Hubbry Logo
Population CouncilPopulation CouncilMain
Open search
Population Council
Community hub
Population Council
logo
8 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Population Council
Population Council
Population Council
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

The Population Council is an international, nonprofit, non-governmental organization. The Council conducts research in biomedicine, social science, and public health and helps build research capacities in developing countries.[1][2] One-third of its research relates to HIV and AIDS; while its other major program areas are still linked to its early foundation in reproductive health and its relation to poverty, youth, and gender.[3] For example, the Population Council strives to teach boys that they can be involved in contraceptive methods regardless of stereotypes that limit male responsibility in child bearing.[3] The organization held the license for Norplant contraceptive implant, and now holds the license for Mirena intrauterine system. The Population Council also publishes the journal Population and Development Review, which reports scientific research on the interrelationships between population and socioeconomic development. It also provides a forum for discussion on related issues of public policy and Studies in Family Planning, which focuses on public health, social science, and biomedical research involving sexual and reproductive health, fertility, and family planning.

Key Information

Organization

[edit]

Established in 1952 by John D. Rockefeller III, with important funding from the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, the Council is governed by an international board of trustees. After many years of evolving, the 2006 council board includes leaders in many different fields. These include: biomedicine, business, economic development, government, health, international finance, media studies, philanthropy, and social science.[citation needed]

Headquartered in New York City, the Population Council has 18 offices in Africa, Asia, and Latin America and does work in more than 60 countries. With an annual budget of around $74 million, it employs nearly 400 people from 33 countries with expertise in a wide array of scientific disciplines. Roughly 55 percent are based outside the United States.[citation needed]

John D. Rockefeller III convened distinguished scientists in Williamsburg, Virginia, under the auspices of the National Academy of Sciences, to begin the search for a better understanding of demographic trends. Shortly thereafter, in 1952, he established the Population Council as an independent, nonprofit organization. He served as the Council's first president.[4] Rockefeller eventually became non-executive chairman of the board, serving until his death in an auto accident in 1978.[5]

Population Council presidents following Rockefeller are: Frederick Osborn (1957–1959), Frank Notestein (1959–1968), Bernard Berelson (1968–1974), George Zeidenstein (1977–1992), Margaret Catley-Carlson (1993–1999), Linda Martin (2000–2004), Peter J. Donaldson (2005–2015), Julia Bunting (2015–2023),[6][7][8][9][10] interim co-Presidents Patricia C. Vaughan and James Sailer (2023-2024),[11] and Rana Hajjeh (2024-2025).[12] On May 15, 2025, Patricia C. Vaughan and James Sailer were appointed co-Presidents.[13]

Contraception

[edit]

The Population Council conducts biomedical research to develop contraceptives and social science research to better understand the factors influencing access to and decision-making around contraceptives.[14] Its research on reproductive and immunological processes serves, not only as the basis for the development of new contraceptive methods that reach out to both men and women, but also for new hormone therapies and AIDS-prevention products. The council is involved in a "collaboration with industry partner ProMed Pharma to develop innovative new vaginal rings that may make STI prevention more acceptable and effective for women."[15]

In the 1960s, the Council played a key role in documenting the large numbers of people in poor countries who lacked access to contraceptives and in conducting research to design and evaluate public family planning programs. This included bringing IUDs to India.[16] At this time, the Council's biomedical researchers worked to develop contraceptive methods, such as the intrauterine device. The council has found that fertility is "most sensitive to changes in the proportions married and prevalence of contraception." A country's ideas around reproduction out of wedlock, its accessibility, and the public's opinion of birth control are instrumental in the region's fertility.[17]

An array of contraceptives available around the world today were developed by the Population Council, including: the Copper T Intrauterine device, Norplant, Jadelle (Norplant II), Mirena, and, in 2018, a one year contraceptive vaginal system called Annovera was approved by the US FDA.[18] More than 50 million Copper T IUDs have been distributed in over 70 countries. Norplant was replaced by Jadelle, a two rod implant that provides contraception for five years.[citation needed]

The British medical journal Lancet said of the Population Council, "Most non-governmental organizations claim to promote change; the Population Council actually has hard evidence of having changed the lives and expectations of hundreds of millions of people."[19]

HIV prevention

[edit]

The Population Council provides programs all over the world that aim to address the prevention and treatment of HIV infection. These programs help to develop new technologies and distribute them to marginalized populations, as well as educate people about HIV through workshops and mentorship services. For example, Empowering Girls and Young Women at High Risk of HIV Infection: A Capacity Strengthening Project is a project with locations in 15 different African countries that reaches girls and young women who have the highest risk of HIV transmission and provides them with resources to prevent it.[20]

The Council is constantly conducting research to find high-risk populations and the most cost-effective ways to get them the treatment they lack. The Council partners in a project called Link Up that is based in Bangladesh, Burundi, Ethiopia, Myanmar, and Uganda, which focuses on the population of young people ages 10 to 24 who represent a large proportion of HIV infections.[21] The Council's research and involvement in this project helped to implement more effective strategies for improving the sexual and reproductive health of these populations.[citation needed]

Gender-based violence

[edit]

The Council helps to alleviate the harmful effects of sexual and gender-based violence by offering education to both men and women about domestic violence and provide programs to help victims. Programs like "Opening Opportunities" help to develop the social networks of girls who are most at risk of being involved in sexual or gender based violence, and also connects them with mentors to help them stay safe.[22]

Public health data

[edit]

The research that the Population Council conducts, and the publications it releases based on that research, contribute to the data that demographers and health officials require in order to promote public health. For instance, the Population Council was one of the first organizations to document statistics on HIV in Africa. The council also conducted the first study in India to assess the HIV risks that injecting drug users face.[23] Their persistent efforts help to provide information about and combat public health disparities.[citation needed]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Population Council

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The Population Council is an founded in 1952 by John D. Rockefeller 3rd to advance research, training, and policy on , , reproductive health, and associated development challenges. Headquartered in with operations spanning over 30 countries, primarily in , , and , the Council integrates biomedical innovation—such as developing long-acting contraceptives like implants and the dapivirine for prevention—with social science inquiries into poverty alleviation, gender dynamics, adolescent well-being, and economic productivity. Its empirical contributions include pioneering field-based demographic studies in developing regions, evidence generation for voluntary programs that have informed national policies, and multi-purpose technologies addressing sexually transmitted infections alongside contraception needs. While these efforts have demonstrably expanded access to reproductive technologies and in resource-constrained settings, the Council's origins in the post-World War II population stabilization movement—driven by fears of unchecked demographic expansion overwhelming food supplies and economic capacity—have sparked enduring critiques for fostering policies that prioritized fertility reduction targets, sometimes at odds with local cultural preferences or individual in high-fertility societies.

History

Founding and Early Objectives (1952–1960s)

The Population Council was incorporated in November 1952 in New York City by John D. Rockefeller III, following his sponsorship of the June 1952 Conference on Population Problems at Colonial Williamsburg, co-organized with the National Academy of Sciences. Its charter directed the organization to "stimulate, encourage, promote, conduct and support significant activities in the broad field of population," with trustees emphasizing worldwide scope and staff initiative in addressing demographic challenges. Rockefeller provided initial personal funding of $100,000, followed shortly by $1.25 million, supplemented by $1 million from his philanthropic resources in the first year and grants from the Ford Foundation totaling $600,000 during the 1950s. Early objectives focused on into global , prompted by the world's nearing 2.5 billion and accelerating growth due to falling death rates from advances in developing regions, which and associates viewed as risking and humanitarian crises if unchecked. The Council prioritized demographic studies, fertility analysis, and foundational work in and contraception, while explicitly tying these efforts to broader aims of elevating human welfare, as articulated that concerns mattered primarily "to improve the quality of people's lives" and enable individual potential. During the and into the , the organization launched fellowships for demographic training in developing countries and supported field studies, such as the 1953 Harvard investigation in examining links between population pressures and living standards. These initiatives underscored a commitment to data-driven approaches over prescriptive policies, navigating sensitivities around cultural, religious, and governmental roles in reproduction, though early leadership included figures like first president Frederick Osborn, known for advocacy in . By the mid-, the Council's work had laid groundwork for international technical assistance in reproductive health, influencing shifts in U.S. policy under administrations from Eisenhower to Johnson.

Expansion into Global Programs (1970s–1990s)

During the 1970s, the Population Council expanded its operations beyond research and policy advocacy in the United States to implement field-based programs in developing countries, focusing on integrating with maternal and child health services in rural areas. This included projects in , , the , and , where the Council tested models combining healthcare delivery with contraceptive promotion to address high rates amid limited . Concurrently, the Council formed the International Committee for Contraception Research to conduct multinational clinical trials on new devices, emphasizing safe and effective options for low-resource settings. A pivotal collaboration began in the 1970s with the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B) in , where the supported longitudinal studies and service expansions that demonstrated contraceptive prevalence rising from under 10% to over 40% by the late 1970s, contributing to fertility declines through community-based distribution. This work built on earlier evaluations of 's family planning efforts and underscored the 's growing role in operational research to inform national policies. In 1976, the U.S. approved the Copper T 200 (IUD), the first such approval sponsored by a nonprofit, enabling scalable distribution in global programs. Into the 1980s, regional operations research initiatives marked further institutionalization of international activities. The INOPAL program, launched in 1984 and running through 1998, provided technical assistance and evaluated delivery in , adapting strategies to local contexts like urban slums and indigenous communities. In 1988, the Africa Operations Research and Technical Assistance program commenced, targeting sub-Saharan countries to improve contraceptive access amid high maternal mortality, with early efforts in leveraging the Council's longstanding presence since the 1960s. Biomedical advancements supported these expansions, including the 1984 approval of the longer-lasting T 380A IUD (ParaGard), used in trials across and . The 1990s saw deepened infrastructure in key regions, with the opening of a Dhaka office in 1990 to sustain Bangladesh operations and the establishment of the African Population and Health Research Center in 1995, funded by the Rockefeller Foundation, to coordinate multi-country studies on reproductive health. Contraceptive innovations like the Norplant implant (approved 1990) and Jadelle two-rod implant (1996) were integrated into global trials, reaching millions in programs across 40 countries by decade's end. The Horizons program, initiated in 1997 with USAID funding, extended efforts to HIV prevention in high-prevalence areas, blending behavioral research with service delivery in Africa and Asia. These initiatives reflected a scaling of evidence-based interventions, with Council-led projects influencing national fertility reductions, such as a 20-30% drop in total fertility rates in partnered sites by the mid-1990s.

Shift to Broader Health and Development Focus (2000s–Present)

In the early 2000s, the Population Council expanded its programmatic scope to integrate HIV/AIDS prevention with reproductive health services, producing guidance documents for reproductive health providers on incorporating HIV counseling, testing, and prevention into family planning clinics. This reflected a response to the global HIV epidemic's intersection with sexual and reproductive health vulnerabilities, particularly in developing countries, where the organization supported biomedical and behavioral research to slow transmission rates. Concurrently, in 2000, the Council facilitated U.S. FDA approval for mifepristone (RU-486), enabling medical abortion as a reproductive health option and demonstrating continued innovation in contraception and abortion methods amid shifting regulatory landscapes. By the mid-2000s, efforts extended to adolescent and youth health, with initiatives aimed at improving the quality of for young people through engaging techniques like and community outreach in countries such as and . These programs addressed barriers to service access, including stigma and lack of tailored information on prevention and contraception, aligning with broader global priorities under the (2000–2015), which emphasized reducing maternal mortality, combating , and improving child health. The Council's work increasingly incorporated social science research on intersecting factors like and gender norms, though core activities remained anchored in demographic and reproductive health dynamics rather than direct economic development interventions. In the and beyond, the organization formalized a wider and development orientation through its 2023–2030 Strategic Plan, which outlines four interconnected goals: advancing rights, reducing and STI burdens, promoting adolescent well-being, and tackling inequalities via . This evolution built on earlier expansions, such as mother-to-child transmission prevention research, while maintaining a focus on building research capacities in low-resource settings. Despite these shifts, critiques from sources like InfluenceWatch highlight that the Council's foundational emphasis on stabilization persists, potentially influencing program priorities toward reduction over holistic development.

Organizational Structure

Mission, Governance, and Operations

The Population Council describes its mission as generating ideas, producing evidence, and designing solutions to improve the lives of underserved populations worldwide through a multidisciplinary and intergenerational approach. Its vision emphasizes an equitable and sustainable world that enhances health and well-being for current and future generations, with four core goals: ensuring sexual and reproductive health, rights, and choices; empowering adolescents and young people; achieving gender equality and equity; and pursuing justice amid climate and environmental changes. These objectives guide its strategic plan for 2023–2030, which prioritizes thought leadership in locally driven research, innovation in data tools and sexual/reproductive health products, evidence-based policy influence, and capacity-building for future scientists. Governance is overseen by a Board of Trustees comprising 20 members, chaired by Nyovani Madise, a researcher based in Lilongwe, Malawi, with Jonathan Shakes serving as vice chair. The board includes experts from academia, finance, health organizations, and philanthropy, such as Sharon Cameron from the University of Edinburgh and David Serwadda from Makerere University. Executive leadership features co-presidents Patricia C. Vaughan and James Sailer, who manage overall strategy and operations, supported by Tony Dutson as chief financial officer and vice president for corporate finance and administration. Country directors, such as Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab in Egypt and Dele Abegunde in Nigeria, handle regional implementation. Operations center on research and program delivery from headquarters in , with a global network of offices, affiliates, and partnerships extending to more than 30 countries across , , , and beyond. The organization conducts multidisciplinary work in , social sciences, and , focusing on evidence generation, product development (particularly contraceptives), and policy advocacy to address , reproductive health, prevention, and social norms. Activities include pioneering data tools, catalyzing investments, and building local research capacities, often in collaboration with governments and NGOs in underserved regions. Annual operations involve cohorts of researchers and program staff across functions, emphasizing scalable solutions for health and development challenges.

Leadership and Key Personnel

The Population Council's executive leadership is currently led by Co-Presidents Patricia C. Vaughan and James Sailer, who were appointed on May 15, 2025, following the resignation of President Rana Hajjeh. Vaughan, an attorney with prior internal roles including interim leadership, and Sailer, formerly the organization's General Counsel, jointly oversee strategic direction, operations, and global programs across biomedical, social science, and research. Hajjeh, a expert with experience at the and CDC, had assumed the presidency on September 3, 2024, but stepped down in April 2025 citing professional and personal reasons. Governance is provided by the Board of Trustees, chaired by Nyovani Madise, a Malawi-based researcher specializing in population and health metrics, with Jonathan Shakes serving as vice chair. The board, comprising experts in finance, diplomacy, and international development such as Elizabeth Abrams and retired Ambassador Erica Barks-Ruggles, sets policy and ensures alignment with the Council's mission on reproductive health, poverty, and HIV/AIDS. Key operational personnel include Tony Dutson, and Vice President for Corporate Finance & Administration, responsible for budgeting, administration, and resource allocation supporting the Council's $100+ million annual operations. In research and programs, senior leaders such as Nahla G. Abdel-Tawab, Senior Associate and Country Director, and Dele Abegunde, Country Director, direct field implementations in , contraception, and equity initiatives across 20+ countries. Historically, the presidency has been occupied by prominent demographers shaping the organization's focus, including Frederick Osborn (1952–1959), Frank W. Notestein (1959–1968), and Bernard Berelson (1968–1974), under founder 's initial board chairmanship. These early leaders emphasized empirical population studies amid post-World War II concerns over global growth rates.

Funding and Partnerships

The Population Council derives its funding from diverse sources, with the U.S. government providing the largest share. In 2023, total revenue amounted to $53,624,757, of which U.S. government contributed $23,220,625, representing approximately 43% of the total. Foundations, corporations, nongovernmental organizations, academic institutions, and individuals supplied $18,935,698, or about 35%, while other governments accounted for $4,554,657, royalties generated $4,769,635, multilateral organizations $1,958,949, and additional income $185,193. Prominent foundation donors include the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, , John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, and , which have awarded grants supporting research in reproductive health, , and related fields. The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), as a key channel for federal funding, has provided multimillion-dollar awards, such as a $1.8 million grant obligated for program implementation. Royalties stem primarily from in contraceptive technologies developed by the Council's biomedical division. The Council maintains extensive partnerships with multilateral organizations, including the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), World Health Organization (WHO), and the Global Partnership to End Violence Against Children, facilitating collaborative research and program delivery in over 50 countries. Bilateral and governmental collaborators encompass entities like Denmark's DANIDA, the UK's , and ministries in the and the , alongside NGOs such as and Pathfinder International, academic institutions including Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and , and corporations like . These alliances enable joint initiatives in , , and intervention scaling, with partners often co-funding or co-implementing projects aligned with the Council's focus on health and development outcomes.

Research and Program Areas

Population Dynamics and Demography

The Population Council's research in population dynamics and demography examines the components of population change—fertility, mortality, and migration—and their implications for social, economic, and environmental outcomes. This work includes analyzing how these factors influence population size, age structure, and spatial distribution, often integrating demographic data with broader development trends. For instance, studies have modeled historical demographic transitions, graphing birth and death rate declines in cases such as France, England and Wales, and Japan to illustrate shifts from high-fertility, high-mortality regimes to low-fertility, low-mortality patterns. A core tool in this domain is the Community Demographic Model (CDM), a modular system that generates projections consistent with Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs), simulating scenarios for population dynamics under varying climate and policy conditions. The CDM has been applied to assess impacts of population shifts on land use, energy consumption, and vulnerability to environmental risks, with implementations in contexts like New York City's climate planning. Complementary efforts include policy-relevant modeling to predict population size, movement, and demographic composition, emphasizing equitable integration of these projections into climate adaptation strategies. Through the Population and Development Review journal, established to advance empirical understanding of population-environment interactions, the Council disseminates analyses on topics such as age-structure momentum in —likened to capital dynamics—and the role of in determining growth trajectories. Recent publications address how demographic factors inform climate mitigation, including effects on and mortality under extreme events, underscoring the need for disaggregated data to capture subnational variations in population responses. This research prioritizes rigorous, data-driven projections over speculative narratives, contributing to global assessments of population composition amid reaching milestones like the world population of 8 billion in 2022.

Reproductive Health and Contraception Development

The Population Council has been a pioneer in contraceptive research and development since the early 1960s, when its scientists identified a lack of long-term options for women amid rising demand for effective family planning methods. This led to the creation of the Center for Biomedical Research (CBR), which conducts end-to-end product development from preclinical testing to regulatory approval and access strategies. The organization's efforts emphasize user-centered designs, such as long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs), to address unmet needs in sexual and reproductive health, particularly in low-resource settings. In 1970, the Population Council established the International Committee for Contraception Research (ICCR), an advisory board comprising global experts that guides the design and testing of new technologies. The ICCR has overseen the advancement of several landmark products, including the Norplant subdermal implant, a levonorgestrel-releasing system developed in the 1970s and first licensed in 1983 to Finland's Leiras Oy for production. Norplant, consisting of six silicone capsules providing contraception for up to five years, received U.S. FDA approval in 1990 and was used by millions worldwide before its discontinuation in the early 2000s due to insertion/removal challenges. Building on this, the Council introduced Jadelle (Norplant II) in the 1990s, a two-rod levonorgestrel implant offering three years of protection with simplified insertion, which remains available in over 50 countries. The Council's portfolio extends to intrauterine devices (IUDs) and other methods, including the Copper T380A IUD, a hormone-free option developed through collaborative trials and widely adopted for its 10-year efficacy. It also holds licensing rights for Mirena, a levonorgestrel-releasing IUD providing five to eight years of contraception and approved for reduction. Vaginal ring technologies, such as Annovera (a one-year reusable segesterone and ethinyl ring approved by the FDA in 2019) and DapiRing (progesterone-based for postpartum use), represent recent innovations aimed at self-administered, discreet options. Additionally, the Council sponsored clinical trials for (Mifeprex), a progesterone approved by the FDA in 2000 for up to 10 weeks gestation. Ongoing research through the CBR focuses on next-generation products, including male contraceptives, multipurpose prevention technologies combining contraception with HIV/STI prevention, and improved female methods like longer-duration implants. As of 2024, an estimated 170 million women globally use highly effective contraceptives either developed by the Council or based on its foundational research, contributing to reduced unintended pregnancies and maternal mortality in implementing regions. These developments prioritize efficacy, acceptability, and equity, with clinical data showing failure rates under 1% for LARCs like implants and IUDs in diverse populations.

HIV/AIDS Prevention and Treatment

The Population Council's HIV/AIDS program emphasizes biomedical and behavioral research to mitigate the epidemic's spread, with a particular focus on women and girls, who account for nearly 60% of new adult infections globally. Established as part of its broader reproductive health efforts, the program integrates prevention strategies such as microbicides and (PrEP) with implementation science to address barriers in high-burden regions like . Behavioral interventions target social factors, including stigma and norms, that exacerbate vulnerability among adolescent girls and young women. A cornerstone of the Council's prevention work involves microbicide development, initiated in the 1990s to provide women with discreet, female-initiated HIV protection methods. Early trials tested gel formulations, such as those using non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, demonstrating safety but limited efficacy in phase III studies conducted between 2004 and 2009. Building on this, the Council advanced long-acting options, including a monthly dapivirine vaginal ring, which clinical trials (e.g., ASPIRE and Ring Study, 2016) showed reduced HIV incidence by approximately 27% among women aged 18–45 in Africa. In July 2022, the Council acquired assets from the International Partnership for Microbicides, including the dapivirine ring technology, to accelerate its rollout and adaptation for younger users. On June 26, 2025, the ring received recommendations for use among adolescent girls, supported by modeling and adolescent-specific data. The Council also contributes to treatment optimization through operational research, notably via Project SOAR (2014–2021), a USAID-funded initiative conducting over 70 activities to refine service delivery, including linkage to care and retention on antiretroviral therapy (). This work informed models for integrating PrEP into routine services, such as pharmacy-based delivery for at-risk populations in , starting in 2020, which improved access for underserved groups. In prevention-treatment synergies, efforts like the DREAMS partnership (launched 2015) combine biomedical tools with to curb infections among adolescent girls, reducing risk through layered interventions in eastern and southern Africa. Ongoing projects extend to novel microbicides, such as griffithsin-based inserts, designed for on-demand use and tested for rapid neutralization without affecting healthy . The Council's implementation science, via initiatives like INSIGHT2 (2018–present), translates evidence into scalable programs, contributing to global targets under and the 95-95-95 UNAIDS framework for epidemic control by 2030. These efforts prioritize empirical evaluation, with publications documenting impacts like improved PrEP adherence and reduced stigma in community settings.

Gender Roles, Violence, and Social Norms

The Population Council investigates roles and social norms as drivers of inequality, discrimination, and violence, particularly in contexts of reproductive , dynamics, and community structures. Its emphasizes how rigid norms around , femininity, and power imbalances perpetuate (IPV) and gender-based violence (GBV), with findings indicating that nearly one-third of ever-married experience IPV, among the highest rates globally. In low- and lower-middle-income countries, the organization has conducted systematic reviews assessing whether interventions targeting norms effectively prevent against women, synthesizing evidence from rigorously evaluated programs. To measure these dynamics, the Council developed the Gender and Power Metrics database in 2019 under The Evidence Project, compiling validated multi-item scales and single-item questions on gender norms, personal beliefs about roles, stress, relationship power and control, and individual agency, with applications to IPV, /STI risk, and . This tool facilitates research in diverse settings by promoting accessible, tested measures for gendered attitudes and behaviors. In 2021, Council researchers analyzed factors shaping adolescents' gender attitudes in , documenting shifts over time influenced by and social exposure. Globally, the organization reports that approximately one in three women have experienced sexual or gender-based violence, with and girls rising in many regions despite interventions. Programs target norm transformation by engaging communities, including men and boys, to reduce violence. The NISITU project in Nairobi and Nakuru, Kenya, tests integrated approaches combining safe spaces, financial and health education, and savings accounts for over 8,000 girls and 3,000 boys/young men, using separate and mixed-gender groups to address norms, masculinity, and GBV prevention, with evaluations of outcomes like violence incidence and self-efficacy. In the United States, the Forging Hopeful Futures initiative (2023–2025) in high-violence neighborhoods of Pittsburgh and Washington, D.C., employs gender-transformative workshops such as Manhood 2.0, alongside job skills training, to shift inequitable gender norms, racism, and economic barriers, using a cluster-randomized trial to measure reductions in IPV, bullying, and gun violence. These efforts extend to broader GBV issues, including support for ending female genital mutilation via the FGM Data Hub launched in 2023, which aggregates evidence for Africa-led abandonment strategies. In November 2024, the Council partnered with to launch an online repository of surveys and scales, enhancing tools for measuring norms, roles, and GBV in systems across populations. Such initiatives underscore the organization's emphasis on empirical data collection and context-specific interventions to challenge norms linked to violence, though outcomes vary by setting and require ongoing evaluation for sustained impact.

Public Health Data and Policy Analysis

The Population Council engages in data , analysis, and synthesis to underpin policy recommendations, emphasizing demographic trends, reproductive health metrics, and in low- and middle-income countries. Through initiatives such as the and Analysis for Scientific Transformation and Advancement (RASTA), the organization processes quantitative and qualitative data to evaluate program effectiveness and advise governments on integrating into health strategies, including rates, mortality patterns, and migration impacts. This work often involves analysis from national surveys and household-level datasets to identify causal links between interventions and outcomes, such as improved contraceptive access reducing unintended pregnancies. Key tools developed include the Integrated Health and Population Dashboard, which aggregates indicators from disparate sources—like immunization coverage, maternal mortality ratios, and population density—to enable real-time visualization for policymakers tracking progress toward . In crisis response, the Council has applied disaggregated population data for flood risk mapping in , in 2022, overlaying census-derived metrics with hazard models to prioritize relief distribution and inform urban planning policies amid climate vulnerabilities. Similarly, during the starting in 2020, secondary analyses of existing health datasets informed mitigation policies by quantifying disruptions in service delivery, such as a 20-30% drop in consultations in select African and Asian contexts. Policy analyses frequently target reproductive and , as seen in the 2011 evaluation of Kenya's reproductive health voucher program, which used mixed-methods data to assess uptake (reaching over women) and cost-effectiveness, revealing barriers like provider training gaps that shaped subsequent national scaling guidelines. The Council's Population and Development Review journal, established in 1975, disseminates peer-reviewed studies linking population data—such as age-structure shifts—to socioeconomic policies, including analyses of how declining fertility rates (e.g., from 5 to 2.5 births per woman in parts of over two decades) influence labor markets and fiscal planning. These efforts prioritize longitudinal datasets from health and demographic surveillance systems (HDSS), which track vital events in defined populations to model policy scenarios, though outputs often reflect the organization's advocacy for voluntary amid critiques of overemphasizing population size over individual agency.

Achievements and Contributions

Innovations in Contraceptive Technologies

The Population Council has advanced contraceptive technologies primarily through its Center for Biomedical Research and the International Committee for Contraception Research (ICCR), founded in 1970 to guide clinical development of new methods. These efforts emphasize (LARCs) that provide sustained hormone release or non-hormonal barriers, reducing user dependence on daily compliance. Products developed or licensed by the Council, including intrauterine devices, subdermal implants, and vaginal rings, serve an estimated 170 million women globally. Early innovations focused on intrauterine devices (IUDs). The Tatum T, a copper T 200 IUD approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1976, offered hormone-free contraception for up to 3 years by leveraging copper's spermicidal properties on a T-shaped plastic frame. This evolved into Paragard®, the Copper T380A IUD, FDA-approved in 1984, which increased copper surface area for enhanced efficacy up to 10 years without systemic hormones, minimizing side effects like those from estrogen. Subdermal implants marked a major breakthrough in sustained-release technology. Norplant, introduced as the first such system, consisted of six silastic rods containing implanted under the arm's skin, providing steady hormone diffusion for 5 years with a failure rate under 0.1%; it received FDA approval in 1990. Addressing Norplant's multi-rod insertion complexity, the Council developed Jadelle®, a two-rod system approved by the FDA in 1996, which simplified provider training and removal while retaining 5-year duration and comparable efficacy. Hormonal intrauterine systems followed, with Mirena®, a levonorgestrel-releasing IUD approved by the FDA in 2000, delivering localized progestin from a T-frame for up to 8 years, thickening cervical mucus and thinning the while often reducing menstrual . Vaginal rings innovated user-controlled delivery: Progering, a progesterone-releasing ring approved in multiple countries by 1998, provided 3-month protection via intravaginal absorption, suitable for women. More recently, Annovera®, a segmented ring combining ethinyl and segesterone , gained FDA approval in 2018 for 1-year use (13 cycles) without refrigeration, facilitating storage in resource-limited areas. Ongoing research targets expanded options, including Nestorone®/testosterone transdermal gel as a reversible male hormonal contraceptive suppressing , and multipurpose vaginal rings integrating contraception with prevention via dapivirine, as in DapiRing™ (positive opinion in 2020). These build on first-principles of for precise dosing and reversibility, prioritizing methods with high continuation rates in diverse populations.

Influences on Global Health Policies

The Population Council has shaped policies by supplying empirical research and technical expertise to international organizations and national governments, particularly in promoting as a tool for managing and improving reproductive health outcomes. During the and , the organization's demographic studies and program evaluations contributed to the widespread adoption of initiatives in developing countries, influencing bilateral aid from donors like the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and multilateral efforts by the World Bank to integrate into strategies. This era saw the Council acting as a key advisor, with figures like its researchers serving as the first resident experts in for governments, thereby embedding data-driven targets for contraceptive prevalence into national policies across and . Through partnerships and knowledge dissemination, the Council has informed United Nations frameworks, including preparatory materials for the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo, which shifted emphasis from coercive demographic goals to voluntary reproductive rights while retaining family planning as central. Its publications, such as Studies in Family Planning, have provided evidence on contraceptive efficacy and service delivery, guiding policy reforms in over 50 countries by highlighting causal links between access to modern methods and fertility declines. The organization's role extended to advising on multisectoral approaches, where population policies intersect with poverty reduction and health systems, often recommending integration of family planning into broader public health agendas to address rapid growth rates projected to strain resources. In recent decades, the Council's influence persists via collaborations like hosting regional hubs for Family Planning 2030 (FP2030), a global partnership successor to FP2020, which leverages its data on social and behavior change to expand contraceptive access in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Empirical evaluations of programs, including those testing workplace reproductive health standards and adolescent-focused interventions, have informed World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines and national strategies, emphasizing measurable impacts on unmet need for contraception rather than top-down quotas. However, while these contributions are credited with averting millions of unintended pregnancies through policy-aligned innovations, independent analyses note that early influences often prioritized growth stabilization over individual agency, reflecting the era's Malthusian concerns.

Empirical Impacts on Health Outcomes

The Population Council's development of the Copper T 380A (IUD), approved by the FDA in 1984, has demonstrated high efficacy in preventing unintended , with cumulative 10-year gross rates of approximately 2.0 per 100 women in clinical trials involving over 10,000 users across multiple countries. This long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) method exhibits low rates of serious adverse events, including expulsion (5-6% in the first year) and (1.1 per 1,000 insertions), contributing to sustained use and reduced maternal risks associated with unplanned births. Longitudinal data from Population Council studies spanning up to 20 years of continuous use confirm no increased incidence of or ectopic pregnancies beyond baseline risks, supporting its role in enabling that aligns with evidence linking longer intervals to lower maternal mortality ratios (MMR). In regions with high adoption, such as parts of and , the device's widespread availability—estimated in tens of millions of insertions—has correlated with declines in fertility rates and high-risk , though causal attribution requires accounting for broader program effects. Similarly, the Norplant subdermal implant, developed by the Council and introduced in the 1980s, achieved cumulative five-year pregnancy rates below 1 per 100 women in global trials, facilitating fertility regulation without hormonal disruption to lactation or infant health post-removal. Rapid return to fertility, with conception rates normalizing within 12 months for over 80% of users, underscores its reversibility, while minimal systemic side effects (primarily local implant-site issues) preserved user health outcomes. These metrics from Council-led studies informed scalable deployment in developing countries, where implants reduced unintended birth rates by enabling consistent contraception adherence, indirectly averting maternal deaths tied to frequent or closely spaced pregnancies; modeling from related family planning research estimates such methods avert up to 30% of MMR in high-burden settings through prevented high-parity risks. Empirical evaluations, including post-marketing surveillance, report no long-term oncogenic or cardiovascular impacts, affirming safety profiles that enhanced access to voluntary limitation of family size. In HIV prevention, Council-supported interventions, such as community mobilization layered onto standard services in India, yielded empirical reductions in sexual risk behaviors, with randomized evaluations showing 20-30% lower odds of multiple partnerships and inconsistent condom use among participants compared to controls. Participation in programs like DREAMS, informed by Council research, correlated with improved HIV testing uptake and linkage to care, contributing to observed declines in incidence among adolescent girls in sub-Saharan Africa—e.g., up to 25% risk reduction in high-burden sites through combined biomedical and behavioral strategies. Analysis of the ECHO trial data, which examined contraceptive options including Council-developed methods, found no elevated HIV acquisition risk (incidence rate ratio near 1.0), dispelling prior concerns and supporting continued promotion of LARCs in HIV-endemic areas without compromising prevention efficacy. These outcomes, derived from prospective cohort and implementation science studies, highlight causal pathways from targeted interventions to measurable health gains, including sustained viral suppression rates exceeding 70% in scaled programs.

Controversies and Criticisms

Eugenics Roots and Rockefeller Ties

The Population Council was established on November 7, 1952, by , who provided an initial personal grant of $100,000 followed by $1.25 million in subsequent support, with additional early funding from the and the . The organization's founding charter emphasized research into the relationship between and natural resources, but its leadership and backers carried forward influences from the movement prevalent in early 20th-century . Frederick Osborn, appointed as the Council's first president, exemplified these ties; a and statistician, Osborn co-founded the in 1926 and later succeeded Rockefeller III as its president in 1957. Osborn's prior work included advocacy for "voluntary" eugenic measures to improve human heredity, as outlined in his 1937 book The Future of Human Heredity, which argued for to counter dysgenic trends in industrialized societies. Under Osborn's direction from 1952 to 1957, the Council initiated studies on demographic trends that critics have interpreted as extensions of eugenic concerns about "quality" versus mere quantity of . The Rockefeller family's longstanding engagement with amplified these connections, as the had funded eugenics research since the 1910s, including grants to institutions like the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in , which later influenced Nazi programs. and his son John III both supported eugenics initiatives, with the elder Rockefeller channeling philanthropy toward sterilizing "" individuals and restricting immigration of those deemed genetically inferior. While the Population Council publicly distanced itself from overt eugenics post-World War II—focusing instead on and contraception—its origins in this network have fueled criticisms that its population stabilization efforts masked underlying goals of demographic engineering favoring elite-defined genetic or socioeconomic fitness.

Ethical Concerns in Research and Trials

Critics have raised ethical concerns about the Population Council's clinical trials for contraceptive technologies, particularly in developing countries where participants often faced literacy barriers, limited healthcare access, and power imbalances with researchers. In the case of Norplant, a developed by the Council and tested in trials across , , and starting in the 1970s, investigations highlighted deficiencies in processes and follow-up care. A 1988 UBINIG report on the Bangladesh trial, involving over 1,200 women, documented inadequate disclosure of risks such as irregular bleeding, headaches, and insertion complications, with many participants signing forms without full comprehension due to verbal explanations in local dialects being insufficient or misleading. The report also noted poor monitoring of side effects and delays in implant removal requests, attributing these to rushed trial protocols prioritizing efficacy data over participant welfare. These issues echoed broader critiques of the Council's International Committee for Contraception Research (ICCR), which oversaw multi-country trials for products like Norplant and early intrauterine devices, often in low-income settings. advocates, including groups in and , contended that trials exploited economically disadvantaged women as "guinea pigs" for technologies later marketed globally, with minimal post-trial benefits or compensation for harms. For instance, trial data from and revealed high dropout rates due to unmanaged side effects, yet initial publications emphasized over these challenges. Such practices raised questions about equitable standards of care, as participants received interventions not equivalent to those in wealthier nations, potentially violating principles of justice in . The Population Council has countered these criticisms by establishing an (IRB) to review human subjects , adhering to international guidelines like those from the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS). However, skeptics argue that self-regulation in resource-poor trial sites remains vulnerable to local pressures from government programs, which sometimes incentivized participation through aid or . No major regulatory sanctions against the Council for trial have been documented, but the controversies underscore ongoing debates about exploiting vulnerable populations in contraceptive , where empirical data on long-term harms was sometimes underreported in favor of demographic control outcomes.

Critiques of Population Control Advocacy

Critics of the Population Council's population control advocacy contend that it perpetuates a Malthusian framework positing inevitable resource scarcity due to population growth, despite empirical evidence demonstrating that technological innovation and market mechanisms have consistently outpaced demographic pressures. For instance, global food production per capita has risen steadily since the mid-20th century, even as population expanded from 2.5 billion in 1950 to over 8 billion by 2022, undermining claims of overpopulation as an existential threat. This advocacy, rooted in the Council's founding mission to address perceived imbalances between population and resources, is faulted for diverting attention from poverty alleviation and economic liberalization, which data from demographic transitions in East Asia and Europe show more effectively reduce fertility rates through voluntary means rather than targeted interventions. The Council's promotion of family planning as a panacea for development challenges has drawn ideological opposition, particularly from religious institutions like the Vatican, which by the mid-1970s highlighted ethical concerns over reducing human reproduction to a technical problem solvable by contraception and policy incentives. This split reflects broader critiques that such advocacy imposes Western secular priorities on diverse cultural contexts, potentially eroding traditional family structures without addressing causal factors like inadequate property rights or governance failures that sustain high birth rates in low-income regions. Empirical analyses, including those reviewing post-colonial policies influenced by organizations like the Council, indicate that fertility declines correlate more strongly with rising female education and urbanization—outcomes driven by broader prosperity—than with subsidized contraceptive distribution alone. From a socioeconomic perspective, leftist scholars have criticized the Population Council's stance as an ideological tool that masks underlying imperialist dynamics by framing in developing nations as the primary barrier to progress, thereby absolving structural inequities in global trade and resource extraction. This view holds that emphasizing fewer people over improved lives negates class-based analyses of exploitation, as evidenced by the Council's early collaborations with entities prioritizing demographic targets over or in and during the 1960s and 1970s. Such advocacy is seen as contributing to policies that, while ostensibly voluntary, foster dependency on foreign aid tied to fertility metrics, with longitudinal data from programs in and revealing uneven impacts skewed toward marginalized groups without resolving root inequalities.

Allegations of Coercive Practices and Policy Influence

In the 1960s, Population Council president Bernard Berelson published "Beyond Family Planning," which appraised policy options for accelerating fertility decline beyond voluntary methods, including incentives, disincentives, and coercive measures such as compulsory sterilization or abortion for excess births. Berelson argued that the binary framing of voluntarism as inherently good and coercion as bad was overly simplistic, suggesting that some degree of compulsion might be necessary if demographic targets were not met through softer approaches. Critics contend this reflected an organizational willingness to endorse authoritarian tactics under the guise of pragmatic population management, prioritizing global fertility reduction over individual autonomy. The Council's technical assistance and research advocacy in countries like have been linked to the emergence of coercive . From the , the Population Council collaborated with Indian officials to establish and expand sterilization and contraceptive programs, providing expertise that emphasized numerical targets for acceptance. These efforts, amid international pressure to curb , fostered quota-driven systems where local administrators faced incentives or penalties based on sterilization numbers, contributing to widespread coercion by the 1970s. During India's 1975–1977 Emergency under Prime Minister , this framework culminated in over 6.2 million sterilizations in 1976 alone, many involving deception, threats of denied benefits, or physical force, with reports of men being rounded up and operated on without full consent. Allegations extend to the Council's broader policy influence through funding, training, and publications that shaped donor agendas at bodies like the , promoting high-priority in developing nations without sufficient safeguards against abuse. Detractors argue this Malthusian-oriented advocacy, rooted in fears of resource scarcity, indirectly enabled governments to justify draconian measures, as seen in India's shift from voluntary clinics to camp-based mass sterilizations where ethical oversight was minimal. While the Council maintained its programs were voluntary, empirical outcomes in target countries revealed systemic pressures that blurred lines between choice and compulsion, raising questions about the realism of exporting Western-funded models to contexts with weak institutional checks.

References

  1. https://www.rbf.org/about/our-history/timeline/population-council
  2. https://rockarch.org/resources/about-the-rockefellers/john-d-rockefeller-3rd/
  3. https://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/almanac/rockefeller-iii-births-the-population-council/
  4. https://popcouncil.org/hub/cbr/
  5. https://popcouncil.org/media/population-council-awarded-grand-challenges-canada-grant-to-support-the-market-introduction-of-the-dapivirine-vaginal-ring/
  6. https://www.ifpri.org/partnership/population-council/
  7. https://popcouncil.org/insight/a-world-of-8-billion-progress-and-possibilities/
  8. https://data2x.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/PopulationCouncilLessonsOct2016.pdf
  9. https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/business-and-management/rockefeller-founds-population-council
  10. https://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/almanac/population-control-movement/
  11. https://www.influencewatch.org/non-profit/population-council/
  12. https://climateandcapitalism.com/2009/11/23/the-dark-past-of-population-confrom/
  13. https://resource.rockarch.org/story/rockefeller-philanthropy-and-population-related-fields/
  14. https://www.prb.org/resources/john-d-rockefeller-3rd-statesman-and-founder-of-the-population-council/
  15. https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=series_newsletters_momentum
  16. https://popcouncil.org/country/bangladesh/
  17. https://www.macfound.org/grantee/population-council-3653/
  18. https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1314&context=departments_sbsr-hiv
  19. https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/departments_sbsr-hiv/index.6.html
  20. https://popcouncil.org/country/united-states/
  21. https://www.prb.org/wp-content/uploads/2002/07/NewPerspQOCAdolRepro_Eng.pdf
  22. https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/history/hiv-and-aids-timeline
  23. https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/focus_sexual-health-repro-choice/index.26.html
  24. https://popcouncil.org/strategy/
  25. https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1711&context=departments_sbsr-hiv
  26. https://popcouncil.org/board-of-trustees/
  27. https://popcouncil.org/leadership/
  28. https://popcouncil.org/countries/
  29. https://popcouncil.org/
  30. https://popcouncil.org/careers/
  31. https://popcouncil.org/media/population-council-board-of-trustees-appoints-vaughan-sailer-copresidents/
  32. https://popcouncil.org/staff/patricia-c-vaughan/
  33. https://popcouncil.org/staff/james-sailer/
  34. https://popcouncil.org/media/the-population-council-appoints-dr-rana-hajjeh-as-president/
  35. https://popcouncil.org/insight/statement-from-the-board-of-trustees-of-the-population-council/
  36. https://popcouncil.org/staff/tony-dutson/
  37. https://popcouncil.org/people/
  38. https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Population_Council
  39. https://popcouncil.org/annual-report/2023/financials-2023/
  40. https://popcouncil.org/annual-report/2021-22/partners/
  41. https://www.usaspending.gov/award/ASST_NON_AIDOAAA1700031_7200
  42. https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2183&context=departments_sbsr-pgy
  43. https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1321&context=departments_sbsr-pgy
  44. https://popcouncil.org/insight/innovative-models-of-people-and-climate-across-time-and-space-impacts/
  45. https://popcouncil.org/insight/new-website-for-policy-relevant-population-modeling-essential-for-equitable-climate-action/
  46. https://popcouncil.org/population-and-development-review-journal/
  47. https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1043&context=departments_sbsr-pgy
  48. https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=series_pdr_essays-8-billion
  49. https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=series_pdr_essays-8-billion
  50. https://popcouncil.org/insight/the-population-councils-center-for-biomedical-research-implements-an-end-to-end-approach-to-product-development/
  51. https://popcouncil.org/biomedical-development/
  52. https://popcouncil.org/project/the-international-committee-for-contraception-research/
  53. https://www.reproductiveaccess.org/2025/08/a-history-the-progestin-implant/
  54. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11861061/
  55. https://popcouncil.org/approved-products/
  56. https://popcouncil.org/media/population-council-announces-new-license-agreement/
  57. https://popcouncil.org/cbr-products-in-development/
  58. https://popcouncil.org/topic/hiv-prevention-and-treatment/
  59. https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/departments_sbsr-hiv/
  60. https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/departments_sbsr-hiv/723/
  61. https://popcouncil.org/event/coming-full-circle-microbicide-development-at-the-population-council/
  62. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3284102/
  63. https://popcouncil.org/project/the-dapivirine-vaginal-ring-for-hiv-prevention/
  64. https://popcouncil.org/media/population-council-acquires-the-monthly-dapivirine-ring-and-other-woman-centered-hiv-prevention-technologies-from-the-international-partnership-for-microbicides/
  65. https://popcouncil.org/project/supporting-operational-aids-research-project-soar/
  66. https://popcouncil.org/project/pharmacy-based-hiv-pre-exposure-prophylaxis-prep-service-delivery-model-for-black-adults-in-washington-dc/
  67. https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/series_dreams/
  68. https://popcouncil.org/project/developing-and-testing-a-griffithsin-non-arv-microbicide/
  69. https://popcouncil.org/project/insight-2-implementation-i2i-transforming-evidence-to-action-for-hiv-prevention/
  70. https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/topics_hiv-prevention/
  71. https://popcouncil.org/focus_area/gender-equality-equity/
  72. https://x.com/Pop_Council/status/1948373375073554628
  73. https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/departments_sbsr-rh/1067/
  74. https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/departments_sbsr-rh/524/
  75. https://popcouncil.org/project/nisitu-engaging-men-and-boys-in-girl-centered-programming/
  76. https://popcouncil.org/project/forging-hopeful-futures-a-racial-gender-and-economic-equity-program-to-reduce-youth-violence/
  77. https://popcouncil.org/media/johns-hopkins-and-population-council-launch-new-online-repository-of-gender-surveys-and-scales/
  78. https://popcouncil.org/project/research-and-analysis-for-scientific-transformation-and-advancement-rasta/
  79. https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=series_pdr_essays-covid
  80. https://popcouncil.org/project/integrated-health-and-population-dashboard/
  81. https://popcouncil.org/insight/flood-maps-with-disaggregated-population-data-analysis-of-punjab/
  82. https://popcouncil.org/project/responding-to-the-covid-19-pandemic/
  83. https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/departments_sbsr-rh/345/
  84. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5837246/
  85. https://www.si.edu/object/norplant-system-levonorgestral-implants-resource-center-educational-materials%253Anmah_688314
  86. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2647408/
  87. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/259541468177850467/pdf/405350Familiy0101OFFICIAL0USE0ONLY1.pdf
  88. https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/departments_sbsr-pgy/1607/
  89. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26215266_The_global_family_planning_revolution_three_decades_of_population_policies_and_programmes
  90. https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2584&context=departments_sbsr-pgy
  91. https://popcouncil.org/media/population-council-nigeria-to-host-fp2030s-hub-in-north-west-and-central-africa/
  92. https://popcouncil.org/project/the-evidence-project/
  93. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020729297028580
  94. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07075332.2021.1985585
  95. https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/departments_cbr_clinical-research/59/
  96. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2971735/
  97. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17531620/
  98. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0146000515000531
  99. https://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378%2889%2980014-6/fulltext
  100. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010782487800173
  101. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2812%2960478-4/abstract
  102. https://www.contraceptionjournal.org/article/S0010-7824%2801%2900187-1/fulltext
  103. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3961594/
  104. https://popcouncil.org/insight/dreams-partnership-aids-journal-supplement-offers-10-articles-on-what-worked-and-what-more-needs-to-be-done/
  105. https://popcouncil.org/insight/examining-the-evidence-for-contraceptive-options-and-hiv-outcomes-echo-study/
  106. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4956738/
  107. https://www.hudson.org/domestic-policy/philanthropy-s-original-sin
  108. https://www.finrrage.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Norplant_Trial_in_Bangladesh.pdf
  109. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0277953692900752
  110. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11650964/
  111. http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/Licata_uncg_0154D_12994.pdf
  112. https://popcouncil.org/ethical-standards/
  113. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2598135/
  114. https://www.cato.org/commentary/cruel-truth-about-population-control
  115. https://www.jstor.org/stable/45130847
  116. https://www.issuelab.org/resource/debating-the-ethics-of-population-control-during-the-cold-war.html
  117. https://www.usccb.org/committees/pro-life-activities/myth-overpopulation-and-folks-who-brought-it-you
  118. https://archive.scienceforthepeople.org/vol-6/v6n1/not-better-lives-just-fewer-people/
  119. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13698230.2021.1886714
  120. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4883116/
  121. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1965242
  122. https://www.issuelab.org/resources/28013/28013.pdf
  123. https://www.cato.org/policy-analysis/neo-malthusianism-coercive-population-control-china-india-overpopulation-concerns
  124. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-30040790
  125. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2757117
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.