorganized in 1966 under Director of Naval Laboratories, Naval Material Command, to consolidate expertise and decrease competition among laboratories.[5]

The Bermuda Research Detachment, Tudor Hill Laboratory after formation of Naval Underwater Systems Center in 1970, and its Argus Island offshore tower and support/research vessel Erline were field detachments of NUSL.[5][7] The laboratory was unique in that it was the only one in the Atlantic to be located adjacent to and have access to an operational Naval Facility of the Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS).[5]

Research intensified during the Cold War, which was as much a technology race with the Soviets as it was an arms race. The Sound Lab's efforts were key to the further development of both submarine and anti-submarine warfare.

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On July 1, 1970 the Naval Material Command independent laboratories, Navy Underwater Sound Laboratory at New London and the Naval Underwater Weapons Research and Engineering Station (NUWS) at Newport, were administratively combined to form the Naval Underwater Systems Center (NUSC) with headquarters in Newport.

The Bermuda Research Detachment, formed by NUSL in 1961, became the NUSC Tudor Hill Laboratory, a major field detachment on formation of NUSC in 1970. In July the next year the Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center (AUTEC) located in the Tongue of the ocean with the main facility on Andros Island, Bahamas, with a logistics component located at the Palm Beach International Airport became a detachment of NUSC. Among the smaller facilities and detachments were the underwater ranges at Narragansett Bay and Rhode Island Sound, field activities at Seneca Lake Facility, New York, Dodge Pond at Niantic, Connecticut, the Central Test and Evaluation Activity (CTEA), Fort Lauderdale, Florida.[5][7]

NUSC was the lead laboratory in partnership with eight North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) nations to for the instrumented Azores Fixed Acoustic Range (AFAR) in the Azores based on Santa Maria Island. The range features three bottom fixed towers 124 ft (37.8 m) high by 43 ft (13.1 m) across set approximately in an equalateral triangle. Two towers are receive only and one is transmit and receive. The principle studies are in acoustic propagation, reverberations and ambient noise.[5]

Much of the work involved sonar suites for both submarines and surface vessels; however, other work ranged from improved periscopes, computing, combat control systems, and communications. Illustrating the wide variety of work are some examples:[5]

  • NUSC continued work begun by its NUSL predecessor on Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) radio commendations with submarines proving communication with Seawolf in 1963. That system went operational with first use on an attack submarine with Batfish in 1976 and for ballistic missile submarines with Simon Bolivar two years later.
  • NUSC became the responsible for design of the MARK 113 fire control systems for Polaris/Poseidon ballistic missile submarines after its design proposal for the MARK 113 MOD 9 Conversion Program was chosen over that of the Naval Ordnance Laboratory. System development had begun at Newport in 1968 and continued after the formation of NUSC with successful introduction and selection of NUSC for oversight in 1971.
  • Beginning in 1970 NUSC began work for the Naval Electronics Systems Command (NAVELEX) on tactical towed arrays for use by faster surface ships. That work led to NAVELEX sponsorship of research and development of towed surveillance arrays to augment the fixed bottom SOSUS arrays. That work, in cooperation with the NAVELEX Naval Undersea Center (consolidated with Naval Electronics Laboratory Center in 1977 to become Naval Ocean Systems Center (NOSC)), San Diego, to develop what became the Surveillance Towed Array Sensor System.[5]

On 2 January 1992 a major consolidation of Navy laboratories resulted in NUSC becoming a part of the Naval Undersea Warfare Center.[5]

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In 1992 Naval Undersea Warfare Engineering Station (NUWES) at Keyport, Washington, became Naval Undersea Warfare Center (NUWC), Division Keyport. The station originated with realization that the only torpedo facility was on the Atlantic coast as the Navy increasingly began operating in the Pacific following the Spanish–American War. The Pacific Coast Torpedo Station was established on Puget Sound in 1914. In 1930 the name was changed to Naval Torpedo Station Keyport and in 1978 to Naval Undersea Warfare Engineering Station.[8][9]

Keyport focused on torpedoes and other undersea weapons and in later decades undersea vehicles. Aside from the ranges at Keyport the station operated ranges in California and Hawthorne, Nevada and Hawaii.[8][10]

Other elements

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In the early 1940s a need for calibration and testing of sonar transducers was met by establishing the Underwater Sound Reference Laboratory (USRL). It was headquartered in New York with two field stations. One was at Orlando, Florida and the other was at Mountain Lakes, New Jersey. All activities were transferred to Orlando after the war under the Office of Naval Research. In 1966 the organization was renamed the Underwater Sound Reference Detachment (USRD) until its closure in 1997. The functions were transferred to Naval Undersea Warfare Center Division Newport, Underwater Sound Reference Division.[11]

The Orlando lab was built on the archeological site of Fort Gatlin on the shore of Lake Gem Mary because the sinkhole-formed lake is very deep.[12] The Orlando lab closed in 1997 due to the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) with all its functions moving to Newport. The Leesburg, Florida deep-water facility at Bugg Spring, established in 1965, remained open.[11] The Orlando building was turned over to civil administration thereafter.[citation needed]

See also

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References

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Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Naval Undersea Warfare Center

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The Naval Undersea Warfare Center (NUWC) is the United States Navy's full-spectrum research, development, test and evaluation (RDT&E), engineering, analysis, assessment, and fleet support center dedicated to submarines, autonomous underwater systems, and offensive and defensive undersea warfare weapons systems. Established on January 2, 1992, as a shore command within the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA), NUWC consolidated expertise from predecessor organizations to steward existing and emerging undersea technologies, ensuring the Navy's undersea superiority through conceptualization, development, fielding, modernization, and maintenance. It operates as a trusted partner to the Navy, Joint Force, and national requirements, collaborating with industry, Department of Defense laboratories, and academia to deliver innovative, cost-effective technical solutions. NUWC comprises two primary divisions: Division Newport, headquartered in Newport, Rhode Island, and Division Keyport, located in Keyport, Washington. Division Newport focuses on advancing undersea warfare capabilities through RDT&E of sensors, torpedoes, defensive systems, cybersecurity, and related technologies, with additional detachments in locations such as West Palm Beach, Florida; Andros Island, Bahamas; and remote test sites including Seneca Lake, New York. It employs a workforce of civilian and military personnel across world-class laboratories and test facilities, supporting the full lifecycle of undersea systems from fundamental research to fleet integration. Division Keyport emphasizes sustaining undersea warfare systems and vehicles by developing and applying advanced technical capabilities for testing, evaluation, fielding, and maintenance, operating over 2.3 million square feet of facilities and nearly 2,000 square nautical miles of undersea ranges. It also manages detachments across Washington, Southern California, Hawaii, Guam, Japan, Nevada, Pennsylvania, and Canada to provide global fleet support. The organization's historical roots trace back to the 19th century, with Division Newport originating from the Naval Torpedo Station established in 1869 on Goat Island in Newport to test and develop and components. This site evolved through , producing over 18,000 , and marked its 150th anniversary in 2019. Division Keyport's heritage began with the Naval Torpedo Station Keyport in 1914, initially comprising a single building for torpedo testing and recovery, which expanded by 1919 to include Marine security, divers, and a workforce. Today, NUWC continues to drive undersea innovation, exemplified by initiatives like the 2025 BlueTIDE event that connected the center with technology companies for advanced solutions.

Overview

Mission and Role

The Naval Undersea Warfare Center (NUWC) serves as the United States Navy's primary full-spectrum research, development, test and evaluation (RDT&E), engineering, analysis, assessment, and in-service fleet support center for submarine warfare and undersea battlespace systems. This encompasses a comprehensive lifecycle approach to undersea technologies, from fundamental research and system conceptualization to operational fielding, modernization, and sustainment. As the Navy's dedicated undersea warfare expertise hub, NUWC delivers technical solutions that integrate advanced engineering with real-world testing to address evolving threats in the undersea domain. NUWC's core role is to maintain and enhance undersea superiority by stewarding technologies critical to , autonomous underwater systems, offensive and defensive undersea weapons, and associated assets. It acts as the Naval Sea Systems Command's (NAVSEA) technical authority for undersea warfare, providing cost-effective innovations that support fleet readiness and strategic deterrence. Through its two divisions—, and Keyport, Washington—NUWC ensures seamless integration of RDT&E with in-service , enabling rapid adaptation to operational needs across global undersea environments. Aligned under NAVSEA as one of six warfare centers, NUWC employs over 4,000 civilian and , including more than 2,400 engineers and , to execute its mandate. The organization operates on an annual budget exceeding $1 billion, funded primarily through reimbursable projects that align with priorities for undersea dominance.

Establishment and Governance

The Naval Undersea Warfare Center (NUWC) was officially established on January 2, 1992, as part of the Naval Sea Systems Command's (NAVSEA) comprehensive reorganization of its warfare centers, which consolidated fragmented undersea warfare research, development, testing, and evaluation efforts into a unified Echelon III command under NAVSEA. This restructuring aimed to streamline operations and enhance support for naval undersea systems by merging predecessor entities such as the Naval Underwater Systems Center and the Naval Undersea Warfare Engineering Station. NUWC's governance is led by a from the Senior Executive Service, who serves as the principal advisor and oversees technical direction, supported by a for operational alignment. The center reports directly to the NAVSEA Commander and is integrated into a broader Warfare Center , comprising flag officers and executive directors from NUWC and the (NSWC), to ensure coordinated strategic decision-making. In 2003, NUWC and NSWC adopted a shared national business model, operating as an integrated entity to foster collaboration with customers, standardize work assignment processes, and drive efficiencies through shared best practices and resource optimization. As of November 2025, NUWC's divisions maintain dedicated leadership structures, with each headed by a —typically a U.S. —to manage site-specific execution under the overarching . For instance, Capt. Kevin J. Behm serves as of the Newport Division, while Capt. Brandon Monaghan leads the Keyport Division; the Newport Division's is Marie E. Bussiere.

History

Origins in Newport

The Naval Torpedo Station was established in 1869 on Goat Island in Newport Harbor, Rhode Island, under the direction of Admiral , who served as the assistant to the Secretary of the Navy and advocated for a dedicated facility to advance naval ordnance capabilities. This site became the U.S. Navy's first experimental station focused on the development, testing, and production of es, mines, and explosives, marking the inception of organized undersea warfare research in the United States. Porter's initiative addressed the Navy's need for indigenous expertise in underwater weaponry following the Civil War, with initial operations emphasizing officer training in torpedo tactics and hands-on experimentation with and systems. Early innovations at the station laid foundational advancements in technology. In 1871, engineers tested the Fish , the first self-propelled developed domestically, powered by and propelled by a single , though it faced challenges with hull integrity and was not adopted for production. By the late , the station pioneered the Howell , the U.S. Navy's inaugural production-model self-propelled weapon, featuring a flywheel-driven engine that achieved a range of 400 yards at 25 knots with a 100-pound guncotton . Complementing these efforts, the facility became a leader in guncotton production, refining this high explosive for reliable filling and establishing scalable manufacturing processes essential for naval armaments. During , the station underwent significant expansion to meet wartime demands, producing over 1,000 torpedoes and training thousands of naval personnel in undersea warfare techniques. Employment peaked at 3,200 workers, including a notable contingent of women who contributed to assembly and support roles, reflecting the facility's rapid mobilization from a research outpost to a key production hub. In , the Newport site's contributions scaled dramatically, with the station manufacturing 18,000 —nearly double the output of any other single U.S. facility—and conducting proof-firing tests for 75,000 units on the adjacent Gould Island range to ensure operational reliability. Engineers also developed formulations to reduce torpedo trail visibility and magnetic influence fuzes for enhanced target detection, innovations that improved the effectiveness of undersea ordnance against enemy vessels.

Origins in New London

The Naval Experimental Station was established in mid-1917 at in , as a response to the German U-boat threat during , with a primary focus on anti-submarine acoustic research. Funded with $300,000 in October 1917 under the direction of , the station utilized an abandoned building at the historic fort to conduct experiments in underwater sound detection, including the invention of an early underwater sound detector by physicist Max Mason in July 1917. By November 1918, the facility had expanded to employ 700 personnel, including 32 scientists from the National Research Council, and collaborated with naval assets such as submarine chasers and destroyers to test acoustic devices for locating submerged threats. During , the station underwent significant expansion as the U.S. Navy reestablished and scaled up at to counter renewed dangers, serving as a central hub for surface ship and sonar development. Under management by Columbia University's Division of War Research starting in July 1941, the laboratory advanced key technologies, including passive detection systems, acoustic homing torpedoes like the Mark 24 (also known as FIDO), sonobuoys demonstrated in operational tests off New London in March 1942, and acoustic mines designed to trigger on ship-generated noise. These innovations, often in collaboration with Harvard University's underwater sound efforts, greatly enhanced Allied capabilities against Axis U-boats in the Atlantic. In the post-World War II era, the New London site shifted emphasis toward understanding underwater sound and improving detection technologies to address emerging submarine threats from Soviet naval forces. Research at the facility delved into acoustic , ambient noise modeling, and long-range effects in varied ocean environments, laying groundwork for advanced systems that tracked quiet, nuclear-powered across vast oceanic areas. This period marked a transition from wartime urgency to sustained scientific inquiry, with the site's acoustics work paralleling torpedo production advancements at the Newport Torpedo Station in . The New London installation at evolved from its modest WWI origins into a sprawling complex, the broader continuing to expand during the mid-20th century to support growing research and operational needs, with significant facility growth during the era.

Predecessor Organizations

The Navy Underwater Sound Laboratory (NUSL) was established on March 1, 1945, in , at , through the merger of wartime underwater acoustics research efforts conducted by and to counter German threats during . Operating until 1970, NUSL served as the U.S. Navy's primary center for development applicable to both surface ships and s, pioneering advancements in acoustic detection technologies, including early work on towed array sensors that enhanced submarine detection by trailing arrays behind vessels for improved signal stability and range. In 1970, NUSL merged with the Naval Underwater Weapons Research and Engineering Station in —itself a successor to the 1869 Naval Torpedo Station—to form the Naval Underwater Systems Center (NUSC), with headquarters in Newport and a major laboratory in New London. NUSC operated from 1970 to 1992, focusing on research, development, test, and evaluation of undersea warfare systems, including the development of (ELF) radio communications for submerged submarines, which enabled reliable long-range signaling through using very low-frequency waves. The center also advanced the Mark 113 , an integrated submarine weapon management platform that coordinated torpedoes like the Mk 48 with data for precise targeting. The Naval Undersea Warfare Engineering Station (NUWES) in Keyport, Washington, originated in 1914 as the Torpedo Station, established to handle torpedo repair, refurbishment, and testing on the West Coast, avoiding long shipments from the East Coast facility in Newport. By , it had expanded significantly, processing up to 100 torpedoes daily for the Pacific Fleet, and evolved into a hub for in-service engineering support, including maintenance, upgrades, and evaluation of underwater ordnance and systems. Renamed NUWES in 1978 to reflect its broadened undersea engineering role, the station contributed to the commissioning of the Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center (AUTEC) on Andros Island in 1967, providing engineering oversight and test support for this deep-water range used in and weapon evaluations. NUSC also oversaw specialized detachments, including the Bermuda Research Detachment, established in 1961 under NUSL for oceanographic and acoustic studies supporting projects like and , which investigated ocean propagation and environmental effects on underwater signals; it operated as the Tudor Hill Laboratory until closure in 1997. Similarly, the Orlando Detachment focused on simulation technologies for undersea warfare training and analysis, developing models for acoustic and tactical scenarios before its decommissioning in 1997 due to base realignment efforts.

Formation of NUWC

The Naval Undersea Warfare Center (NUWC) was established on January 2, 1992, as part of a broader consolidation of , development, test, and evaluation (RDT&E), engineering, and fleet support activities under the (NAVSEA). This formation merged the Naval Underwater Systems Center (NUSC), which encompassed facilities in , and , with the Naval Undersea Warfare Engineering Station (NUWES) in Keyport, Washington, creating a unified organization with two primary divisions: Newport and Keyport, headquartered at Newport. Rear Adm. William C. Carlson was appointed as the first commander, with Earle Messere serving as the initial technical director. In the wake of the Cold War's end, NUWC underwent significant post-1992 adjustments to align with reduced defense budgets and shifting priorities. Workforce and workload reductions began in 1991 amid the and subsequent Navy force structure drawdowns, leading to (BRAC) actions that streamlined operations. By 1997, this included the closure of the NUSC Orlando detachment on January 22 and the Bermuda Research Detachment (Tudor Hill Laboratory) later that year, with functions transferred primarily to the Newport Division; the New London detachment was also decommissioned by March 31, 1997. These changes reduced overhead while preserving core undersea warfare expertise./CHIPS/ArticleDetails.aspx?ID=13194) Further evolution occurred in 2003, when NUWC integrated operationally with the (NSWC) to enhance resource sharing, customer collaboration, and efficiency under a national business model. This alignment established the NAVSEA Warfare Centers , comprising executive directors from both centers, to oversee joint initiatives. In 2019, NUWC marked its 150th anniversary—tracing heritage to the 1869 founding of the Naval Torpedo Station—with commemorative events including a monument dedication attended by over 500 participants, highlighting sustained contributions to undersea superiority. Since then, NUWC has continued adapting to emerging threats, with an emphasis on autonomous systems such as unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) and advanced undersea vehicles (AUVs) to address modern operational challenges. Developments include bio-inspired designs, long-endurance gliders, and integration efforts showcased in exercises like the Advanced Naval Technology Exercise, extending into ongoing work through to operationalize these technologies for the fleet. In 2024, NUWC Division Newport achieved a milestone with a total funded program exceeding $2 billion, underscoring its economic impact and role in undersea . That year also saw the dedication of the $24.9 million Virginia Payload Tube Facility to support systems. In , NUWC unveiled the strategic vision "Mastery of the Seas at All Depths 2035," aiming to expand the undersea from to space through integrated technologies, and hosted the BlueTIDE event to connect with industry partners for advanced solutions.

Organization

Division Newport

The Naval Undersea Warfare Center Division Newport serves as the primary East Coast hub for undersea warfare research and development, headquartered in Newport, Rhode Island. This integration allows for specialized testing and analysis in support of broader undersea missions. The division employs approximately 3,600 federal civilian personnel, along with a small military contingent and contractors, totaling around 6,600 individuals dedicated to technical and support roles (as of 2023). Key detachments extend its operational reach, including sites in West Palm Beach, Florida, for systems integration and testing; Andros Island, Bahamas, home to the Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center (AUTEC) for at-sea trials; and others such as Seneca Lake, New York, for remote testing. These elements enable comprehensive fleet support across diverse environments. Organizationally, the division is structured around specialized codes and departments, such as the Ranges, Engineering and Analysis Department (Code 70), which oversees undersea range operations, calibration, and tools like the FORACS (Fleet Ocean Real-time Accuracy Check Sites) for verifying naval forces' and accuracies. Other departments focus on applied in technologies, development for autonomous underwater vehicles, and in-service engineering for fleet readiness. These units collectively drive , development, test, and evaluation (RDT&E) for and undersea engineering, including stewardship of integration and emerging acoustic systems.

Division Keyport

The Naval Undersea Warfare Center Division Keyport is headquartered on a site in Keyport, Washington. Established in 1914 as the Pacific Coast Torpedo Station, the division has since focused on in-service engineering, testing, and evaluation of undersea weapons systems, such as and naval mines, to support U.S. Navy fleet operations. Organizationally, the division comprises departments dedicated to the full lifecycle support of weapon systems, encompassing obsolescence management, integrated logistics support, refurbishment, and modernization efforts for undersea assets. It employs approximately 2,800 personnel (as of 2024), including engineers, scientists, technicians, and industrial specialists, across its main site and detachments in locations including Southern California, Hawaii, Guam, Japan, Nevada, Pennsylvania, and Canada. Key functions include enhancing fleet readiness via torpedo maintenance and repair, acoustic device testing in specialized facilities like pressure chambers and noise measurement systems, and operating the Naval Undersea Museum, which preserves artifacts related to undersea warfare history.

Facilities

Newport Division Facilities

The Naval Undersea Warfare Center (NUWC) Division Newport's primary facility is located on Goat Island in , which originated as the Naval Torpedo Station established in 1869 and has evolved into a central hub for research, development, test, and evaluation (RDT&E) activities focused on undersea warfare systems. This site encompasses over 160 acres and includes numerous laboratories and support structures dedicated to engineering and analysis for and undersea technologies. Key specialized facilities at the Goat Island site support precise testing of acoustic, hydrodynamic, and launch-related phenomena. The Acoustic Wind Tunnel, housed in Building 1302, enables low-noise and low-turbulence airflow simulations up to 120 mph to evaluate radiated noise from undersea vehicles and components, featuring the lowest ambient noise levels among similar U.S. facilities. The provides a controlled environment for isolation, allowing accurate of acoustic signatures without external reverberations or reflections. The Quiet Water Tunnel facilitates hydrodynamic studies by generating controlled flows to assess fluctuating pressures and flow-induced noise on submerged surfaces, with capabilities for high-precision measurements at various Reynolds numbers. Complementing these, the Launcher Laboratory simulates weapon ejection and payload deployment from tubes, including a 30-foot-high test structure for evaluating launch dynamics and structural integrity. Adjacent island ranges extend the division's testing infrastructure for live-fire evaluations. Fox Island and Gould Island, both in Narragansett Bay, serve as controlled sites for proof-testing torpedoes and mines, with Gould Island historically supporting over 75,000 torpedo firings during World War II and continuing to host ordnance validation today. Integration of former New London operations has further enhanced acoustic capabilities at Newport. In 1970, the Navy Underwater Sound Laboratory at Fort Trumbull, Connecticut—a key site for sonar development from 1945 onward—was merged with Newport's facilities, transferring acoustic measurement and simulation resources to the Rhode Island hub while the Fort Trumbull site was eventually vacated.

Keyport Division Facilities

The Naval Undersea Warfare Center (NUWC) Division Keyport is located on the in Keyport, Washington, where it has operated since its establishment in 1914 as the Pacific Coast Torpedo Station. The main site encompasses over 2.3 million square feet of specialized technical facilities, including torpedo overhaul shops and engineering laboratories that support maintenance, repair, and development of undersea systems. Historically, structures like Building 1 have served as key torpedo construction, storage, and repair facilities, undergoing renovations to modernize operations while preserving their role in weapon sustainment. Keyport's specialized facilities include undersea warfare test ranges, such as the adjacent Keyport Range Site and Northwest Range complexes, which are instrumented for acoustic measurements, monitoring, and to evaluate performance. Acoustic and evaluation capabilities feature indoor testing environments like the Weapons System Test Facility's sound-absorbing chamber, enabling controlled and assessments without open-water exposure. Additionally, storage and refurbishment hangars, including those in Building 1, provide secure spaces for inventory management and overhaul of fleet munitions. The Keyport Division manages several detachments that extend its sustainment capabilities globally. These include Detachment Pacific on , , supporting undersea and combat systems maintenance; Detachment San Diego in for weapon systems evaluation and fleet support; Site Hawthorne in for munitions storage; Site Guam for Pacific fleet readiness; and the Naval Sea Logistics Center in , handling logistics and supply chain management for undersea warfare equipment. Additional sites in and facilitate international collaborations and forward-deployed support. Support infrastructure at the site includes the U.S. Naval Undersea Museum, which opened in to collect, preserve, and display historical artifacts related to undersea warfare, technology, and diving operations. The museum, spanning over 20,000 square feet, serves as an educational repository with more than 39,000 items, enhancing public and naval understanding of undersea heritage. The Keyport Division handles in-service support for fleet weapons, ensuring readiness through test, evaluation, and maintenance activities. Following its redesignation as NUWC Division Keyport in 1992, the site expanded capabilities to encompass diversified undersea technologies, including detachments for mine storage and international collaborations.

Remote Test Sites

The Naval Undersea Warfare Center (NUWC) maintains a network of remote test sites to conduct specialized testing, evaluation, and calibration for undersea warfare systems in varied geographic and environmental conditions. These detached facilities, primarily aligned with NUWC Division Newport, extend operational capabilities beyond the primary bases, supporting acoustic, electromagnetic, and systems-level assessments essential for naval readiness. The Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center (AUTEC), located on Andros Island in , stands as one of NUWC's most critical remote assets. Commissioned in 1966, AUTEC features extensive underwater tracking ranges designed for testing, trials, and other undersea evaluations in a realistic ocean environment. AUTEC maintains a shore-based support headquarters in , for administrative, logistical, and operational coordination. As a detachment of NUWC Division Newport, it delivers instrumented operational areas that facilitate research, development, test, evaluation, and performance assessments for maritime warfare technologies. In the continental , the Seneca Lake Sonar Test Facility in functions as the Navy's premier active instrumented calibration and test site. Positioned in a deep freshwater lake that remains accessible year-round, it specializes in calibration, ambient noise analysis, and evaluation of acoustic equipment ranging from individual transducers to full arrays and systems. Operated by NUWC Division Newport, the facility ensures precise measurements in a controlled inland setting, minimizing external oceanic variables. Complementing Seneca Lake is the Dodge Pond Acoustic Measurement Facility in Niantic, Connecticut, which serves as the Navy's most advanced open-water acoustic test site. This coastal location supports detailed acoustic evaluations and measurements for undersea sensors and systems in a semi-enclosed marine environment. Like other acoustic-focused sites, it aids in validating performance metrics critical to and detection technologies. NUWC also operates additional U.S.-based remote sites, including the acoustic test facility at Fisher's Island, New York, and multiple Shipboard Electronic Systems Evaluation Facilities (SESEFs). The SESEFs, located in ; Mayport, ; , ; ; and Ediz Hook, Washington, focus on electromagnetic systems testing, real-time signal analysis, and evaluation of shipboard equipment for and Department of Defense applications. These sites enable fleet-level assessments and support operational readiness across coastal and Pacific regions. Internationally, NUWC extends its reach through SESEF detachments in Rota, Spain, and , Japan. The Rota facility, established in 2017 as the Navy's first permanent European SESEF, provides shipboard electronic systems evaluation and fleet support for U.S. and allied naval forces in the Mediterranean. The Yokosuka site similarly delivers evaluation services and real-time analysis to enhance undersea operations in the theater. Collectively, these remote test sites underpin NUWC's mission by enabling real-world validation of undersea systems, such as towed arrays and autonomous vehicles, in operational contexts that simulate diverse threats and environments.

Research and Development

Acoustic and Sonar Systems

The Naval Undersea Warfare Center (NUWC) has played a pivotal role in the evolution of systems for undersea detection and warfare, tracing its roots to World War II-era innovations by predecessor organizations such as the Navy Underwater Sound Laboratory. During WWII, these efforts contributed to the development of s, with the first successful air-launched sonobuoy occurring in July 1942 from a U.S. Army B-18 bomber, enabling aircraft to detect submerged submarines via acoustic signals relayed to surface receivers. By June 1943, the U.S. Navy had approved the expendable radio sonobuoy for widespread use in operations from aircraft and blimps, marking a significant advancement in passive acoustic sensing that enhanced convoy protection against U-boats. Post-war, NUWC's predecessors advanced to , with the U.S. Navy resuming development in the to counter quiet Soviet nuclear submarines; NUWC Division Newport later produced key systems like the TB-29 thin-line towed array, a passive sonar receiver for long-range detection. Modern NUWC work encompasses both active and passive sonar arrays, including hull-mounted, spherical, and towed configurations for submarines and surface ships, as well as acoustic transducers for precise signal generation and reception. NUWC's acoustic research emphasizes underwater sound propagation modeling to predict signal behavior in complex ocean environments, supporting anti-submarine warfare through tools like those developed by the former Naval Underwater Systems Center, which integrated ray-tracing and normal-mode methods for accurate transmission loss calculations. Efforts in noise reduction for stealth submarines involve undersea tactical stealth systems that minimize radiated acoustic signatures, enabling quieter operations against advanced adversaries; this includes structural acoustics and vibration control to reduce self-noise interference with onboard sonar. Additionally, NUWC has advanced acoustic homing technologies for torpedoes, building on WWII innovations like the Mark 24 (FIDO) acoustic homing torpedo introduced in 1943, with ongoing development of guidance systems that exploit target propeller noise for precision targeting in modern weapons programs. A key historical project was the integration of the Mark 113 fire control system by NUWC's predecessor at Newport in the 1960s, which digitized submarine combat systems for and ballistic missile submarines, enhancing acoustic data processing for weapon deployment. As of 2025, NUWC continues to innovate in advanced acoustic sensors designed to counter quiet adversaries, such as low-noise diesel-electric submarines, through enhanced towed arrays like the Surveillance Towed Array Sensor System (SURTASS) with low-frequency active capabilities for long-range detection in challenging acoustic environments. Current efforts integrate (AI) and into acoustic , improving detection, classification, and tracking of underwater threats by analyzing noisy data sets; for instance, NUWC researchers apply AI techniques to signals as alternatives to traditional statistical methods, boosting performance in real-time undersea warfare scenarios. These advancements, led by NUWC's Sensors and Sonar Systems Department, prioritize low size, weight, and power (SWaP) prototypes for integration into next-generation platforms.

Undersea Weaponry

The Naval Undersea Warfare Center (NUWC) has played a pivotal role in the evolution of undersea since the founding of the Naval Torpedo Station in Newport in 1869, initially focusing on production of early designs such as the Howell and Whitehead powered by and later mechanisms. Over the decades, NUWC advanced and guidance, transitioning from unguided variants to sophisticated acoustic homing systems that detect and track underwater targets via signals, and wire-guided configurations that enable real-time operator control through a thin fiber-optic or wire tether. The modern MK 48 heavyweight , introduced in the late as the 's primary submarine-launched anti-submarine and anti-surface weapon, exemplifies this progression; it incorporates digital processors for enhanced acoustic homing, wire guidance for precision maneuvers, and a range exceeding 30 nautical miles at speeds over 40 knots. NUWC Newport contributed to the MK 48's Advanced Capability (ADCAP) upgrades in the and beyond, improving guidance algorithms and effectiveness through rigorous testing and analysis. The MK 48 Mod 7 variant, achieved initial operational capability in 2006 via a joint program with the Royal Australian , features software-driven autonomy for complex undersea scenarios, with ongoing modernizations as of 2025 integrating containerized launchers for unmanned surface vehicles. In mine warfare, NUWC's efforts trace to World War II, when the Newport division urgently developed acoustic and magnetic influence mines to counter enemy , with these devices triggered by sound waves or distortions from passing vessels rather than direct contact. These early influence mines marked a shift from moored contact types to bottom- or seabed-laid variants that could be selectively activated, enhancing covert deployment in littoral zones. Contemporary advancements under NUWC focus on smart mines with autonomous deployment capabilities, incorporating programmable sensors for target discrimination and self-neutralization to minimize post-conflict hazards, though specific designs remain classified. Such mines emulate ship signatures acoustically and magnetically to sweep or detonate against threats, supporting integrated undersea denial strategies. NUWC has also pioneered fuze and technologies critical to undersea ordnance reliability. The , designed at the Newport Torpedo Station in the 1920s, detonates torpedoes by sensing perturbations in the near a target's hull, enabling under-keel explosions for maximum structural damage. This technology evolved to address premature detonations observed in early operations, where magnetic features were temporarily deactivated for reliability. Warhead advancements progressed beyond 19th-century guncotton fillers to modern insensitive high-explosive formulations like PBXN-109, which provide over 1,000 kg of equivalent TNT yield in the MK 48 while resisting accidental initiation from shocks or fires. These warheads prioritize operational safety and lethality, with NUWC testing formulations for undersea pressures up to 1,000 meters. In-service support for undersea weaponry is centered at NUWC Keyport, where the division conducts refurbishment of MK 48 and lighter MK 54 torpedoes, including disassembly, component upgrades, and recertification to extend amid fleet demands. Keyport's facilities handle intermediate for all U.S. torpedoes, incorporating data analytics to optimize production and reduce turnaround times, as demonstrated in pilot projects launched in 2022. As of November 2025, Keyport is developing AI-driven predictive modeling to improve obsolescence management capabilities for undersea systems . Live-fire testing occurs at dedicated sites like Gould Island in , historically vital for torpedo proofing and still used for warhead and validation, and the Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center (AUTEC) in , which supports open-ocean trials of MK 48 modernizations through 2025, including guidance accuracy against simulated threats. These efforts ensure fleet readiness, with Keyport processing hundreds of torpedoes annually to meet operational tempos.

Autonomous and Emerging Technologies

The Naval Undersea Warfare Center (NUWC) has advanced the development of unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) to enhance and mine countermeasures capabilities in contested undersea environments. At NUWC Division Newport, engineers have focused on integrating autonomous navigation, , and payload deployment for UUVs, enabling persistent operations without human intervention. For instance, the division tested the Saab AUV62-AT as a training target in July 2024 at the Jacksonville Shallow Water Training Range, demonstrating its utility in simulating threats for mine countermeasures exercises. These efforts build on legacy technologies for autonomous guidance, providing reliable detection in complex conditions. A cornerstone initiative is the Large Displacement Unmanned Undersea Vehicle (LDUUV) program, particularly the Snakehead prototype, where NUWC Division Newport serves as the Government Lead System Integrator. In 2022, the division conducted extensive testing at the Test Facility, achieving 155 in-water sorties, over 78 hours of runtime, and 190 hours of simulations using hardware- and software-in-the-loop methods to validate autonomous missions for intelligence preparation of the operational environment. The program restarted in 2024, emphasizing modular payloads for surveillance and extended endurance in high-threat areas. By December 2024, NUWC transitioned UUV torpedo tube launch and recovery (TTL&R) capabilities to the fleet, enabling Virginia-class to deploy and retrieve large UUVs operationally. These advancements support the fielding of extra-large UUVs, with plans to transition prototypes to the fleet in 2025 to expand undersea presence, as of late 2025. In emerging technologies, NUWC integrates (AI) to improve undersea battlespace awareness, with the vTwin virtualized AN/BYG-1 submarine combat control system providing AI-driven decision support equivalent to full hardware setups. Developed by Division Newport's Undersea Warfare Combat Systems Department, vTwin incorporates for and was fielded in 2020, with ongoing enhancements through 2025 for autonomous planning. In July 2024, the division hosted an ideation workshop using MORTON mission-planning software to explore human-machine teamwork, optimizing AI for real-time threat assessment in undersea operations. For counter-unmanned systems, NUWC Division Newport partnered with the in a 2022 demonstration of the Argus Expeditionary Maritime Defense System, which detected and responded to IVER-3 UUV threats at , achieving setup times of 4-8 hours and full interoperability within days. NUWC also advances stealth coatings and materials to reduce acoustic and signatures on UUVs, critical for covert . Division Newport's deep-sea test arrays, deployed at AUTEC in 2024 at depths of 50-900 meters, evaluated antifouling coatings for the SSN(X) program, minimizing drag and to enhance . These materials support reduced signatures in autonomous platforms, aligning with broader undersea signature management efforts. In hybrid manned-unmanned operations, NUWC collaborates through initiatives like the 2024 Helix Spear workshop with U.S. Pacific Fleet and Undersea Warfighting Development Center to develop concepts for integrating UUVs with manned submarines. During RIMPAC 2024, the division operated the Casper payload on unmanned surface vessels for real-time awareness, fostering seamless manned-unmanned teaming via partnerships with the Undersea Technology Innovation Consortium and allies. Exploratory research into hypersonic undersea applications, including coupled modeling for efficiency, continues under sponsorship, though full integration remains in early stages as of 2025. In September 2025, NUWC announced its "Mastery of the Seas at All Depths 2035" strategic vision, aiming to expand the undersea through digital modernization, AI integration, and collaboration with industry and allies to advance R&D in acoustic systems, undersea weaponry, and autonomous technologies.

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