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Prafulla Chandra Sen
Prafulla Chandra Sen
Prafulla Chandra Sen
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Prafulla Chandra Sen (10 April 1897 – 25 September 1990) was an Indian politician and independence activist who was Chief Minister of West Bengal from 1962 to 1967.[1][2]

Key Information

Background

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Prafulla Chandra Sen was born in the village Senhati in the Khulna, Bengal on 10 April 1897 in a Vaidya family.[3] Most of his childhood was spent in Bihar, Eastern India. He started his education in Bihar and passed the entrance exam to attend the R. Mitra Institute in Deoghar. He then went on to receive a Bachelor of Science degree from Scottish Church College in Calcutta. After graduating, he joined an accounting firm and aspired to move to England in order to become an articled clerk. His ambitions changed upon hearing Mahatma Gandhi's speech at the Calcutta session of the Congress Party in 1920.

Influenced by Gandhi's speech, Sen abandoned his plans of studying abroad and rallied to Gandhi's call for a mass non-cooperation movement against the British. In 1923, Sen shifted to the area of Arambagh in the Hooghly District, which became his laboratory for Gandhian experiments on Swadeshi and Satyagraha.[4]

Political career

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Colonial era

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Sen was an activist for Indian independence, supporting the Indian National Congress, and was committed to Gandhi's philosophy of grass-roots democracy and a self-reliant rural economy. Gandhi's influence on Sen was so pervasive that, in the 1920s, he shifted his area of social and political activity to Arambagh, an under-developed and malaria-infested area of West Bengal and worked ceaselessly for its betterment. For his efforts, Sen earned the sobriquet "Gandhi of Arambagh". He was thought to have been encouraged by the then president of the union and the noted academic (headmaster of Arambagh High School) Nagendranath Chatterjee, whom he defeated in a poll, but they never lost mutual admiration. It is reported that Sen offered a pranam to Chatterjee every time they met, long after he became a national figure.

Sen spent over ten years in various jails between 1930 and 1942 for anti-British activities. During that time period, the Congress Party office at Serampore was his home and he earned virtually nothing, simply possessing one home-spun dhoti (sarong) and kurta. In the partial exercise of democracy permitted by the British in the 1940s, Sen was elected to the Bengal Assembly from Arambagh in 1944 and was deputy leader of the opposition.

After independence

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In 1948, he was inducted by Chief Minister Bidhan Chandra Roy into the West Bengal Cabinet as Minister of Agriculture. This was a portfolio he held until 1967. He also functioned as Roy's Deputy Minister and was acknowledged as his political heir.

After Roy's death in 1962, Sen became West Bengal's third Chief Minister. Three years later, his regime faced a drastic food shortage in the state following a countrywide drought. At a Food Ministers' conference in Delhi, Sen advocated introducing the politically unsound measure of food rationing in urban areas. Within months, he had introduced food-grain rationing in the state, a system which has continued with minor modifications to this date.[5]

To build food stocks, he imposed a heavy levy on rice mills. In the process, he alienated the business community. Shortages of essentials led to anti-Congress Party strikes. This was followed by violence and police excesses which further isolated Sen's government. In 1967, the Congress lost the West Bengal election to the Marxists with Sen losing his Arambagh seat in the West Bengal Legislative Assembly as well.

After this setback, Sen, although re-elected to the West Bengal Assembly, never recovered high political office. In the 1980s he fruitlessly espoused the cause of partyless democracy and, although he had left the Congress (I), having little sympathy for its leaders, came around to publicly supporting the party at public forums.

Political legacy

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Sen was strongly opposed to Marxists. His own brother Manindra Nath Sengupta was an undivided Communist Party leader from South Kolkata. Even during the period of Sengupta's serious life-threatening illness, his family requested Sen to provide some free healthcare facility in government hospitals to save Sengupta's life, as his family did not have money for a health check-up. Sengupta was himself a renowned homeopath at that point in time. He also distributed all his earnings to the poor and offered health care for free to the poor and needy people of Kolkata. No special favors were offered by Sen but only a written letter for an ordinary general free bed in MLA quota if vacant with the medical college in Kolkata was provided to Sengupta's family. When the above came to Sengupta's knowledge, he refused to take admission to medical college for any treatment.

Sen helped to transform the Congress Party in Bengal from an anti-imperialist unit into one capable of winning elections and offering capable governance. When the Indian National Congress was split in the 1969 by the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, its more powerful faction took the name of its benefactor and was called the Congress (R), whilst the less powerful faction, the one that Sen joined, was called the Congress (O), which later merged into the Janata Party.

By the 1980s the latter had virtually disappeared. Although disillusioned with the state of the Congress (Indira) party, he remained an optimist to the end. One of his last acts, a fortnight before he died, was to participate, sitting in a wheelchair, in a Congress (I)-sponsored march in Calcutta to protest against the state's CPI(M)-led government.

In 1967, he was defeated at Arambagh by another Gandhian, Ajoy Mukherjee, who became Chief Minister of West Bengal. The architect of Ajoy Mukherjee's victory at Arambagh was Narayan Ch Ghosh, the then student leader. Attending Sen's birth centenary, Ghosh (then a professor) said, 'We have to learn from Prafulla Chandra Sen's life. How a man of Senhati became the Gandhi of Arambagh is really amazing. Sens' conviction toward the society is a lesson for all of us..."

To his last, he remained a bachelor with an undemanding lifestyle. He passionately championed the upliftment of village industry including home-spun cloth or khadi. For most of his later life, Sen wore only khadi and a week before he died, sold khadi from a newly opened shop to inaugurate its sale.

He died in Calcutta on 25 September 1990.

According to The Independent dated 28 September 1990, Sen was "a fiery freedom fighter from Bengal state in Eastern India and later the state's Chief Minister practiced a selfless and principled brand of politics long forgotten in India today".

Political offices
Preceded by Chief Minister of West Bengal
1962—1967 		Succeeded by

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Prafulla Chandra Sen

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Prafulla Chandra Sen (10 April 1897 – 25 September 1990) was a Bengali Indian politician, independence activist, and Gandhian leader who served as Chief Minister of West Bengal from 1962 to 1967. Born in Senhati village in of undivided , Sen graduated with a BSc from in Calcutta and joined the in 1920, participating in the Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, and , which led to several imprisonments. Elected to the multiple times starting in 1946, he held ministerial positions under , overseeing works, power, and irrigation before succeeding Roy upon his death. During his tenure as , Sen emphasized Gandhian principles by promoting village industries, production, and initiatives, while also serving as Chairman of the Board of Governors for the . His administration, however, grappled with acute food shortages in 1965–1966 amid poor harvests and distribution challenges, prompting measures such as milk products—including a temporary ban on chhana-based sweets like rosogolla—to prioritize essential nutrition, which fueled public agitations and contributed to the party's defeat in the 1967 elections. A staunch opponent of Marxist ideologies, Sen's principled and austere approach defined his legacy as a dedicated public servant focused on and ethical governance.

Early Life and Education

Family Background and Upbringing

Prafulla Chandra Sen was born on 10 April 1897 in Senhati village, , undivided (now in ), into a family, a Hindu traditionally linked to scholarly and medical professions. His father's employment in a transferable position led to the family relocating frequently, with Sen spending most of his childhood in in eastern rather than his birthplace. This mobility exposed him to varied locales within British India's eastern regions during his formative years, though specific details on family economic status or parental names remain undocumented in primary accounts.

Academic Pursuits and Influences

Prafulla Chandra Sen commenced his formal education in Bihar, where his family resided during much of his early years. He successfully passed the entrance examination for admission to the R. Mitra Institute in , completing his secondary schooling there. Sen pursued higher education in science at in Calcutta, enrolling after his time in Deoghar. He graduated from the institution with a degree, specializing in physics, which equipped him with a foundational understanding of scientific principles during the early . Following his academic completion around the early , Sen entered professional life by joining an firm in Calcutta, marking a transition from scholarly pursuits to practical application amid the growing independence movement. This scientific training later informed his pragmatic approach to governance, though direct academic influences beyond the curriculum—such as specific mentors or texts—remain undocumented in primary institutional records.

Role in the Independence Movement

Adoption of Gandhian Principles

In 1920, during a session of the in Calcutta, Prafulla Chandra Sen attended a speech by that profoundly shaped his political outlook, prompting him to abandon his plans to study abroad and instead commit to the independence struggle through Gandhian methods. This pivotal moment aligned Sen with Gandhi's emphasis on —non-violent resistance rooted in truth and moral force—as the path to confronting British rule, rather than revolutionary violence. Sen's adoption manifested in active participation in the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–1922), where he promoted boycotts of British goods, institutions, and titles, while fostering swadeshi (self-reliance) through hand-spinning and village-level organization. Influenced by Gandhi's vision of Gram Swaraj (village self-governance), Sen shifted his efforts in the 1920s to in , an underdeveloped rural area, to implement constructive programs such as promoting production, sanitation drives, and conflict resolution via non-violent arbitration. These initiatives reflected Gandhi's principles of economic decentralization and rural empowerment, aiming to build self-sufficient communities insulated from urban-industrial dependencies. Throughout his involvement, Sen combined anti-colonial agitation, like the Arambagh no-tax campaign against exploitative Union Boards, with Gandhian social reconstruction, prioritizing ethical non-violence over coercive tactics despite pressures from more militant factions within Bengal's nationalist circles. His lifelong adherence to these ideals later informed his advocacy for decentralized governance and agrarian reform, viewing them as causal antidotes to colonial-induced and dependency.

Activism and Imprisonments

Sen engaged in the Non-Cooperation Movement after attending Mahatma Gandhi's speech at the 1920 Calcutta session of the , abandoning his intention to study law in to focus on anti-colonial activism. In 1923, he relocated to the rural area in , establishing it as a site for Gandhian constructive work, including promotion of swadeshi goods, production, and training to foster economic self-sufficiency and non-violent resistance among villagers. Throughout the and , Sen's activities encompassed organizing grassroots campaigns for boycotts of British goods, rural upliftment, and defiance of colonial laws, aligning with phases of the independence struggle such as efforts. These efforts drew British repression, resulting in multiple arrests for violating restrictive ordinances and participating in prohibited assemblies. From 1930 to 1942, Sen served over ten years in aggregate across various British prisons for his sustained anti-colonial actions, including satyagrahas against salt taxes and other revenue measures, as well as involvement in the 1942 Quit India phase. During this period, he continued advocacy from confinement, with the office in functioning as a base for his organizational ties. His imprisonments underscored commitment to non-violent confrontation, though specific terms varied by campaign, reflecting broader patterns of detention for leaders in .

Entry into Post-Independence Politics

Initial Government Roles

Following India's independence on August 15, 1947, Prafulla Chandra Sen's legislative service transitioned into the post-partition framework as a member of the , representing the constituency. Elected to the Provincial Legislative Assembly from in the 1946 elections under limited franchise, Sen's tenure from the undivided areas persisted into the provisional assembly until the state's first general elections in 1952, during which he participated in debates on partition aftermath, including refugee rehabilitation and administrative reorganization. Sen further consolidated his assembly presence by winning the by-poll in 1951 as an candidate, securing 15,084 votes against competitors, and was re-elected in the 1952 general elections with a margin reflecting Congress dominance in rural seats. These roles positioned him as a backbench supporter of Bidhan Chandra Roy's early governance, focusing on agrarian stability amid East Bengal refugee pressures, though without executive portfolio at inception.

Ministerial Service under Bidhan Chandra Roy

In 1948, Prafulla Chandra Sen was inducted into the state cabinet by Chief Minister as Minister for Food, a role critical amid post-Partition refugee influxes and chronic grain shortages that strained supplies for an estimated 2.5 million arrivals by 1951. This appointment leveraged Sen's prior organizational experience in rural cooperatives and Gandhian initiatives, positioning him to oversee , distribution, and rationing systems under central government allocations from the precursor mechanisms. Sen retained the Food portfolio continuously until 1967, functioning effectively as Roy's deputy minister and earning recognition as his political heir due to aligned loyalties and administrative reliability during Roy's focus on industrial and urban development projects like (construction initiated 1959). In this capacity, he coordinated with federal authorities to secure and imports, implementing fair-price shops and enforcement against hoarding, which mitigated risks despite production shortfalls—West Bengal's foodgrain availability hovered around 300-350 grams daily in the early , per state records. His tenure emphasized decentralized procurement through ryot (farmer) committees, drawing on pre-Independence rural networks to boost local yields, though systemic dependencies on and imports persisted. A pivotal challenge arose during the 1959 Food Movement, triggered by and black-market amid drought-reduced harvests; on August 31, 1959, Sen directly managed responses to mass processions of thousands in Calcutta demanding rations, involving police deployments that resulted in clashes and at least 43 deaths from firing, as documented in assembly debates. Critics, including opposition parties, attributed shortages to inadequate stockpiling under his watch, yet Sen defended policies in legislative sessions by citing procurement of over 500,000 tons of rice that year and appeals for central aid, underscoring causal pressures from population surges outpacing expansion. These efforts, while controversial, stabilized urban supplies sufficiently to avert widespread starvation, aligning with Roy's broader vision of balanced agrarian reforms ahead of the 1960s precursors.

Tenure as Chief Minister of West Bengal

Ascension and Early Governance

Prafulla Chandra Sen assumed office as Chief Minister of West Bengal on July 2, 1962, initially in an acting capacity following the death of his predecessor, , on July 1, 1962. He was formally sworn in on July 9, 1962, as the leader of the , which held a majority in the state assembly after the February 1962 elections. Sen, a long-time associate of Roy and former minister in his cabinet, was selected by the party to ensure continuity amid the state's ongoing challenges, including refugee rehabilitation and economic pressures from partition legacies. In his early tenure, Sen prioritized rural reconstruction, drawing on his Gandhian background and prior experiments in self-reliant village economies. He had established in —previously an underdeveloped, malaria-prone area—as a model for development since the , implementing swadeshi practices and satyagraha-inspired initiatives there. As , Sen extended this approach statewide, promoting cooperative societies for and small-scale industries to foster economic independence at the village level, aiming to counter urban-centric growth models. Sen's administration sought administrative stability post-Roy, reorganizing departments to emphasize food production and rural infrastructure amid national events like the 1962 , which strained resources but did not immediately derail state priorities. He advocated for decentralized governance aligned with Gandhian principles of , including efforts to strengthen institutions for local decision-making. These initiatives laid groundwork for later agricultural reforms, though they faced resistance from urban leftist opposition groups.

Economic and Agricultural Policies

Sen's administration prioritized agricultural self-sufficiency and equitable distribution amid persistent food shortages, implementing procurement drives and compulsory levies on food grains to build state reserves for systems. These measures, including border cordoning to prevent to neighboring regions, aimed to stabilize supplies during the Third Five-Year Plan period (1961–1966), when West Bengal's grain production lagged due to erratic monsoons and partition-induced pressures. In response to acute milk scarcity—with per capita availability under 3 ounces daily—Sen's government enacted the West Bengal Chhana Sweets Control Order on August 23, 1965, prohibiting chhana-based sweets like rasgulla and sandesh in Calcutta and adjacent districts to redirect limited milk supplies toward children and nursing mothers. The order affected thousands of sweet shops and prompted adaptations such as subsidies for non-dairy alternatives, though it faced legal reversal before reinforcement via the West Bengal Milk Products Control Order on November 18, 1965, classifying milk products as essential commodities under national law. Economically, Sen's policies extended his earlier Gandhian-influenced focus on rural upliftment, promoting village industries such as production to generate local and reduce urban migration, though implementation details remained tied to models amid fiscal constraints from central allocations. Industrial expansion, building on predecessor Bidhan Chandra Roy's initiatives like steel plants, saw limited acceleration under Sen due to political instability and resource diversion to crisis mitigation, with state GDP growth averaging below national trends in the mid-1960s.

Handling of the 1960s Food Crisis

During Prafulla Chandra Sen's tenure as Chief Minister of West Bengal from 1962 to 1967, the state encountered acute food shortages exacerbated by consecutive failures in 1965 and 1966, which reduced production and drove prices to highs of Rs. 30-33 per maund in affected areas. Sen's administration responded with stringent controls, including the imposition of a compulsory levy on food grains to facilitate state procurement, alongside cordoning of surplus-producing districts to restrict private trade and enforce in urban centers like Calcutta. These measures aimed to centralize distribution and prevent hoarding amid national shortages, but implementation faced logistical challenges and accusations of inefficiency from opposition groups. To address milk scarcity—limited to under 3 ounces daily—Sen enacted the Channa Sweets Control Order on August 23, 1965, prohibiting the production and sale of -based sweets such as rosogollas and sandesh in Calcutta and surrounding districts, with plans for statewide extension. The policy prioritized allocation for children and lactating mothers, supplemented by taxes on () production and subsidized supplies to vulnerable groups, while also curbing and limiting feast scales to conserve resources. Public backlash was swift, with sweet vendors protesting job losses affecting thousands and an estimated 8,000 shops; the invalidated the order on November 16, 1965, prompting Sen to issue the Milk Products Control Order on November 18, 1965, to regulate remaining dairy outputs. The crisis triggered widespread food movements in 1966, surpassing earlier protests in scale, with demonstrators demanding better distribution amid persistent . Sen's government directed police to suppress agitations over food and kerosene shortages, resulting in clashes and fatalities, while he publicly suggested alternatives like consuming green bananas in place of —a remark criticized for insensitivity to . These responses, though intended to stabilize supplies through state intervention, intensified political polarization, contributing to the party's electoral defeat in 1967 as Left Front parties capitalized on public discontent. Despite central government aid via imports, West Bengal's shortages persisted until broader national reforms like the gained traction post-1967.

Political Opposition and Electoral Outcome

Sen's administration encountered mounting from a coalition of leftist parties and disaffected elements, exacerbated by public discontent over persistent food shortages and perceived administrative inertia during the mid-1960s. The , comprising 14 parties including the Communist Party of India (Marxist), , and the —a splinter group formed in 1966 from dissidents opposed to Sen's leadership and central party dynamics—unified against the incumbent , capitalizing on anti-Congress sentiment. The 1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, held amid widespread agitation including food movements, resulted in the defeat of the Congress Party, which failed to retain its majority in the 280-seat house. Sen personally lost his constituency to of the , ending his tenure as on February 28, 1967. The United Front's victory ushered in a non-Congress under Mukherjee, signaling a shift toward coalition politics and the erosion of Congress's post-independence hegemony in the state.

Personal Philosophy and Later Activities

Anti-Marxist Stance and Social Reforms

Sen espoused a staunch anti-communist position throughout his political life, rooted in his adherence to Gandhian principles of decentralized, village-based , which he viewed as antithetical to Marxist emphasis on class warfare and state-controlled economies. As a leader in the after the 1977 elections, he rallied non-communist forces against the Left Front's dominance in , framing electoral contests as a defense of democratic pluralism over ideological monopoly. This opposition persisted despite personal connections, including his brother Manindra Nath Sengupta's leadership in the undivided . In alignment with Gandhi's vision, Sen advocated for partyless democracy at the panchayat level to foster genuine , critiquing party-dominated structures as distortions of rural —a veiled rebuke to communist organizational tactics. He promoted economic models prioritizing small-scale and community cooperation over collectivization, arguing that true progress lay in empowering villages against urban-centric or ideologically imposed centralization. Sen's social reforms emphasized rural upliftment, drawing from his early 1920s relocation to the underdeveloped, malaria-afflicted region, where he initiated local development initiatives under Gandhian auspices. Post-tenure, he championed agrarian reforms, projects, and educational access to build self-reliant villages, laying groundwork for sustainable rural economies independent of partisan redistribution schemes. These efforts reflected his philosophy of ethical, non-violent , prioritizing empirical village-level improvements over doctrinal upheavals.

Post-Political Engagements

After retiring from the chief ministership following the party's defeat in the 1967 election, where Sen lost his seat, he aligned with opposition groups including the faction post-1969 split and later the . As a leader, the octogenarian Sen contested from , emphasizing his Gandhian roots and staunch opposition to amid efforts to challenge both and Marxist dominance in the state. In his later years, Sen focused on promoting and rural upliftment through Gandhian practices, confining much of his social activism to as a model for constructive work. He adhered strictly to , wearing only hand-spun cloth for most of his post-political life, and on September 18, 1990— one week before his death in on September 25—inaugurated a new outlet by personally selling its initial stock to encourage local production and consumption.

Assessments and Legacy

Achievements in State Development

Sen's tenure as Chief Minister emphasized Gandhian ideals of decentralized , prioritizing rural self-sufficiency over heavy industrialization. He promoted cottage industries and production to generate employment and reduce urban migration, viewing village economies as the foundation for sustainable growth. In line with his pre-independence work, Sen sought to replicate initiatives that had transformed underdeveloped regions into models of local enterprise. A key aspect of his developmental strategy involved treating , a malaria-afflicted and economically backward subdivision in , as an experimental laboratory for rural reconstruction starting in the , an approach he scaled up during his chief ministership from 1962 to 1967. Through community-driven efforts, he addressed challenges like eradication and infrastructure deficits, fostering agricultural productivity and small-scale manufacturing. These localized reforms aimed to empower rural populations via cooperative societies and improved agrarian practices, countering the vulnerabilities exposed by recurring food shortages. Under Sen's leadership, maintained relative economic stability in the mid-, with state policies supporting agricultural inputs and rural credit mechanisms to bolster food production amid national constraints. His administration's focus on equitable resource distribution helped mitigate the impacts of the crises, laying groundwork for long-term rural resilience before political shifts altered the trajectory. Critics from leftist perspectives downplayed these efforts, attributing any progress to central aid rather than state-level innovation, though empirical records indicate targeted interventions in under-served areas yielded measurable improvements in local livelihoods.

Criticisms and Long-Term Impacts

Sen's government drew criticism for its aggressive response to the food shortages and protests of the mid-1960s, which opponents, including communist-led groups, attributed to inadequate and distribution policies amid national shortages. Widespread demonstrations escalated, leading Sen to authorize police interventions to disperse crowds, resulting in reported and accusations of excessive force that alienated the public and bolstered opposition narratives of . A notable policy, the West Bengal Channa Sweets Control Order enacted on August 23, 1965, prohibited the manufacture of channa-based milk sweets such as rosogollas in Calcutta to conserve scarce dairy resources—where milk availability stood below 3 ounces daily—prioritizing allocation for children and mothers amid rising costs following the 1966 rupee devaluation. Critics, including affected sweet producers and cultural commentators, condemned the measure as culturally tone-deaf, arguing it devastated an industry supporting 39,000 jobs across 8,000 shops, spurred black-market proliferation, and ignored alternative conservation strategies; legal challenges culminated in the invalidating the initial order, followed by a proceeding against Sen, though the upheld a in 1968. These controversies eroded support for , contributing to the party's resounding defeat in the 1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly elections, where the coalition captured a and Sen personally lost his constituency amid voter backlash over economic hardships and governance failures. Long-term, Sen's tenure accelerated the decline of Congress dominance in West Bengal, fostering a polarized political landscape that enabled successive non-Congress administrations, including the eventual 34-year CPI(M)-led rule starting in 1977, as food movements galvanized anti-incumbent sentiment. The precedent of deploying police against protesters is credited with initiating the systemic politicization of the state force, embedding partisan loyalties that persisted across regimes and undermined institutional neutrality. Economically, the sweets ban inadvertently spurred manufacturers like KC Das to diversify operations interstate, establishing outposts such as in Bangalore by the 1970s and reducing regional vulnerability to future controls.

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