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Raniganj Coalfield
Raniganj Coalfield
Raniganj Coalfield
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Raniganj Coalfield is primarily located in the Asansol and Durgapur subdivisions of Paschim Bardhaman district of West Bengal, India. It spreads over to the neighboring districts of Birbhum, Bankura, Purulia and to Dhanbad district of Jharkhand. Mainly, cooking coal is found here.

Key Information

History

[edit]
Raniganj Coalfield in 1867

Coalmining in India first started in the Raniganj Coalfield. In 1774, John Sumner and Suetonius Grant Heatly of the British East India Company found coal near Ethora, presently in Salanpur community development block. The early exploration and mining operations were carried out in a haphazard manner.[1]

Regular mining started in 1820, led by an agency house, Alexander & Co. In 1835, Prince Dwarkanath Tagore bought over the collieries and Carr, Tagore and Company led the field. For the entire 19th century and a major part of the 20th century, Raniganj coalfields was the major producer of coal in the country.[1]

At the behest of William Princep, Carr, Tagore and Company joined hands with Gilmore Hombray and Co. in 1843 to form Bengal Coal Company, which opened up coal mining activities. Their headquarters was at Sanctoria. Other mining companies included Birbhum Coal Co., Equitable Coal Co., Madhu Roy and Prasanna Dutta Co., Bird and Co., South Barakar Coal Co., Andrew Yule and Company Ltd. and Balmer Lawrie.[1][2]

In 1886, W.W.Hunter wrote, "Raniganj Coalfield has been estimated at an area of 500 square miles. In this ‘black country of India’, which is dotted with tall chimney stalks, many European companies are at work, besides many native firms. At first coal was raised from open workings; but regular mining is now carried on, according to the system known as ‘pillar and stall’… The miners are all drawn from the aboriginal races, chiefly Santals and Bauris, who are noted for their endurance and docility."[3]

2008 status

[edit]

All non-coking coal mines were nationalized in 1973 and placed under Coal Mines Authority of India. In 1975, Eastern Coalfields Limited, a subsidiary of Coal India Limited, was formed. It took over all the earlier private collieries in Raniganj Coalfield.[2]

Raniganj Coalfield covers an area of 443.50 km2 (171.24 sq mi) and has total coal reserves of 49.17 billion tonnes, spread across Indian states of West Bengal and Jharkhand.[2] That makes it the second largest coalfield in the country (in terms of reserves).[4] Out of the total reserve, 30.61 billion tonnes is in the West Bengal and 18.56 billion tonnes is in Jharkhand.

Coal seams

[edit]

In the Raniganj Coalfield the coal seams can be divided into two blocks – Raniganj measures and Barakar measures. The following areas of ECL are covered by the Raniganj measures: Raniganj-Pandaveswar, Kajora, Jhanjra, Bankola, Kenda, Sonepur, Kunustoria, Satgram, Sripur, Sodepur and Salanpur (partly). Barakar measures cover two areas of ECL: Salanpur and Mugma.[2]

ONGC’s preliminary assessment of coal-bed methane indicates that four Damodar Valley coalfields – Jharia, Bokaro, North Karanpura and Raniganj – to be the most prospective.[5]

Key 2013 figures

[edit]

The following are the highlights for fiscal year 2012-13[2]

  • Coal production = 33.90 million tonnes
  • Annual turnover = ₹12,076.17 crore (US$1.4 billion)
  • Profit before tax = ₹1,897.18 crore (US$220 million)
  • Manpower = 72,973
  • Number of operating mines = 98

Operating areas

[edit]

A broad area-wise distribution of coalmines of Eastern Coalfield Limited is given below:[6]

Area Collieries
Bankola Bankola Colliery, Khandra Colliery, Kumardih A Colliery, Kumardih B Colliery, Moira Colliery, Nakrakonda Colliery, Shankarpur Colliery, Shyamsundarpur Colliery, Tilaboni Colliery
Jhanjra Main Industrial Complex (MIC), I & II Incline, I & B Incline, 3 & 4 Incline
Kajora Central Kajora Colliery, Jambad OCP, Jambad UG, Khas Kajora Colliery, Lachipur Colliery, Madhusudanpur Colliery, Madhabpur Colliery, Naba Kajora Colliery, Porascole Colliery
Kenda Bahula Colliery, Chora Block Incline, CL Jambad Colliery, Chora OCP, Haripur Colliery, Lower Kenda Colliery, New Kenda Colliery, Siduli Colliery, SK OCP, West Kenda OCP
Kunustoria Amritnagar Colliery, Amrasota Colliery, Bansra Colliery, Belbaid Colliery, Kunustoria Colliery, Mahabir OCP, N. Searsole Colliery, Parasea Colliery, Parasea 6 & 7 Incline, Parasea OCP
Mugma Badjna Colliery, Bermury OCP, Chapapur Colliery, Gopinathpur Colliery, Hariajam Colliery, Kumardhubi Colliery, Khoodia Colliery, Kapasara Colliery, Lakhimata Colliery, Mandman Colliery, Rajpura OCP, Shampur B
Pandaveswar Dalurband Colliery, Khottadih OCP, Khottadih UG, Mandhaipur Colliery, Manderbony Colliery, Pandaveswar Colliery, South Samla Colliery
Rajmahal Lalmatia Coalfield in Godda, Jharkhand
Salanpur Bonjemehari Colliery, Barmondia Colliery, Dabor, Gourandi Colliery, Gourandi Begunia Colliery, Mohonpur OCP
Satgram Chapui Khas Colliery, JK Nagar Project, Jemehari Colliery, Kalidaspur Project, Kuardi Colliery, Nimcha Colliery, Pure Searsole Colliery, Ratibati Colliery, Satgram Project, Satgram Incline
Sodepur Bejdih Colliery, Chinakuri 1 & 2 Colliery, Chinakuri 3 Colliery, Dhemomain Incline, Dhemomain Pit, Dubeswary Colliery, Methani Colliery, Mouthdih Colliery, Narsamuda Colliery, Parbelia Colliery, Patmohona Colliery, Sodepur Colliery
Sonpur Bazari Sonpur Bazari Project
S.P.Mines Chitra in Deoghar, Jharkhand
Sripur Bhanora West Block Colliery, New Ghusick Colliery, Kalipahari Colliery, Ningha Colliery, S.S.I. Colliery,

Note: All the linked Area pages provide relevant details of the collieries and carry maps indicating the location of the collieries. All the operational areas are in Raniganj Coalfield, except Rajmahal and S.P. Mines.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Raniganj Coalfield

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The Raniganj Coalfield is the easternmost and one of the largest coalfields in India's Damodar Valley basin, spanning approximately 1,550 square kilometers primarily across the and subdivisions of in , with extensions into the neighboring districts of Birbhum, , and , as well as a minor portion in of . Situated between the to the south and the to the north, it represents a semi-elliptical basin formed during the Permian period as part of the broader supergroup. Renowned as the birthplace of the Indian industry, the first commercial coal mine was established here in 1774 by the Company's agents, Sumner and Heatly, along the western bank of the , initiating nearly 250 years of extraction that fueled early industrial growth, including the advent of steam locomotives in 1853. Geologically, the coalfield features a stratigraphic sequence of sediments overlying basement rocks, including the Formation at the base (glacial deposits), followed by the coal-bearing Barakar Formation (Lower Permian sandstones, shales, and seams), the non-coal Barren Measures, and the Upper Permian Formation (fine- to medium-grained sandstones interbedded with shales, siltstones, and additional seams). The principal workable seams, such as Dishergarh, Scandia, Kuchia, and Satbhari in the Barakar, along with and in the Formation, yield high-volatile bituminous coals suitable for power, cement production, and limited applications, with total reserves estimated at approximately 49 billion tonnes (as of 2022). These seams vary in thickness from 1 to 12 meters and are characterized by moderate ash content and good calorific value, though early unscientific mining has led to challenges like seam fires and . Under the management of Eastern Coalfields Limited (ECL), a subsidiary of Coal India Limited, the Raniganj Coalfield remains a vital contributor to India's energy security, producing 47.56 million tonnes of coal in FY 2023-24 for domestic power generation and supporting related industries. Beyond conventional mining, it holds substantial coal bed methane (CBM) potential, with operational blocks in Raniganj North, East, and South that have a potential yield of up to 12 million cubic meters per day, positioning it as a key resource for cleaner fossil fuel alternatives. However, historical overexploitation has resulted in environmental concerns, including ground instability affecting over 140 locations and ongoing rehabilitation efforts under a master plan for the coalfield and adjacent Jharia area.

Location and Geography

Extent and Boundaries

The Raniganj Coalfield spans an area of approximately 1,550 km², lying primarily between latitudes 23°03′N and 23°51′N and longitudes 86°42′E and 87°28′E. This semi-elliptical intracratonic rift basin forms part of the broader Supergroup. The coalfield's northern boundary is delineated by the Ajoy River, while the southern limit follows the , creating an interfluve region that defines much of its extent. To the west, it borders the and the highlands of , transitioning into more rugged terrain, whereas the eastern edge merges into the alluvial plains of , characterized by flatter sedimentary deposits. Topographically, the region features gently undulating terrain, with elevations ranging from around 70 m to 120 m above mean , sloping generally southward and southeastward toward the Damodar . This landscape reflects the rift basin's structural influence, with higher ground in the north-central areas giving way to lower valleys. The delineation of the coalfield's boundaries has evolved from early 19th-century surveys conducted by British geologists, which initially mapped exposed measures along river valleys, to contemporary delineations using and GIS for precise boundary mapping and .

Administrative and Physical Features

The Raniganj Coalfield lies primarily within the and subdivisions of in , . It extends into adjacent districts of Birbhum, , and in , along with portions of in . Key physical features include the Damodar and Barakar rivers, which form major waterways traversing the coalfield and influencing mining through drainage and . The region has a , characterized by hot summers and a pronounced , with annual rainfall typically ranging from 1,150 to 1,450 mm, of which 80-90% occurs during the months from June to October, affecting operational planning and flood risks. The coalfield is situated near prominent industrial centers such as , with an estimated population of around 1.53 million as of 2024 projections, and , illustrating a dynamic urban-rural interface that supports workforce integration and economic activity. Infrastructure supporting the coalfield includes well-developed rail networks, operational since 1855 for transport, and road systems like the Grand Trunk Road, which runs through the area connecting key points such as (60 km west) and (35 km east), facilitating efficient logistics.

Geological Overview

Stratigraphy and Formations

The Raniganj Coalfield forms part of the Supergroup, deposited within the Permian Damodar Valley rift basin in eastern . This supergroup represents a sequence of continental sediments accumulated in a rift-related tectonic setting, characterized by linear basins along Precambrian lineaments. The coalfield's reflects the broader depositional history, with sediments infilling a fault-controlled depression bounded by the Damodar and Ajay rivers. The stratigraphic succession begins with the Talchir Formation at the base, comprising basal conglomerates, coarse sandstones, and diamictites indicative of glacial and fluvioglacial environments during the Early Permian. Overlying this is the Barakar Formation, the primary lower coal measures, consisting of thick, coarse-grained sandstones interbedded with shales, carbonaceous shales, and multiple coal seams; it attains thicknesses of up to 1,000 meters in places and reflects fluvial channel and deposition. Separating the coal-bearing units is the Ironstone Shale Formation (also known as Barren Measures), a non-coal interval of ferruginous shales, siltstones, and minor sandstones, reaching about 300-500 meters thick and deposited in a floodplain setting with pedogenic influences. Capping the main coal sequence is the Raniganj Formation, the upper coal measures, dominated by fine- to medium-grained sandstones, shales, and thinner coal seams compared to the Barakar; it varies from 500 to 800 meters in thickness and signifies a shift to more lacustrine and deltaic influences. The overall sequence in the coalfield reaches up to 3,000 meters in depocenters, controlled by NE-SW trending normal faults that define the rift architecture and cause significant lateral thickness and variations. The age of these formations spans the Permian period, from Early Permian (Talchir Formation) to Late Permian (Raniganj Formation), with palynological evidence confirming the Raniganj Formation's Late Permian affinity and transitional depositional environments from fluvio-lacustrine to deltaic systems under a humid, . As of 2024 geophysical surveys, the stratigraphy remains consistent, with ongoing studies focusing on faulting impacts on seam continuity. This framework underscores the coalfield's evolution within an intracratonic , influencing subsequent accumulation patterns.

Coal Seam Characteristics

The coal seams in the Coalfield are primarily hosted within the Barakar and Formations of the Supergroup, with the Barakar measures comprising the lower, more persistent seams and the measures featuring the upper, more variable ones. Over 40 seams have been identified across the coalfield, with the Barakar Formation containing thicker, multi-partite seams that exhibit greater lateral continuity despite interruptions from faults and folds, while the Formation includes numerous thinner, lenticular seams that split and pinch out more frequently. The coal is predominantly non-coking bituminous in rank, classified as high-volatile B-C type, with vitrinite reflectance values ranging from 0.53–0.72% Ro for Raniganj seams and 1.09–1.23% Ro for Barakar seams, indicating a progression in maturity from the upper to lower measures. Upper Raniganj seams typically exhibit lower ash content (15-20%) and higher calorific values (5,500-6,500 kcal/kg), making them suitable for power generation, whereas Barakar coals show slightly higher ash and variable sulfur levels (around 1-2%), with some potential for coking in select areas. These quality variations arise from depositional environments, with Raniganj coals reflecting more oxidizing conditions and Barakar coals from reducing, fluviatile settings. Thickness of Barakar seams can reach up to 50 m in places, though they commonly vary from 10-30 m, occurring at depths of 200-600 m, while Raniganj seams are generally 1-10 m thick and shallower at 50-300 m, with both groups affected by tectonic disturbances that limit lateral extent. Faulting, particularly along the E-W trending structures, causes seam splitting and displacement, influencing resource distribution. are estimated at approximately 49.17 billion tonnes, with significant methane content in gassy Barakar seams supporting exploration.

History of Mining

Discovery and Early Exploitation

The Raniganj Coalfield's coal resources were first identified in 1774 by John Sumner and Suetonius Grant Heatly, employees of the British East India Company, who spotted the initial recorded outcrop near Sitarampur along the . This discovery stemmed from visible exposures of coal-bearing strata in the region's Gondwana formations. Commercial exploitation began in , when private lessees initiated organized operations in the coalfield. By the , the introduction of steam-powered pumps addressed persistent flooding in shallow pits, enabling deeper extraction and marking an early adoption of in Indian . Annual production grew modestly, reaching approximately 37,000 tonnes by the late 1830s, primarily to supply emerging industrial demands in . A pivotal development occurred with the formation of the Bengal Coal Company in 1843, which formalized large-scale operations including the Raniganj Colliery. That same year, the East Indian Railway extended lines from to in 1855, revolutionizing coal transport to and boosting output for regional markets. Early mining relied heavily on labor from local indigenous groups, including Santhal and Bauri communities, who provided essential workforce for manual extraction and haulage. The coal primarily fueled steamships on the and was exported to Britain to power maritime vessels, underscoring the coalfield's role in supporting colonial trade and navigation.

Post-Independence Developments

Following India's independence in 1947, the coal sector underwent significant transformation through to consolidate production and ensure resource security. The process occurred in two phases: first, coking coal mines were nationalized in 1971-1972 under the Coal Mines (Nationalisation) Act, 1972, and placed under the management of the newly formed Coal Mines Authority Limited (CMAL). This was followed by the nationalization of non-coking coal mines, effective May 1, 1973, via the Coal Mines (Nationalisation) Act, 1973, also bringing them under CMAL oversight. In 1975, Coal India Limited (CIL) was established as a to oversee the nationalized mines, marking full control. As a of CIL, Eastern Coalfields Limited (ECL) was formed the same year to manage operations in the Raniganj Coalfield along with adjacent areas in , Bokaro, and others, inheriting approximately 123 private mines in these regions. Under ECL's administration, in shifted from predominantly underground methods—accounting for 98.49% of ECL's total production at —to increasing reliance on opencast techniques for efficiency and scale. Major expansions included the development of projects in the Kajora and Satgram areas during the and , enhancing output capacity through larger-scale opencast operations. Key policy shifts further drove modernization. efforts intensified in the , introducing equipment like continuous miners and load-haul-dumpers to improve underground productivity where feasible. Post-2015, the Coal Mines (Special Provisions) Act enabled auctions of blocks for commercial , opening opportunities for private participation while maintaining CIL's dominance. Safety received heightened attention after major incidents in the 2000s, including the 2016 Lalmatia opencast cave-in in ECL's area, prompting stricter regulations, real-time monitoring portals, and reduced accident rates through enforced safety management plans. In recent years, several coal blocks in the Raniganj Coalfield, such as South of Hingla, have been offered for under commercial provisions as of 2025, alongside ongoing rehabilitation efforts under a master plan addressing from historical . Production in the Raniganj Coalfield under ECL grew substantially, from around 21 million tonnes across inherited mines in 1973-74 to over 33 million tonnes by the early , reflecting expanded opencast contributions and policy-driven scaling.

Mining Operations

Operating Areas and Methods

The Raniganj Coalfield is managed by , a subsidiary of Coal India Limited, through several primary operating divisions, including Salanpur, Kajora, , Satgram, and Jhanjra. These divisions oversee more than 10 major collieries, such as Barabani in the Salanpur area and Kenda in the Kenda area, which are distributed across the coalfield primarily in West Bengal's Paschim Bardhaman and Birbhum districts. Mining operations in the coalfield predominantly utilize opencast methods, employing dragline and shovel-dumper combinations for stripping and extraction in shallower seams. Underground mining is applied to deeper reserves using bord-and-pillar and longwall techniques, with increasing adoption of continuous miners for mechanized development since the to enhance efficiency in selective seams. Infrastructure supports these operations through systematic removal, typically at ratios around 1:5 for shallow seams to ensure economical access to layers. For the gassy Barakar Formation seams prevalent in the coalfield, robust ventilation systems using auxiliary fans and drainage boreholes maintain safe air quality, while sump pumps and galleries manage underground water inflow to prevent flooding. Recent advancements include the integration of surface miners in opencast projects for selective with reduced blasting, and GPS-enabled equipment for precise surveying and routing since 2020, improving operational accuracy and reducing environmental disturbance in active areas.

Production and Reserves

The Raniganj Coalfield holds significant resources, with total geological reserves estimated at approximately 49.17 billion tonnes, primarily non-coking suitable for thermal power generation. Eastern Limited (ECL), the primary operator in the region, accounts for approximately 33.92 billion tonnes of reserves in the West Bengal portion of the coalfield (as of 2023), encompassing key blocks in and parts of . Reserves are categorized by depth, with shallow seams (less than 300 meters) facilitating opencast and deeper seams (greater than 300 meters) requiring underground methods, contributing to the coalfield's diverse extraction potential up to a depth of 600 meters. Historical production in the Raniganj Coalfield reached 33.90 million tonnes (MT) in 2008, reflecting early post-nationalization growth under ECL. Output peaked at 40 MT in , driven by expanded opencast operations, before stabilizing amid environmental and infrastructural challenges. In recent years, ECL's production from the coalfield has shown steady recovery, achieving approximately 35.02 MT in 2022-23 and rising to 47.56 MT in 2023-24, with underground and opencast contributions of 9.18 MT and 38.38 MT, respectively. In FY 2024-25, production reached 52.04 MT, with opencast at 43.56 MT and underground at 8.48 MT. Production trends from 2020 to 2025 indicate robust growth, with ECL achieving 52.04 MT in 2024-25, supported by new capacities and efficiency improvements. The is predominantly non-coking (over 90% of output), primarily supplied to power plants for , while exports have been minimal since 2010 due to domestic demand priorities. Economically, ECL reported a turnover of approximately ₹19,351 in 2022-23, underscoring the coalfield's role in contributing to India's national production of 997.83 MT in 2023-24.
YearECL Production (MT)Key Notes
200833.90Baseline post-2000 growth
201440.00Historical peak
2022-2335.02Recovery phase
2023-2447.56Opencast dominance (81%)
2024-2552.04Achieved against target of 54 MT

Environmental and Social Impacts

Environmental Challenges

The Raniganj Coalfield experiences significant ground and surface deformation primarily due to underground mining activities leading to collapse of mined-out voids. Annual monitoring using (InSAR) techniques has revealed subsidence rates of up to 21.18 mm/year in affected areas, including regions near Pandaveswar, with these deformations directly linked to subsurface collapses in coal seams. Such movements pose risks to and land stability across the coalfield. Mine fires have been a persistent issue in the Raniganj Coalfield since the , originating from within seams, particularly the Barakar formation. These fires, numbering in the dozens across two major affected zones, release substantial gases including CO2 and SO2, contributing to local atmospheric and long-term resource loss. The phenomenon is exacerbated by historical practices and the inherent combustibility of the coal, with records indicating ongoing activity in multiple sites. Pollution from operations in the Raniganj Coalfield includes that contaminates nearby water bodies, notably the , with low pH levels (as low as 4-5 in affected discharges) and elevated concentrations of such as iron (Fe) and manganese (). This drainage results from the oxidation of sulfide minerals in exposed rocks, mobilizing metals into surface and groundwater systems. Additionally, air quality near opencast sites suffers from elevated particulate matter, with PM2.5 levels averaging around 44 μg/m³—exceeding national annual standards by approximately twofold in some monitoring periods—and linked to dust from and fires. Waste management challenges arise from the generation of large volumes of —estimated in the tens of millions of tonnes annually across operations—dumped in expansive piles that lead to and landscape alteration. These dumps, often lacking vegetation cover, accelerate rates, reducing productivity in peripheral areas by disrupting and promoting runoff of sediments and contaminants. Increasing production levels have intensified these waste-related issues, amplifying and degradation.

Socio-Economic Effects

The Raniganj Coalfield, operated primarily by Limited (ECL), provides direct employment opportunities as part of ECL's total workforce of approximately 48,700 employees as of March 2024, with a substantial portion in the coalfield's and related operations, supporting livelihoods in and adjacent regions. Ancillary sectors such as transportation, power generation, and local services further extend job creation. Since 2010, increased efforts, including the adoption of loader-less techniques and continuous miners, have reduced reliance on manual labor, transitioning some underground operations to more efficient, technology-driven methods while prioritizing worker safety and productivity. Economically, the coalfield contributes significantly to West Bengal's industrial output through production and associated industries, with ECL's operations in the coalfield contributing to the company's total production of 47.56 million tonnes of in FY 2023-24. Royalties and related payments from activities channel approximately ₹22,000 to panchayats and state coffers as of FY 2023-24, funding and in mining-affected districts like Paschim Bardhaman. These financial inflows bolster regional economies, particularly in areas like and , where supports downstream sectors including and power. Social challenges in the coalfield have historically included large-scale labor migration, drawing workers from , , and since the colonial era, which disrupted family structures and local demographics pre-2000s. Child labor was prevalent in early operations until regulatory reforms in the mid-20th century, though informal sectors occasionally persisted. Health concerns remain acute, with affecting approximately 30% of miners in relevant studies due to prolonged exposure to silica-laden , leading to respiratory disabilities and compensation claims. protests over land acquisition for mine expansion have intensified since the , often linking socio-economic displacement to broader grievances. To address these issues, ECL has implemented (CSR) programs focused on and , including of school infrastructure, provision of benches and study materials to primary schools in Salanpur Block, and renovation of facilities in Raniganj-adjacent villages. Water initiatives encompass installations and drinking facilities in schools and communities like Kenda and Fulberia, benefiting thousands in mining peripheries. Post-2020, ECL has emphasized mine closure plans for abandoned pits, revising them per guidelines to include progressive reclamation, social impact mitigation, and corpus funding for long-term community rehabilitation. As of FY 2024-25, ECL continues to focus on sustainable mining with updated mine closure plans and enhanced CSR for affected communities.

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