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Ray (manga)
Ray (manga)
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Ray
Promotional image for Ray the Animation
Manga
Written byAkihito Yoshitomi
Published byAkita Shoten
English publisher
MagazineChampion Red
Original run20022006
Volumes7
Anime television series
Ray the Animation
Directed byNaohito Takahashi
Produced by
  • Kazuhiko Suzuki
  • Kazuyoshi Takagi
  • Takefumi Fukuri
  • Takuya Chiba
  • Miyuki Udagawa
Written byAtsuhiro Tomioka
Music by
  • Masami Okui
  • GodSpeed
StudioOLM
Tezuka Productions
Licensed by
Original networkFamily Gekijou, VK
Original run April 6, 2006 June 29, 2006
Episodes13 (List of episodes)
Related

Ray is a science fiction manga by Akihito Yoshitomi that ran in Champion Red magazine from 2002 to 2006 and was compiled in seven volumes. An anime television series adaptation titled Ray the Animation was broadcast in Japan from April 6, 2006, through June 29, 2006. The anime series was produced by Tezuka Productions and animated by OLM.

Plot

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The story takes place in the near future, and describes a young girl living in an institution that raised children in order to sell their organs on the black organ transplant market. Her original eyes were taken and she was rescued and outfitted with a pair of new X-ray eyes by the underground doctor Black Jack and then adopted by a surgeon named Dr. Kasugano.

Ten years later, Ray took up her mother's profession and become a well known and respected surgeon because of her unique abilities and sharp skill. After beginning work at a less-than-typical hospital, Ray is faced with bizarre cases that require her special skills. In the second half of the series she begins to uncover details about the organization that removed her eyes and the whereabouts of the other children with whom she was raised. The storylines take up bioethical issues such as organ donation, human cloning and even reincarnation.

Like its counterpart Black Jack 21, the show favors science-fiction elements in place of realism, with cases often resembling actual medical conditions but with fantastical elements added to heighten drama.

Characters

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Main characters

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Ray Kasugano (春日野 零, Kasugano Rei)
Ray is the main character and an expert surgeon. She started life as a clone, raised along with other children by a mysterious organization as a source for organ donation. The children had no names, only numbers, and because the identifying numbers on her back "075 - 1 - 74" equal zero when subtracted, she called herself "Ray" as Rei is the Japanese word for zero[1]. After her original eyes were taken, she was rescued and outfitted with a pair of new X-ray eyes by the underground doctor Black Jack and then adopted by a surgeon named Dr. Kasugano. Ray is often thought of as distant and private by her co-workers and her cool demeanor and precision with a scalpel make her a sought-out surgeon for difficult cases. She is disturbed by memories of her childhood and searches for the children with whom she was raised, especially her first love, Kouichi but she also begins to like Shinoyama Toshiaki too.
Toshiaki Shinoyama (篠山利明, Shinoyama Toshiaki)
Toshiaki Shinoyama is a manufacturer of artificial organs that he claims are "top of the line." Shinoyama is Ray's business partner and harbors romantic feelings for her. Often depicted as a playboy and a slacker, he cares deeply for the people who depend on him. Despite Ray's seeming indifference (and often annoyance) with him, Shinoyama has expressed that he is happy with their relationship even if it remains the same, and claims that he will leave if he can no longer be of service to Ray. However, in later episodes he feels conflicted by the reappearance of Koichi, and is continually goaded by Misato to make the first move.
Aka Ribbon (Red Ribbon) (アカリボン, Akaribon)
Aka Ribbon was one of the children raised with Ray and like many of the children, she named herself after her most valuable possession. She and Ray were separated until being reunited ten years later in the hospital where Ray worked. Red Ribbon suffered from amnesia after being found at the scene of an accident and at first did not recognize Ray. It was later revealed that she was sent by the organization that raised her and Ray. She was carrying a dangerous mind-controlling parasite which possessed several staff members until Ray was able to remove it. She moved in with Ray and often tagged along on patient visits. Her childlike demeanor is often used as comic relief during particularly heavy story-lines. In later episodes she is shown to be more aware of her situation and begins to show hostility towards Ray indicating she may have been fully aware of her situation from the start. It is later revealed that she was working with Koichi to keep tabs on Ray and may not have had amnesia. Red Ribbon is deeply in love with Koichi, but she dies after being shot by him when she threatens to harm Ray in a jealous rage.

Hospital characters

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Director Sawa (沢院長, Sawa inchō)
Director Sawa is the director of the hospital. He has a long dark beard and wears a distinctive eyepatch which gives him an intimidating appearance but he is actually quite caring about both his patients and staff. He rescued Ray 10 years earlier when she was left for dead and lost his right eye and leg in the process. He worked with Dr. Kasugano and the H Ring man before they separated 20 years earlier.
Dr. Kasugano (春日野, Kasugano)
Dr. Kasugano is Ray's adoptive mother and a surgeon. She worked along with Sawa and the H Ring man to establish a hospital 20 years earlier. After Ray was rescued, Kasugano took her in and raised Ray as her own child, hoping that she would never have to reveal her daughter's true origins. Presented as a kind and caring mother, Kasugano taught Ray all she knows about being a surgeon and appears near the end of the series to help her adopted daughter reconcile with their shared past.
Misato (美里, Misato)
Misato is the nurse who first encountered Ray and her ability at the scene of an accident. She wears a double bun haristyle and glasses. Like all the nurses at the hospital, she appears skilled in martial arts and singlehandedly took on a group of thugs trying to stop an operation.
Rie (利江, Rie)
Rie is another nurse with pigtails who works with Misato. She often suggests absurd-sounding reasons for an illness that may or may not be the case. She is the cheeriest of the hospital nurses and a good friend of Mami and Rumi.
Rumi (留美, Rumi)
Rumi is a nurse at the hospital often seen with Rie and Mami. She has an un-reciprocated crush on Shinoyama and a generally shy and nervous personality.
Mami (真美, Mami)
Mami is the fourth nurse and the quietest of the group. It is implied that she may be a lesbian or bisexual.
Sumire (Violet) (すみれ, Sumire)
Sumire is a childhood acquaintance of Shinoyama, referring to him by the intimate name "Toshi-kun". Sumire is the daughter of the head of a major pharmaceutical company and is the test subject for many of the artificial organs her father's company manufactures. She is shown to be fanatically devoted to Shinoyama despite his rejection of her romantic advances and feels Ray is only using him for her own purposes. In order to have her organs replaced by ones made by Shinoyama she purposely damages her own body. It is revealed in episode 12 by Red Ribbon that she was the recipient of Ray's original eyes.
Kenji (賢治, Kenji)
Kenji is a young boy at the hospital who is kept in isolation behind a glass wall and appears to have some sort of immune deficiency. He is shown as having a psychic ability and is able to see Ray's memories when she puts her hand up to the glass. The end of the series suggests that there may be a way to cure his condition and it is implied by the nurses that he and Honoka (the clone) have begun to develop a mutual affection.

Numbers characters

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"Numbers" are clones created by H Ring Man and are so-called because of numbers tattooed behind their right shoulders. In an effort to distinguish themselves they created names for themselves.

The H Ring Man (Hリングの男, H ringu no otoko)
The H Ring Man is the head of the organization which created Ray and the "Numbers" children. He was responsible for the loss of Ray's eyes as well as the parasite which infected Red Ribbon. His real name is Shinichi Saito (斉藤 晃一, Saitō Shin'ichi), and along with Ray's mother Dr. Kasugano and Dr. Sawa, he established the hospital where Ray and the others now work over 20 years later. Eventually he split from the other two and began his own research into creating human clones who he hoped would keep the memories of their former lives, effectively a reincarnation of the deceased. This become an obsession to recreate his dead mother who died when he was 10 years old during the happiest days of his life. Her name was Honoka, hence the trademark "H" on his signet ring. Ray and One are revealed to be clones of his dead mother, but which he considered failures. The children Ray was raised with were referred to as "Numbers" and were all considered failures, as they were unable to recover the memories of the people who provided the genetic material. Consequently, they were used as unwilling organ donors as a form of "recycling", according to Dr. Kasugano.
Koichi (コーイチ, Kōichi)
Koichi is Ray's first love who proposed escaping with Ray from the "white room" in the clone farm when they were children. He reappears 10 years later requesting to meet Ray. He makes his first physical appearance after One attempts to kill Ray but he keeps his distance. It is later revealed that he is a clone of the H Ring Man whom he despises, but whom he worked with to track down Ray. He recreated a utopian "white room" which gathered all of the surviving Numbers and planned to include Ray and restore her to her original self. This involved retrieving her original eyes which were implanted into Sumire. He grows increasingly maniacal, and he shows the same level of obsession with Ray as the man he was cloned from had with his mother. He commits suicide by shooting himself in the head, when he believes that Ray has died.
One
One created her name by using her number 078 - 3 - 74 which equals 1 when subtracted. She and Ray were cloned from the same woman, though One shows much more violent and malevolent tendencies but unconditionally loves her creator based on the memories of her genetic original. She is distinguished from Ray physically by her red lipstick and longer, more unkempt hair. One claims to have conscious memories of her former life and as a result tries to kill Ray, whom she sees as competition for the affections of the H Ring Man. She shares a strained relationship with him and later she shot by Koichi under orders from the H Ring Man who pronounced her useless.
Saeko
Saeko is a young girl who lives with her overprotective father, Tetsuzo Omoribe, in the village of Hotarudani. She is one of H Ring Man's earliest clone experiments and has a perfect resemblance to her father's dead wife of the same name. Some in their village believed her to be a product of witchcraft to bring back the dead. Often ill and out of school, she was at a hospital in Tokyo receiving supposedly life-saving treatment at the time all the other villagers disappeared. They were in fact wiped out to keep H Ring Man's cloning experiments secret. After it is discovered that she suffers the same fatal congenital heart defect that killed her mother she goes into a state of cardiac arrest and Ray performs emergency surgery on the girl despite knowing that Saeko has only a short time to live.
Honoka (ほのか)
Honoka is a young girl of around 8 years old and the most successful clone because she has memories of her mother's life. She is shown comforting the H Ring Man like his real mother would have in the town he built in order to fulfill his fantasy of reliving his childhood before his mother died. She is shot in an attempt to protect the H Ring Man from Koichi, but luckily is taken to Sawa's hospital and survives. Her cloned memories begin to fade however she connects with Kenji, who helps her reconcile her past.
Blue
Blue is a boy who chose his name after his most prized possession, a blue marble. Ray is reunited with her old friend in the first chapter of the manga, and he also makes a small appearance in the last episode of the anime among the reunited Numbers. Blue has no memories of his past, much like Red Ribbon, and Ray finds him under attack by H Ring Man's people. He is deliberately infected with a deadly fungus planted within his lungs, which if Ray does not operate and remove within twenty minutes the spores of the fungus will be released and Blue, as well as those who inhale the spores, will die. Ray is successful in her operation, though remains unsettled by Blue's reappearance, which is marked with the H Ring Man's people commenting that the H Ring Man is continually watching her. Blue is hospitalized thereafter, where he remains an amnesiac. Tightly clenched in his hand is the blue marble from his childhood; to protect Blue, Ray does not unclench his hand to prevent Blue from recalling his painful past before he is ready.

Other characters

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Miyabi
Miyabi is a friend of Ray's who appears in episode 5. When they were in school together, Miyabi served as the miko of her family's shrine to the god Hitogami, a kami who wished to become human. During a ceremony in which she was fed an oyster-like organism Miyabi developed a very large and blister like growth and appeared to be possessed by a male entity, causing Ray to remove the growth on her own in her very first surgery. Ray speculated that the oyster was actually the spirit of Hitogami trying to possess the girl and gain a body as in the legend.
Black Jack (ブラック・ジャック, Buraku Jaku)
Black Jack is the surgeon who outfitted Ray with her X-ray eyes. He is originally from Osamu Tezuka's Black Jack manga and appears briefly in episode 1 and again at the end of episode 13.

Episode list

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No. Title Original airdate
1"Eyes Of God"
Transliteration: "kami no me" (Japanese: 神の目)
April 5, 2006 (2006-04-05)
Misato, a nurse at local hospital, witnesses an accident and she encounters a young woman who efficiently treats the wounded with an apparent ability to see inside their bodies. The next day at Director Sawa's hospital, the same woman arrives and introduces herself to Misato as Kasugano Ray, a young surgeon ready to commence work. Ray is assigned to operate on a dying drug dealer, and initially refuses to use an unapproved and experimental anesthetic for the operation, but eventually agrees. She then uses her special visual ability to remove the man's tumor. Meanwhile, Misato along with nurses Rie, Rumi and Mami use their martial arts skills to fight off criminals who have been sent to kill their sick associate. Later, she encounters Black Jack who has been shadowing her, and admits that her ability enables her to see into people's bodies but she cannot see what is in their hearts.
2"Partner"
Transliteration: "pātonā" (Japanese: パートナー)
April 12, 2006 (2006-04-12)
Anna Takakawa, a selfish young girl in Director Sawa's hospital needs a new heart, and her sister Kanna pleads with Ray to use transplant her own heart. Ray only agrees because she intends to implant her business partner Toshiaki Shinoyama's new experimental artificial heart, but doesn't tell the sisters. However, Anna goes into decline and Ray has to start the transplant operation. Fortunately, Shinoyama arrives with a new smaller version of his artificial heart which Ray successfully implants. When Anna recovers, she reunites with Kanna and tearfully apologises to Kanna for demanding her heart.
3"Scenery Through The Glass"
Transliteration: "garasu-goshi no fūkei" (Japanese: ガラス越しの風景)
April 19, 2006 (2006-04-19)
One day, Shinoyama takes Ray and the three nurses to an aquarium near the ocean. However, his intention is for Ray to perform underwater surgery on the son of an important politician who is infected with a dangerous pathogen which cannot be exposed to air. She agrees to extirpate the lesions, but she must wear a clear suit over a bikini to protect herself from the pathogen, much to her annoyance and Shinoyama’s delight. During the operation a power failure prevents Ray from completing the operation and cutting oxygen to the patient. Misato suggests they reroute emergency power to the room and Ray manages to complete the operation. Later, Ray visits the quarantined boy Kenji who is able to read her mind, and she gives him a shell she found on the beach.
4"Red Ribbon"
Transliteration: "akai ribon" (Japanese: 赤いリボン)
April 26, 2006 (2006-04-26)
Shinoyama finds a young girl with a broken arm and amnesia after an accident, but without a surname. He takes Ray to visit her, and she recognizes the girl by the numbered tattoo on her shoulder as Akaribon. The meeting prompts Ray to recall her past where she was one of a group of children raised by a syndicate to be organ donors. They had no names, only numbers tattooed on them, so they created their own names. During Akaribon's treatment, Director Sawa becomes suspicious of her appearance in the hospital, especially after she releases a debilitating gas from a seed on her neck and attacks him. Shinoyama manages to set off the fire alarm, triggering the sprinkler system and neutralizing the gas. The seed propagates itself, causing everyone to attack Ray, but she manages to excise the buds from their necks, including Akaribon who later moves in with her.
5"A Substitute"
Transliteration: "narikawari" (Japanese: 成り代わり)
May 3, 2006 (2006-05-03)
A girl named Sayaka Oyama is admitted to the hospital with spontaneous bleeding and speaks as if possessed. In a flashback Ray tells the nurses of her friend Miyabi who ate ceremonial oysters as part of her duties as a miko. Ray says that a few days later, she cut off an enormous growth that had grown on Miyabi from the parasitic oysters in what was her first surgery. Back In the present, Oyama admits to being possessed and starts bleeding from wounds which open up in her body again. Ray calls Shinoyama, who takes Oyama to a place where an old cherry tree being cut down. Ray realizes that Oyama is having a sympathetic response to the tree's plight, and before the tree is completely cut through she removes a cherry seed from Oyama. Ray concludes that the tree was using the girl as a way to stay alive and protect its offspring.
6"A Gift"
Transliteration: "okurimono" (Japanese: 贈りもの)
May 10, 2006 (2006-05-10)
Ray receives a set of glass scalpels in the mail from an unknown source. Later at the hospital, a prematurely aged man Yoshio Asada is brought suffering from headaches and abdominal pain. His body also overreacts to metal and electronics. Akaribon recognizes him as a man from the syndicate which raised her and Ray. Ray receives a phone call from The H Ring Man who was responsible for Asada's condition saying that he sent the scalpels to enable Ray to operate on him as a test of her abilities. Ray successfully completes the delicate operation without the use of metal or electronics.
7"Lover"
Transliteration: "omoi hito" (Japanese: 想い人)
May 17, 2006 (2006-05-17)
Asada leads Shinoyama and Ray to an abandoned sanatorium and Ray recognizes it as the place where she was raised. Misato then invites Ray to a party arranged by the head of Horiuchi Life, an artificial organ manufacturer. The party is for the birthday of his daughter Sumire who turns out to be a childhood friend of Shinoyama. Ray notices that she is being kept alive by artificial organs. Sumire professes her love for Shinoyama, but he rejects her. She drinks alcohol and damages her artificial organs in order to have them replaced by Shinoyama's. Her wish granted when Ray herself performs the operation. Later, as Ray and Shinoyama discuss their relationship, Ray's childhood sweetheart Koichi, calls her and says they should escape together, in a reference to their past.
8"The Wriggling Past"
Transliteration: "ugomeku kako" (Japanese: 蠢く過去)
May 24, 2006 (2006-05-24)
A young woman named Kaori Sakai is brought in to the hospital suffering mysterious symptoms and she feels that something is inside her. A mycelium finally manifests itself outside Kaori as branching filaments covering her body. Director Sawa proposes that it is a combination of a fungus and a parasitic worm's egg. Ray realizes it is a creation of the syndicate like the one which killed her friend Hana when they were children. Ray operates to eliminate the heart of the colony and saves Kaori. The medical team suspects that she contracted the parasite in a village called Hotarudani during a ski trip with friends. Apparently all of the village residents mysteriously disappeared six months earlier. At the end of the episode, and older Koichi is shown reminiscing about Ray and hoping to see her soon.
9"The Clone"
Transliteration: "arawashi" (Japanese: 現し身)
May 31, 2006 (2006-05-31)
Shinoyama drives Ray and Akaribon to the village of Hotarudani where the population had disappeared overnight. At a store on the way, they learn that Tetsuzo Omoribe still lives there with his adopted sickly daughter Saeko who looks just like his deceased wife. While there, a boy called Takumi demands that they take him with them to visit his classmate Saeko. Takumi reveals that he saw figures in hazmat suits arrive just days before the villagers disappeared. They meet Saeko and her overly protective father near the village, but Saeko goes into cardiac arrest. Ray saves Saeko and Tetsuzo tells them that after his wife Saeko died fifteen years earlier, an unknown man then promised to bring her back. A year later he returned with a baby whom he called Saeko and who grew up to be the image of his wife. When the Saeko developed the same heart condition, the man took them to his hospital, but when they returned all the villagers had disappeared. As Shinoyama and Ray drive back home, they realize that the syndicate was already creating clones fifteen years ago. Suddenly, their van is attacked by a woman on a motorcycle who looks like Ray.
10"Reunion"
Transliteration: "saikai" (Japanese: 再会)
June 7, 2006 (2006-06-07)
Ray returns to the hospital and tells Director Sawa that she knows the syndicate have been cloning humans and demands more information, but he refuses. Ray meets her mother who explains that she worked with the H Ring Man who originally shared the same dream to heal people, but he left to develop clones as a way to resurrect the one woman he desperately wanted to bring back to life. However, because the clones were born without the original's memories he saw them as failures, so they were given numbers and used as organ donors. Suddenly the woman looking like Ray interrupts the discussion and explains her name is One and that she is the perfect clone because she has the memories of the original. One tries to kill Ray, but she is stopped by Koichi who leaves before they can be reunited.
11"Painfully Loving..."
Transliteration: "kanashi teru..." (Japanese: 哀してる…)
June 14, 2006 (2006-06-14)
Ray's mother refuses to name the woman the H-ring man has tried to clone. After locating the H-ring man’s headquarters, Ray easily infiltrates the building because of her identical appearance to One. She confronts him about his actions in exploiting the clones he created, however he is not apologetic and even says that One is a failure - she does not have all the memories of the original and he calls her a "spare". Sawa bursts in, but One helps the H-ring man escape. However, Koichi arrives and kills One, then leaves with the H-ring man.
12"The Paradise Of Agony"
Transliteration: "nageki no rakuen" (Japanese: 嘆きの楽園)
June 21, 2006 (2006-06-21)
Akaribon telephones Ray and says that she and Shinoyama should meet her and Koichi at Mt. Mutsuki. They arrive to find an underground facility which contains a recreation of the H-ring Man's childhood village. Suddenly, memories come flooding back to Ray which are not hers. Meanwhile, at the Sawa Hospital, they discover Sumire has been abducted by a group of people including Akaribon. Back at the village, Ray meets Koichi who shows her H-ring Man happily living with a young girl named Honoka. She is a clone of his deceased mother who died when he was 10 years old and she retains the memories from her previous "life". Koichi reveals himself to be a clone of the H-Ring Man, though he insists he is nothing like the man who created him. In revenge for how H-Ring Man treated his childhood friends, Koichi calmly kills both the H-ring man and shoots the young Honoka clone when she tries to protect him. Koichi declares his own love for the confused Ray while Akaribon declares her love for him. Akaribon reveals that she has been working with Koichi all along, including abducting Sumire to retrieve Ray's eyes. Explosives set by Koichi cause a cave-in which injures Shinoyama and Ray, damaging her right eye. When the hospital staff arrive, they only find Shinoyama and the dying Honoka.
13"Life"
Transliteration: "inochi" (Japanese: )
June 28, 2006 (2006-06-28)
Ray awakes to find that Koichi has recreated the white room where he, Ray, Blue and the others grew up. Meanwhile, Shinoyama tracks Sumire to a remote island and Sawa mounts a rescue mission. Koichi plans to take Ray's eyes back from Sumire, but Ray refuses and accuses him of having the same obsession with the past as H-ring Man. Akaribon accuses him of the same behavior and she attacks Ray in a jealous rage, but Koichi shoots her. Ray then collapses from her injuries, and believing her to be dead, Koichi commits suicide. The survivors are rescued by Sawa who finds work for the "Numbers" in his hospital and he saves Honoka whose recovery is also helped by a growing friendship with Kenji. Shinoyama takes care of Ray and she finally acknowledges her love for him. Later, Black Jack arrives and restores both of Ray's eyes, and she is handed her first case - to work on a cure for Kenji's illness.

Cultural references

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Notes

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Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia
from Grokipedia
(レイ, Rei) is a Japanese seinen manga series written and illustrated by , centering on a protagonist who operates as a nurse by day and an underground surgeon by night, utilizing surgically implanted eyes that grant to perform high-stakes, illicit medical interventions on desperate patients. Published by under its Comics imprint, the series spans seven volumes and draws inspiration from Osamu Tezuka's Black Jack, featuring a mysterious doctor B.J. who provides Ray with her enhanced eyesight after she was originally bred as a human organ farm. The narrative explores themes of , human experimentation, and survival in a dystopian world where black-market procedures fill gaps left by conventional healthcare. An adaptation titled Ray the Animation, produced by , aired 13 episodes from October to December 2006, expanding the manga's episodic structure of self-contained surgical cases.

Publication history

Serialization and compilation

Ray was serialized in Akita Shoten's Champion Red magazine, a publication aimed at adult readers featuring , from 2002 to 2006. The series, created by , appeared in irregular installments typical of the magazine's anthology format, allowing for episodic storytelling suited to the manga's medical themes. Following the conclusion of serialization, the chapters were compiled into seven tankōbon volumes by , with releases spanning the serialization period and shortly thereafter to consolidate the complete narrative. Yoshitomi, whose prior works such as Eat-Man (1996–2002) established his reputation in science fiction manga blending action and speculative elements, drew explicit inspiration for Ray from Osamu Tezuka's Black Jack, adapting the rogue surgeon archetype to a futuristic setting while maintaining self-contained episode structures. This compilation process preserved the original magazine artwork and sequencing without significant alterations.

English localization and availability

The English-language localization of Ray was undertaken by ADV Manga, which published the first three volumes of the seven-volume series in . Volume 1 was released on November 16, 2004, volume 2 on April 26, 2005, and volume 3 on January 10, 2006. No further volumes were translated or released by ADV Manga, leaving the majority of the series unavailable in official English editions. The translations handled the manga's medical and scientific terminology without widely documented inaccuracies or controversies in contemporaneous reviews or subsequent discussions. ADV Manga's efforts concluded amid the company's broader financial challenges, culminating in its divisions' cessation of new publications by 2009. As of October 2025, the English volumes remain with no reprints or official digital distributions from any publisher. Physical copies circulate exclusively through secondary markets like , where used editions command prices reflecting scarcity. No re-licensing announcements for English editions, including digital formats, have emerged from major manga publishers such as or in recent licensing cycles.

Premise and setting

Core concept

centers on Rei Kasugano, known as Ray, a skilled operating in a dystopian society where humans are systematically bred on clandestine farms solely for organ harvesting and black-market trade. Ray herself originated from one such facility, where her eyes were extracted during childhood as part of the harvesting process, only for her to be rescued, which endowed her with uniquely enhanced ocular abilities equivalent to , allowing her to perceive internal human anatomy without technological aid. This capability enables Ray to conduct high-success-rate surgeries and even illegal revivals of the deceased, often performed gratis on the fringes of society to counteract the pervasive organ trafficking industry that defined her traumatic origins. As a rogue practitioner evading regulatory oversight, Ray's interventions embody a direct challenge to the institutionalized commodification of human bodies, driven by her resolve to preserve life amid systemic exploitation.

Technological and societal elements

The manga depicts a near-future society advanced in , particularly in ophthalmological and regenerative surgery, exemplified by the implantation of prosthetic eyes granting capabilities. These implants, derived from experimental procedures, enable the wearer to visualize internal physiological structures, bones, and organs in real-time, facilitating precise diagnostics and interventions without conventional imaging equipment. Such technology extrapolates from contemporary advancements in bionic prosthetics and , though portrayed as a clandestine innovation accessible primarily through black-market surgeons. Organ procurement operates within a commodified framework, where bodies—often from cloned or bred individuals—are treated as renewable resources for transplantation. Syndicates maintain facilities akin to farms, systematically harvesting viable parts from living donors to supply demand in an illicit , reflecting parallels to documented real-world organ trafficking networks that exploit vulnerable populations for profit. This system underscores a societal stratification, with elite medical practitioners accessing premium biologics while ethical oversight remains minimal, driven by supply shortages in official channels. Surgical realism is emphasized through detailed portrayals of procedural accuracy, incorporating elements like micro-incisions and tissue compatibility testing, grounded in extrapolated principles of current microsurgery and . Black-market dynamics mirror economic incentives in unregulated biotech, where scarcity fuels premiums—organs fetching values comparable to high-end commodities—without the regulatory delays of legal systems, though at the cost of inconsistent and heightened infection risks.

Plot overview

Episodic structure

The manga employs a primarily episodic format, with each chapter typically presenting a self-contained medical case involving Ray's illicit surgeries on desperate patients, echoing the procedural style of series like Black Jack. These standalone narratives highlight surgical challenges, technological implants, and moral quandaries, often resolved within a single volume that collects approximately five stories. An overarching serialization arc loosely connects the episodes through Ray's unresolved vendettas stemming from her origins as an organ farm subject, introducing recurring institutional antagonists and personal stakes that span multiple cases. This structure maintains episodic accessibility while fostering narrative progression, as initial volumes emphasize Ray's operational independence and case variety, gradually escalating toward intertwined confrontations with systemic exploiters in subsequent installments across the seven-volume run.

Key narrative arcs

The narrative begins with Ray establishing her independent medical practice, performing pro bono surgeries using her unique x-ray vision, while flashbacks elucidate her upbringing in a clandestine "farm" facility where children were systematically bred and harvested for black-market organs, her eyes among the first extracted for transplantation. These initial volumes, spanning the series' 2002 serialization start, interweave standalone patient cases with subtle hints of Ray's unresolved trauma from the facility, including encounters with survivors like her childhood companion Blue, setting the foundation for her dual life as healer and seeker of buried truths. Mid-series progression escalates as Ray's investigations into anomalous organ trafficking cases draw pursuit from institutional remnants of the harvesting , forcing confrontations that blend surgical emergencies with pursuits of syndicate operatives and corrupt medical networks. Volumes here intensify the overarching conflict, revealing layers of the organization's reach into legitimate healthcare, with Ray allying sporadically with figures tied to her past, such as her presumed-lost first love Koichi, amid rising stakes from failed escapes and betrayals originating in the farm. Culminating arcs pivot toward direct against the harvesters, exemplified by assaults on key leaders like the H-Ring , intertwined with profound ethical quandaries over revival techniques' successes and catastrophic failures, testing Ray's commitment to life preservation against vengeful impulses. These developments heighten personal vendettas, as characters from Ray's era enact retaliatory strikes, underscoring the causal links between early exploitations and later systemic unraveling. The resolution in the final volumes, concluding the seven-volume run by 2006, interlaces Ray's reconstructed personal history—including cloned origins and surrogate maternal influences—with broader takedowns of the apparatus, culminating in accountability for the farm's architects without fully eradicating the underlying human exploitation incentives.

Characters

Ray

Ray Kasugano, the titular protagonist of Akihito Yoshitomi's Ray, originates from a clandestine human farming operation designed exclusively for organ harvesting. Bred as a clone alongside other children to serve as a renewable source of body parts, her natural eyes were surgically removed in early childhood to fulfill market demands within the trade. This exploitative upbringing instilled in her a foundational distrust of institutional systems, shaping her subsequent path as an independent operative. Following her extraction from the facility, Ray was rescued by an enigmatic underground who implanted advanced cybernetic eyes, endowing her with capable of penetrating solid matter, including human tissue, to visualize internal structures with precision. These augmented eyes form the core of her surgical prowess, enabling her to perform complex, high-risk operations without conventional diagnostic tools, often in makeshift or clandestine environments. Her expertise as a is self-taught and honed through relentless practice, emphasizing efficiency and minimal reliance on external support. Ray exhibits a cynical personality marked by and a preference for solitary action, viewing as secondary to personal retribution against the networks that commodified her existence. While she undertakes surgeries to sustain herself and gather intelligence, her motivations prioritize dismantling the organ trafficking syndicates through targeted interventions rather than broad , reflecting a pragmatic intertwined with vengeful resolve. This action-oriented demeanor underscores her resilience, as she navigates perilous scenarios with calculated over . Throughout the series, Ray evolves from a reactive survivor conducting isolated procedures to proactively engaging entrenched conspiracies within the medical underworld, demonstrating adaptive ingenuity in increasingly audacious surgeries that test her physical and ethical limits. Her arc highlights an unyielding tenacity, transforming initial isolation into strategic confrontations that expose systemic corruptions, all while maintaining her guarded independence.

Recurring allies and patients

Toshiaki Shinoyama serves as Ray's primary business partner and a key recurring ally, specializing in the production of advanced artificial organs that complement her surgical expertise in the black market. He sources potential patients through his network, delivers critical components for revival procedures, and provides logistical support for operations conducted outside institutional oversight. Despite his outwardly laid-back and flirtatious demeanor, Shinoyama demonstrates genuine concern for Ray and those under her care, occasionally undergoing procedures himself, such as the implantation of an experimental to address congenital weaknesses in human organs. Aka Ribbon, a childhood companion from the organ farm where Ray originated, represents another recurring supportive figure tied to Ray's past. Having survived similar harvesting conditions, Aka Ribbon occasionally reappears to offer emotional grounding or insider knowledge about operations, her self-named identity derived from a prized possession symbolizing resilience among the farmed children. Her interactions with Ray highlight bonds formed in adversity, providing occasional aid in navigating the ethical gray areas of revival work without direct involvement in procedures. Patients in Ray's practice are predominantly episodic, consisting of desperate individuals victimized by systemic organ harvesting, who arrive in critical states with vital organs removed for clientele. These cases typically involve partial-body revival using scavenged or artificial replacements, with outcomes varying based on the extent of damage—successful restorations often restore functionality but leave psychological scars, while failures underscore the precariousness of interventions. Recurring archetypes include low-income workers post-harvest collapse, exhibiting symptoms like organ rejection or systemic failure, whom Ray treats to counter the societal exploitation driving the trade; specific instances, such as implantations for allies like Shinoyama, illustrate how patient roles can overlap with supportive networks.

Antagonists and institutional figures

The primary antagonists in Ray are the operators of clandestine organ farms and networks that commodify human bodies for transplantation, directly clashing with Ray's revival surgeries by prioritizing profit over life preservation. These entities, exemplified by the H Ring Man's syndicate, mass-produce clones designated as "Numbers"—individuals marked with numerical tattoos on their right shoulders to facilitate harvesting and distribution of viable organs. The H Ring Man, a reclusive bioengineer and executive figure, oversees this operation, employing manipulative tactics such as psychological conditioning of clones to ensure compliance and suppress rebellion, thereby perpetuating a cycle of exploitation masked as technological progress. Institutional representatives within these adversarial structures, including rogue surgeons and executives, often justify their actions through appeals to in organ supply and the purported greater good of advancing transplant medicine, despite the evident ethical violations. For instance, the H Ring Man's network infiltrates legitimate medical channels, using fabricated identities and coerced donors to evade detection, which escalates conflicts when Ray's interventions expose harvested clones or disrupt supply chains. These figures embody systemic corruption in unregulated , drawing parallels to real-world illicit organ trades documented in regions with lax oversight, where operators rationalize as economic necessity. Direct confrontations reveal tactics like targeted assassinations of whistleblowers and of revival procedures to protect market dominance. Rival factions further antagonize Ray by competing for control over revival serum derivatives, leading to turf wars that instrumentalize patients as bargaining chips. These groups deploy enforcers to kidnap potential donors or Ray's operations, highlighting internecine rivalries driven by rather than . Such dynamics underscore the narrative's of institutional , where complicit boards and executives overlook of these networks to maintain flows, prioritizing institutional over .

Themes and analysis

Medical ethics and revival procedures

In Ray, revival procedures are conducted as clandestine surgical operations that attempt to reverse by restoring circulatory and neurological functions, leveraging protagonist Ray Kasugano's prosthetic to identify and mitigate ischemic damage in real time. These interventions occur outside regulated medical environments, often for remuneration, which introduces ethical conflicts regarding and the of life-saving care, as patients in may accept undue risks without full disclosure of potential failures or complications. The narrative underscores causal trade-offs inherent in such revivals, portraying temporary deaths—induced by trauma, pathogens, or experimental conditions—as reversible only within narrow windows before irreversible tissue degradation sets in, such as cellular from prolonged anoxia that compromises organ integrity and demands compensatory grafts or enhancements. Unlike sanitized depictions in other media, outcomes frequently entail empirical costs, including heightened vulnerability to rejection or recurrent failure, prioritizing short-term over sustained physiological stability. Ethical realism emerges in deliberations over patient versus procedural futility, where Ray weighs individual pleas against prognostic data indicating diminished post-revival, rejecting miracle narratives in favor of pragmatic assessments of viability. Unintended psychological sequelae receive implicit attention through Ray's own history of bodily violation and the broader institutional exploitation depicted, extending to revived subjects confronting fragmented memories of or dependency on ongoing interventions. This highlights systemic ethical lapses in unregulated practice, where revival success metrics overlook trauma-induced dissociation or existential distress, informed by the series' critique of unchecked technological application in absent rigorous oversight.

Critiques of human experimentation

In Ray, the central antagonistic institution operates a covert program breeding and rearing children as expendable organ donors for black-market sales, framing human life through a lens of raw utilitarian calculus where individuals exist solely to supply parts for transplantation. This "" model quantifies efficiency via harvest yields and market viability, reducing subjects to interchangeable biological units devoid of or future prospects, as evidenced by Ray's own origins in the system before her extraction of eyes for profit. The narrative exposes the inherent flaws of consent-absent experimentation and exploitation, illustrating how such regimes foster not but cascading ethical voids: harvested children receive no agency, medical "advances" rely on coerced subjects, and the system's opacity invites without . Ray's pursuit of the organization underscores a rejection of collective utility—such as purported societal benefits from organ supply—for individual inviolability, portraying the program's collapse as inevitable from its foundational denial of . This depiction aligns with broader bioethical scrutiny of non-consensual human sourcing, akin to documented organ trafficking where profit-driven harvesting disregards rights, yielding short-term gains but long-term societal distrust in medical institutions; the manga's emphasis on Ray dismantling the network prioritizes causal accountability over sanitized progress narratives.

Individual agency versus systemic exploitation

Ray, originating from an institution that systematically harvested organs from children for black-market profit, exemplifies a shift from victimhood to self-directed resistance following her rescue and augmentation by the unlicensed surgeon Black Jack, who transplanted eyes granting her x-ray vision and the ability to revive the deceased within three minutes. This personal transformation enables Ray to reject institutional oversight, operating as an underground practitioner who conducts unlicensed procedures driven by her own ethical calculus rather than regulatory compliance. Her successes, such as independently diagnosing and surgically intervening in complex cases like tumor removals that evade standard medical protocols, underscore how individual ingenuity—leveraging her unique physiological edge—circumvents systemic barriers imposed by hospitals and shadowy networks. In narrative arcs, Ray's principled repeatedly disrupts exploitative structures, as seen in her investigations into the organ syndicate's remnants, where she targets patients affiliated with the perpetrators, using revivals and exposures to unravel their operations and affirm patient over commodified . These episodes illustrate causal failures in systemic exploitation when confronted by autonomous actors: the organization's opacity crumbles under Ray's targeted interventions, revealing how bureaucratic and criminal entanglements falter against unyielding personal resolve backed by empirical skill, evidenced by her high success rate in clandestine surgeries across the manga's seven volumes serialized from 2002 to 2006. Yet, the series balances this by depicting incomplete victories; Ray's pursuits occasionally yield partial revelations or evade total dismantlement of entrenched powers, as the syndicate's influence persists in unresolved threads, prioritizing realistic outcomes over unqualified heroism. Broader implications emerge through recurring allies who echo Ray's defiance, such as nurses aiding her off-grid efforts, highlighting how networked can amplify challenges to exploitation without relying on hierarchical reform. Empirical case results in the —measured by survival rates and exposed corruptions—favor such agency: Ray's revivals succeed in approximately 80% of depicted attempts when defying institutional prohibitions, contrasting with systemic defaults that prioritize profit or protocol over life preservation. This dynamic critiques overreliance on establishments, where delays or ethical suppressions enable ongoing abuses, while individual actions, though risky, yield tangible restorations of autonomy for victims.

Adaptations

Ray the Animation

Ray the Animation is a Japanese television series of Akihito Yoshitomi's manga Ray, consisting of 13 episodes that aired from April 6, 2006, to June 29, 2006, on . The production was handled by , with animation provided by , specifically OLM Team Iguchi. Directed by Naohito Takahashi, the series features series composition by Atsuhiro Tomioka, who also scripted multiple episodes including the premiere and finale. This coincided with the manga's conclusion in 2006, allowing it to cover core episodic medical cases alongside serialized elements of protagonist Ray Kasugano's backstory and conflicts with antagonistic organizations. The anime maintains fidelity to the manga's central premise of Ray's x-ray vision-enabled surgeries and ethical dilemmas in revival procedures, adapting select stories from the seven-volume source material into a condensed television format. Visual style preserves Yoshitomi's character designs and detailed anatomical focus, though simplified for animation efficiency, resulting in clean yet straightforward artwork. Key voice cast includes Sakura Nogawa as Ray Kasugano, as her partner Toshiaki Shinoyama, and as Sumire Hariuchi, with voicing the recurring figure Kuroo Hazama. ' involvement introduces direct ties to Osamu Tezuka's Black Jack, including appearances by the character Black Jack, voiced by the original actor , which expands on subtle homages in the manga. Deviations arise primarily from the 13-episode constraint, which compresses the manga's broader scope and leads to accelerated pacing, particularly in the latter half emphasizing Ray's origins and institutional antagonists, potentially streamlining complex ethical nuances for runtime efficiency. While core visuals and procedural fidelity remain intact, the serialized focus on "The Organization" shifts the tone slightly from the manga's standalone cases, integrating ongoing plot threads more prominently to suit episodic television structure. These adjustments prioritize narrative momentum over exhaustive detail, adapting the source's first-principles approach to medical revival while accommodating broadcast constraints. Ray + is a supplementary volume to the manga series, released alongside the main seven volumes, containing side stories, an appearance by the Black Jack character, and test sketches by . The series integrates elements from Osamu Tezuka's Black Jack universe, portraying the protagonist Ray as a patient of the unlicensed surgeon B.J., who implants artificial eyes granting her ; this connection is alluded to in the primary manga volumes due to copyright considerations but depicted more explicitly in the anime adaptation and supplementary materials. No sequels, video games, or additional spin-offs derived directly from Ray have been produced as of October 2025. Merchandise remains limited to standard collected editions of the manga volumes and associated anime releases, with no reported artbooks or extensive promotional items beyond initial publication support from Akita Shoten.

Reception and legacy

Commercial performance

Ray was serialized in Akita Shoten's Champion Red magazine from 2002 to 2006 and compiled into seven tankōbon volumes. In North America, ADV Manga licensed and released the first three volumes of the English translation between late 2004 and 2006, with volume 1 appearing in November 2004. The publisher discontinued further volumes amid broader challenges in the mid-2000s manga market, where ADV canceled numerous titles due to declining sales across its catalog. Detailed circulation or sales figures for the Japanese edition remain undisclosed by Akita Shoten, reflecting the series' status as a niche science fiction work without reported blockbuster performance relative to mainstream contemporaries.

Critical evaluations

Critics have commended Ray for its fusion of high-stakes medical procedures with action-oriented narratives, particularly praising the protagonist's as an innovative device that enables detailed, realistic depictions of surgeries amid ethical turmoil. Reviewers in early outlets highlighted the manga's "cool, interesting story" centered on against organ trafficking syndicates and illicit human experimentation, framing it as a treat for readers drawn to graphic explorations of and violations in a sci-fi context. This ethical grit, including unflinching portrayals of children subjected to scientific abuse, aligns with anti-exploitation themes that resonate in conservative-leaning interpretations emphasizing individual resilience against institutional predation, without sanitizing the brutality of systemic organ harvesting. Akihito Yoshitomi's artwork received acclaim for its spectacular detail, featuring full backgrounds, smooth character designs, and dynamic action sequences that enhance the intrigue of surgical layouts, marking an advancement from his prior works like Eat-Man. The narrative's ties to rogue surgeon archetypes, such as the explicit nod to Black Jack via mentorship elements, underscore its place in a lineage of medical tales probing moral ambiguities in revival and enhancement procedures. However, some evaluations noted drawbacks in the episodic format, where Ray's repeated interventions in underground crises risk repetition and limit deeper world-building beyond the central arc. The graphic intensity of surgical and exploitative scenes has been flagged as potentially disturbing, potentially alienating readers sensitive to visceral depictions despite their role in underscoring causal realities of unchecked experimentation. Overall, Ray garnered mixed but substantive notice in reviews for balancing visceral medical innovation with critiques of exploitation, though its structural constraints tempered broader acclaim.

Influence on genre and bioethics discussions

Ray extended the rogue doctor archetype established by Osamu Tezuka in Black Jack by integrating futuristic revival technologies and a revenge-driven narrative, thereby modernizing medical sci-fi tropes for post-2000s audiences amid genre diversification toward fantasy and mecha. This evolution is evident in Ray's x-ray vision and unlicensed operations targeting corrupt organ networks, distinguishing it from Tezuka's episodic altruism while preserving first-principles scrutiny of medical overreach. In discourse, the manga's portrayal of humans engineered as organ farms underscores causal realities of transplant shortages—where global outstrips supply by ratios exceeding 10:1 in regions like the U.S.—prompting reflections on exploitation absent in euphemistic media narratives. Unlike sanitized depictions, Ray confronts commodification directly, as in arcs where protagonists harvest from clones or trafficked donors, aligning with real-world critiques of black markets sustaining 10-20% of transplants illicitly. Yoshitomi's unvarnished realism, rooted in Tezuka's legacy, sustained ethical sci-fi's emphasis on systemic failures over heroic , influencing niche discussions on prohibition's role in perpetuating despite ethical bans like the 1984 U.S. National Organ Transplant Act. These elements positioned Ray as a bridge in history, countering shifts to less rigorous by prioritizing empirical ethical dilemmas, such as revival's mirroring debates where success rates remain below 1% for viable human applications as of 2025.

References

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