Hubbry Logo
Swing bowlingSwing bowlingMain
Open search
Swing bowling
Community hub
Swing bowling
logo
7 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Swing bowling
Swing bowling
Swing bowling
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

Part of a series on
Bowling techniques
Fast bowling
Techniques:

Deliveries:

Spin bowling
Techniques:

Deliveries:

Swing bowling is a bowling technique in cricket, in which the ball is made to curve through the air. This is in the hope that the change in the ball's flight path will deceive the batter and cause them to play the ball incorrectly. A bowler who uses this technique is called a swing bowler.[1] Swing bowling is generally classed as a type of fast bowling.

A swing bowling delivery is either an inswinger, where the ball curves in towards the batter, or an outswinger, where the ball curves away from the batter. A swing bowler often bowls a mixture of inswingers and outswingers (as well as other non-swinging types of delivery), by changing how they hold the ball. To make the ball swing, a bowling side continually polishes one side of the ball by applying sweat to it, as well as rubbing it against their clothing to shine it, while allowing the opposite side to become gradually more rough through the course of play.

Conventional swing, also called orthodox swing, occurs when the ball is relatively new, before the shiny side becomes worn over the course of play.[2][3] The airflow over the rough and shiny sides cause it to move in flight towards the rough side and away from the shiny side. Swing bowlers often use a subtly altered grip on the ball to accentuate this effect. Reverse swing is when it swings in the opposite direction - towards the shiny side. This occurs as the ball becomes more worn, and is rarer.

As swing bowling is heavily dependent on the condition of the ball, a number of ball tampering controversies have been related to it. This is where teams have allegedly tried to alter the wear of the ball illegally using materials such as sandpaper, to produce additional swing. Examples of such incidents are the 2006 ball-tampering controversy and the 2018 Australian ball-tampering scandal.

History

[edit]

Theory

[edit]

The purpose of swing bowling is to get the cricket ball to deviate sideways as it moves through the air towards or away from the batter. To do this, the bowler makes use of six factors:

  • The raised seam of the cricket ball
  • The angle of the seam to the direction of travel[4]
  • The wear and tear on the ball
  • The polishing liquid used on the ball
  • The speed of the delivery
  • The bowler's action

Asymmetry of the ball is encouraged by the polishing of one side of the ball by members of the fielding team, while allowing the opposite side to deteriorate through wear and tear. With time, this produces a difference in the aerodynamic properties of the two sides.[5]

Both turbulent and laminar airflow contribute to swing. Air in laminar flow separates from the surface of the ball earlier than air in turbulent flow, so that the separation point moves toward the front of the ball on the laminar side. On the turbulent flow side it remains attached longer, separating towards the rear and steering the wake to one side, generating a lift force.[4]

James Anderson of England is renowned for his ability to swing the ball

Conventional swing

[edit]

Typically, a swing bowler aligns the seam and the sides of the ball to reinforce the swing effect. This can be done in two ways:

  • Outswinger: An outswinger to a right-handed batter can be bowled by aligning the seam slightly to the left towards the slips and placing the roughened side of the ball on the left. To extract consistent swing, a bowler can also rotate their wrist toward the slips while keeping their arm straight. To a right-handed batter, this results in the ball moving away to the off side while in flight, usually outwards from their body. James Anderson, Malcolm Marshall, Bhuvneshwar Kumar, Richard Hadlee, Kapil Dev, Tim Southee, Mitchell Starc, Dominic Cork, Courtney Walsh and Dale Steyn have been great exponents of the outswingers.
  • Inswinger: An inswinger to a right-handed batter can be bowled by aligning the seam slightly to the right and placing the roughened side of the ball on the right. To extract consistent swing, a bowler can also rotate or "open up" their wrist towards leg slip. To a right-handed batter, this results in the ball moving in to the leg side while in flight, usually inwards towards their body.

The curvature of swing deliveries can make them difficult for a batter to hit with their bat. Typically, bowlers more commonly bowl outswingers, as they tend to move away from the batter, meaning they have to "chase" the ball to hit it. Hitting away from the batter's body is dangerous, as it leaves a gap between the bat and body through which the ball may travel to hit the wicket. Also, if the batter misjudges the amount of swing, they can hit the ball with an edge of the bat. An inside edge can ricochet on to the wicket, resulting in them being out bowled, while an outside edge can fly to the wicket-keeper or slip fielders for a catch.

There has been a distinct lack of left-arm swing bowlers in the game.[6] Some of the most famous left-arm bowlers were Pakistan's Wasim Akram, Mohammad Amir and Shaheen Afridi, India's Zaheer Khan and Irfan Pathan, Australia's Alan Davidson, Mitchell Johnson and Mitchell Starc, Sri Lanka's Chaminda Vaas and New Zealand's Trent Boult.

When the ball is new the seam is angled to one side, back-spinning the ball with the fingers for stability in flight. This causes the boundary layer on the side of the seam to become turbulent and separate later than the laminar flow on the other side, making the ball swerve.

Reverse swing

[edit]
"Reverse swing" redirects here. For reverse swing in doors, see Door.
Pakistan's Waqar Younis was one of the foremost exponents of reverse swing

Normal swing occurs mostly when the ball is fairly new. As it wears more, the front face is rough enough to make the flow turbulent from the beginning. The forward seam on the shiny side triggers a separation of the flow earlier than on the rough side, so when the ball becomes very old – around 50 or more overs old – it begins to swing towards its shiny side. It is mainly helpful for bowlers in Test matches. This is known as reverse swing, meaning that a natural outswinger will become an inswinger and vice versa. However, the new ball may reverse its trajectory if the speed is high (more than 90 mph (around 140 km/h)). This is also called contrast swing or reverse swing.[7]

Reverse swing tends to be stronger than normal swing, and to occur late in the ball's trajectory. This gives it a very different character from normal swing, and because batters experience it less often, they generally find it much more difficult to defend against. It is also possible for a ball to swing normally in its early flight, and then to alter its swing as it approaches the batter. This can be done in two ways[8] one for the ball to reverse its direction of swing, giving it an 'S' trajectory: the other is for it to adopt a more pronounced swing in the same direction in which the swing is already curving; either alteration can be devastating for the batter. In the first instance, they are already committed to playing the swing one way, which will be the wrong way to address swing which is suddenly coming from the opposite direction: in the second instance, their stance will be one which is appropriate for the degree, or extent, of the expected swing, and which could suddenly leave them vulnerable to LBW, being caught behind, or bowled. Two consecutive deliveries from Wasim Akram, one of each type, were considered to be the turning point of the 1992 World Cup Final.[8]

Pioneers and notable practitioners of reverse swing have mostly been Pakistani fast bowlers. In the early days of reverse swing, Pakistani bowlers were accused of ball tampering to achieve the conditions of the ball that allow reverse swing. According to the ex-chairman of the Pakistan cricket board, Shaharyar Khan, reverse swing was invented by Saleem Mir, who played for the Punjab Cricket Club in Lahore during the late 1960s and taught it to his team-mate Sarfraz Nawaz.[9] Sarfraz Nawaz introduced reverse swing into international cricket during the late 1970s, and passed their knowledge on to their team-mate Imran Khan,[10] who in turn taught the duo of Wasim Akram and Waqar Younis. The English pair of Andrew Flintoff and Simon Jones, having been taught by Troy Cooley and the Indian bowlers like Zaheer Khan and Ajit Agarkar, were also well known for the ability to reverse swing, among many others.[11] Bowlers try to disguise the direction of reverse swing by running up starting with the opposite hand before switching hands and covering the ball for as long as possible before release. Neil Wagner utilizes this to show the ball is reversing, but disguises the direction of swing.

Playing swing bowling

[edit]

Firstly, a batter needs good eye reflexes which are considered to be a key skill when facing swing bowling. Secondly, a batter often needs to anticipate beforehand what the ball will do and adjust accordingly to play swing bowling. This can be done by observing the bowler's grip and action (which may have a marked difference depending on which type of swinger is to be delivered), by observing the field set, which may depend on the types of deliveries expected (as a rule outswingers will have more slips assigned) or by means of prior knowledge of the bowler; many can bowl or are proficient in only one type of swing. Traditional methods include the batter playing the ball as late as possible, and not playing away from the body. Other effective measures for combating swing bowling include standing well outside the crease, thus giving the ball less time to swing; and guessing the direction of swing based on the seam position observed in the ball's flight.

Ball tampering controversies

[edit]

Controversy regarding reverse swing has never left modern cricket, as the Pakistani team was accused of ball tampering by the Australian umpire Darrell Hair during the fourth test against England in 2006 when the ball began to reverse swing after the 50th over.[12] His co-umpire Billy Doctrove supported him. A hearing subsequently found that there was insufficient evidence to convict anyone of ball tampering.[13]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Swing bowling

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia

Swing bowling is a technique used by fast bowlers in cricket to impart lateral deviation, or "swing," to the ball in flight, primarily by angling the seam relative to the direction of travel to exploit aerodynamic asymmetries in airflow. This deviation arises from pressure differences created by uneven boundary layer separation around the ball, making prediction and response by the batsman more challenging, especially at speeds exceeding 80 mph where swing is most pronounced. The physics relies on the seam disrupting the laminar into on one side, delaying separation and generating higher pressure compared to the laminar side, thus producing a sideways force via the enhanced by backspin. Optimal conditions include seam angles around 20 degrees and ball speeds of 25-35 m/s for maximum side force coefficients up to 0.3-0.4, with empirical tests confirming late swing occurring predominantly in the latter half of the trajectory. Bowlers maintain one side polished and the other roughened through legal play to sustain asymmetry, a practice rooted in first-principles rather than unsubstantiated claims of impropriety. Distinctions exist between conventional swing, effective with a new ball where deviation aligns with the seam angle toward the rough side, and reverse swing, prominent with an older, differentially worn ball swinging oppositely due to turbulent flow dominating both hemispheres but separating earlier on the rough side at higher speeds or Reynolds numbers. Exemplary practitioners include James Anderson, who amassed 704 Test wickets as the first seam bowler to reach 700, mastering both forms across conditions, and , renowned for lethal reverse swing and yorkers that revolutionized in the . These techniques have defined pivotal match outcomes, underscoring swing's role in dismissing batsmen through unpredictable movement.

Historical Development

Origins of Conventional Swing

Conventional swing, characterized by the ball deviating in flight towards the direction indicated by the angled seam (typically away from or into the batsman depending on the bowler's ), emerged as a deliberate technique in the late 19th to early . While incidental deviation may have occurred earlier due to uneven wear or atmospheric conditions, systematic exploitation required understanding seam orientation and release mechanics, which bowlers refined around the turn of the century in . W.G. Grace, the dominant figure in Victorian , is noted as an early exponent who imparted swing, likely through high arm action and pace on responsive pitches, though without explicit focus on seam angling. More purposeful development is attributed to George Hirst, a active from the to , who pioneered the "swerve"—the contemporary term for controlled swing—by experimenting with ball polishing and grip to induce consistent lateral movement. Hirst's method involved maintaining shine on one side while roughening the other, enhancing pressure differences across the ball, and he achieved notable success, such as taking over 200 wickets in seasons like 1905. American bowler Bart King further demonstrated the potential of conventional swing during Gentlemen of Philadelphia tours to England in 1904 and 1908, where he claimed 108 wickets at an average of 15.45 across first-class matches, often with late, vicious movement that perplexed batsmen accustomed to straighter bowling. King's technique, blending pace above 80 mph with precise seam positioning, earned him the nickname "King of Swing" and highlighted swing's viability beyond English conditions, influencing subsequent generations despite limited documentation of his exact methods. By the 1910s, swing had proliferated among English county bowlers like Sydney Barnes, solidifying its role in fast-medium bowling strategies.

Emergence of Reverse Swing

Reverse swing emerged in the late 1970s through the experimentation of Pakistani fast bowler , who discovered the phenomenon while practicing with worn balls by maintaining one polished side and allowing the other to roughen naturally through use. Nawaz's breakthrough involved bowling with semi-old and old balls, noting unusual lateral movement opposite to conventional swing patterns after approximately 50-60 overs of play. The first prominent demonstration in Test cricket occurred during the 1978-79 series against Australia in Lahore, where Nawaz took 5 wickets for 1 run in 33 balls on March 16, 1979, dismantling the Australian batting lineup with pronounced inswing to right-handers from over the wicket. This spell, capturing seven wickets in the innings for minimal runs, showcased reverse swing's devastating potential under dry, abrasive pitches that accelerated ball deterioration. Sarfraz Nawaz passed the technique to teammate , who refined and popularized it internationally during the early 1980s, notably in the 1982 Test at against , where unheralded reverse movement troubled batsmen unfamiliar with the variation. Khan's adoption emphasized precise seam orientation with the rough side leading to generate turbulent airflow and exaggerated deviation, marking reverse swing's transition from experimental tactic to strategic weapon in subcontinental conditions. By the mid-1980s, reverse swing had spread within Pakistan's pace attack, influencing bowlers like and , though its emergence sparked debates over preparation methods, with critics alleging deliberate roughening via substances or tools to hasten the required asymmetry—claims Nawaz and Khan attributed to natural wear on unprepared pitches. Empirical observations confirmed that reverse swing requires significant wear disparity, typically after 50 overs, amplifying movement via reversed pressure gradients compared to conventional swing's reliance on newer balls.

Key Milestones and Influential Bowlers

Conventional swing bowling emerged in the late , with Yorkshire's George Hirst noted as one of the first to employ it regularly in the 1890s through left-arm outswing. By the 1920s, inswing had become more common among fast bowlers, contributing to tactical developments in . of , active from 1946 to 1955, exemplified post-war mastery of conventional swing, taking 236 Test wickets at an average of 24.25 by exploiting seam movement in English conditions. New Zealand's , during the 1980s, elevated swing bowling with his ability to generate late movement, claiming 431 Test wickets including 36 five-wicket hauls, often swinging the ball both ways at high pace. England's James Anderson, retiring in July 2024 with a record 704 Test wickets for a fast bowler, stands as a contemporary benchmark for conventional swing, particularly outswing, achieved through precise seam presentation and wrist position across 188 Tests from 2003 onward. Reverse swing, a later innovation, was first prominently demonstrated by Pakistan's in the first Test against at on March 15, 1979, where he took 5/37 in the second innings using the old ball's exaggerated lateral movement, though contemporaries did not yet identify it as such. Nawaz's technique involved maintaining one side of the ball shiny while roughening the other, amplifying asymmetric for inward deviation to right-handers at speeds over 130 km/h. further popularized it in the late and , notably in the 1982 Test, taking key wickets through reverse movement. The duo of and transformed reverse swing into a dominant weapon in the , with Akram's 414 wickets (average 23.62) and Younis's 373 (average 23.56) often featuring devastating spells, such as Akram's 1992 Perth heroics dismissing four Australian batsmen in one over via reverse inswing. Their methods, honed in Pakistani domestic with dry pitches and deliberate ball maintenance, faced initial skepticism and tampering allegations from opponents unfamiliar with the phenomenon, yet empirical success validated the technique's legitimacy under standard playing conditions. A pivotal milestone came during Pakistan's 1992 tour, where prodigious reverse swing exposed tactical vulnerabilities, prompting global adoption among fast bowlers by the mid-1990s.

Scientific Principles

Aerodynamic Fundamentals

Swing in bowling arises from a lateral acting on the ball during its flight, causing deviation from a straight trajectory perpendicular to the initial velocity vector. This force stems from pressure asymmetries across the ball's surface, driven by differential airflow patterns rather than spin-induced effects, which are minimal in non-spinning or low-spin deliveries typical of swing bowling. Experimental studies confirm that side force coefficients can reach up to 0.3 under optimal conditions, sufficient to produce observable deflections of several centimeters over the ball's flight path of approximately 20 meters. The core principle governing this asymmetry is dynamics around the spherical , characterized by the (Re = Ud/ν), where U is the speed (typically 20–40 m/s for fast bowlers), d is the (about 72 mm), and ν is air kinematic (≈1.5 × 10⁻⁵ m²/s). At Re values of 1.4 × 10⁵ to 2 × 10⁵—corresponding to speeds of roughly 50–85 mph—the flow regime allows for laminar-turbulent transitions, enabling swing. The , a viscous sublayer of decelerated air adhering to the surface, separates when unable to withstand the near the 's rear, forming a low-pressure wake whose dictates drag and side forces. Separation occurs earlier (around 80–110° from the ) for laminar layers than for turbulent ones (120–135°), resulting in a wider wake and higher base on the laminar side due to greater flow blockage. This creates a net low- region on the turbulent side, propelling the ball toward it via the pressure gradient, consistent with linking to inversely. The seam's raised protrusion (height ≈2–3 mm) disrupts flow symmetrically only if aligned; angled orientations generate streamwise vortices that promote selectively, delaying separation on the proximate hemisphere while the opposite remains laminar. and validate this, showing coherent structures and potential laminar separation bubbles on the seam side that enhance reattachment and asymmetry.

Mechanisms of Conventional Swing

Conventional swing refers to the lateral deviation of a in flight towards the side indicated by the orientation of its primary seam, typically occurring with a new or lightly worn ball bowled at speeds between approximately 80 and 128 km/h. This phenomenon arises primarily from aerodynamic asymmetries induced by the ball's seam and surface conditions, rather than the conventional associated with spin. The core mechanism involves differential boundary layer separation on the ball's opposing hemispheres. As the ball travels through the air, a thin layer of air adheres to its surface, forming the . On the polished side—typically oriented away from the desired swing direction—this layer remains laminar, separating earlier due to the near the ball's rear, creating a larger wake and lower region. In contrast, the seam-oriented side experiences flow disruption from the raised seam, which trips the boundary layer into turbulence. A turbulent possesses greater momentum and resists separation longer, shifting the wake towards the laminar side and generating a net lateral force that propels the ball towards the turbulent, seam-pointing side. Optimal seam angle for maximum swing is around 20-25 degrees relative to the flight path, with the ball's speed critical for maintaining on the non-seam side below the transition , typically up to 128 km/h where natural transition to does not occur prematurely. Above this threshold, both sides may transition to turbulent flow, diminishing the asymmetry. Ball condition plays a pivotal role: a pristine or one-sided polished ball enhances the contrast, with the manufacturer-applied shine on one hemisphere aiding laminar delay, while even minor wear can reduce seam prominence and swing magnitude. Environmental factors, such as atmospheric humidity influencing transition, have been noted in empirical studies, though their effect remains secondary to mechanical preparation. Experimental validations, including tests and simulations, confirm that swing peaks at yaw angles of 10-15 degrees, with measured side forces aligning with observed in-match deviations of up to 0.5-1 meter over 20 meters flight. These findings underscore that conventional swing is a transient phase limited to the first 15-20 overs in , before wear symmetrizes the ball and shifts potential to reverse swing.

Mechanisms of Reverse Swing


Reverse swing is an aerodynamic phenomenon in cricket where the ball deviates laterally in flight towards the polished (shiny) side, opposite to the direction of conventional swing, due to asymmetric pressure distribution caused by differential boundary layer separation on the ball's hemispheres. This effect emerges primarily with older balls that have developed significant wear on one hemisphere, creating a rough surface contrasting with the remaining shiny side, and requires bowling speeds typically exceeding 80 mph (36 m/s) for new balls or lower thresholds around 65 mph for heavily worn balls. The mechanism hinges on the exceeding approximately 1.65 × 10⁵, where turbulent s dominate on both sides, but the seam orientation and surface alter separation points. On the seam side, the prominent seam acts as a turbulence trip, thickening the and promoting earlier separation, typically at azimuthal angles of 110°–120° from the . Conversely, the non-seam (shiny) side experiences a laminar separation bubble—initial laminar separation around 95° followed by turbulent reattachment and later separation near 135°—resulting in delayed overall separation and lower due to prolonged flow attachment. This generates a larger wake and higher on the seam side, producing a net side force directing the ball towards the shiny side. Surface roughness from natural wear, rather than deliberate tampering, lowers the for reverse swing by advancing transition points and enhancing the separation differential, with swing magnitudes reaching up to four times smaller than conventional but still significant (side force coefficient C_S ≈ -0.1 to -0.4 for old balls). The seam's role as vortex generators further modulates the , but the primary driver is the hemispheric roughness disparity, which reverses the compared to conventional swing where separation on the turbulent seam side. Environmental factors like have negligible impact, debunking myths of moisture dependence.

Bowling Techniques

Grip, Seam Orientation, and Release

The grip for swing bowling mirrors that of standard , with the index and middle fingers placed on opposite sides of the seam for control, the thumb positioned underneath to support and stabilize the ball, and a slight separation from the palm to allow flexibility. This positioning ensures the seam remains prominent and dry during delivery, facilitating aerodynamic asymmetry. For conventional swing, seam orientation is tilted approximately 15-20 degrees off vertical, directed toward the intended swing path: toward the slips for an outswinger (causing late deviation away from a right-handed batsman) with the shiny side facing the , or toward fine leg for an with the shiny side on the . The bowler maintains this angle through a cocked locked in position, avoiding excessive finger spread that could induce wobble. In release, the action emphasizes a smooth, balanced snap where the fingers impart backspin while preserving seam uprightness in flight; for outswingers, the hand finishes outside the body, whereas inswingers involve an inward flick pulling toward the . Speeds of 80-90 mph (129-145 km/h) optimize separation without destabilizing the seam. Reverse swing employs a similar grip but relies more on an upright or minimally angled seam (often 0-10 degrees) pointed in the direction of deviation, with the rough side influencing the swing toward itself rather than the shiny side. Release demands higher velocities exceeding 85 mph (137 km/h), a fuller extension crossing the body, and a relaxed grip to promote late, sharp movement, typically after 30-40 overs when one side is significantly roughed. angulation of 20-30 degrees toward the batsman enhances seam stability, differing from conventional techniques by prioritizing pace over pronounced tilt.

Environmental and Ball Conditions

The condition of the is paramount for generating swing, requiring deliberate maintenance to create surface between its hemispheres. In conventional swing, effective primarily with a new or lightly used , one hemisphere is kept polished and shiny—often through rubbing with sweat or —while the opposing side roughens from pitch contact and fielding, promoting earlier airflow separation and transition on the rough side, which causes the to deviate towards that side. This is most pronounced when the 's seam is oriented at approximately 20 degrees to the direction of travel, with optimal swing occurring at speeds around 108 km/h. Reverse swing, by contrast, requires an older ball, typically after 30-50 overs of use, where one hemisphere becomes markedly rougher and encrusted with pitch debris, while the other retains relative smoothness. This configuration delays boundary layer transition on the smooth side but accelerates it on the rough side, resulting in swing towards the smooth hemisphere—a reversal of conventional behavior—and often with greater magnitude at higher speeds above 140 km/h. The seam's role shifts subtly in reverse swing, with turbulent flow amplification on the rough side dominating the asymmetric pressure distribution. Environmental conditions exert primarily indirect influence on swing via ball preservation rather than direct aerodynamic alteration. Scientific wind tunnel and field studies indicate that typical variations in humidity do not measurably enhance swing, as water vapor's impact on air density or ball surface tension fails to significantly modify boundary layer dynamics or the critical Reynolds number for separation. Similarly, changes in temperature and atmospheric pressure encountered in matches—such as drops from 30°C to 15°C or pressure shifts of 10-20 hPa—produce insufficient alterations in air viscosity and density to affect swing appreciably. Overcast or humid conditions may indirectly favor swing by slowing the dulling of the polished side through moisture retention on the ball and reduced solar drying, allowing asymmetry to persist longer than in arid, sunny environments. Dry pitches and low-humidity air, conversely, accelerate roughening and favor reverse swing earlier in proceedings.

Advanced Variations

Contrast swing represents an advanced aerodynamic variation of swing bowling, distinct from conventional and reverse swing, where the ball is released with the seam oriented upright rather than angled, allowing for lateral movement at higher speeds due to asymmetric boundary layer separation on the ball's hemispheres. This technique exploits differences in surface roughness or shine, often with a moderately worn ball, and is effective above speeds of approximately 80 km/h (50 mph), making it accessible to bowlers of varying paces without requiring extreme seam tilt. To execute contrast swing, bowlers maintain a standard grip with index and middle fingers along the seam, but position the seam vertically at release, directing the ball's path such that delays separation on one side longer than the other, inducing swing towards the rougher hemisphere. Wrist action remains neutral without pronounced cocking, emphasizing consistent speed and minimal deviation in seam plane to maximize the effect, which typically manifests later in the trajectory compared to conventional swing. Late swing, another sophisticated variation, delays the onset of deviation until closer to the batsman, achieved through increased backspin imparted at release, which stabilizes the ball's flight and postpones transition. Bowlers like James Anderson have exemplified this by cocking the wrist rearward at the point of release, generating higher (up to 20-25) on the ball, combined with precise seam alignment to conventional principles, resulting in unpredictable movement that challenges batsmen's judgment. This requires refined control over run-up velocity and arm hyperextension, often honed through drills focusing on swing around a single stump target. Advanced practitioners integrate these variations with subtle grip adjustments, such as slight finger pressure asymmetry for enhanced seam torque, or alternating between contrast and conventional releases to disguise intent, though efficacy diminishes in low-humidity conditions where persists symmetrically. Empirical studies confirm contrast swing's reliance on thresholds around 2×10^5, beyond which turbulent separation favors the smoother side, underscoring the need for speeds exceeding 85 km/h for pronounced effect.

Countering Swing

Batsman Footwork and Shot Selection

Batsmen counter swing bowling primarily through adaptive footwork that prioritizes alignment with the ball's evolving path and conservative shot selection that limits exposure to lateral deviation. Effective technique involves watching the ball from the bowler's point to detect seam orientation and early trajectory cues, delaying full commitment to front- or back-foot movement until deviation manifests. This late adjustment prevents overreaching, which can lead to edges or lbw dismissals, as the swing's peak effect often occurs post-pitch. For conventional outswing—deviating away from a right-handed batsman after pitching—footwork emphasizes a measured front-foot stride towards the anticipated line, with the head positioned over or slightly outside the ball to maintain balance and control. The front foot should land parallel to the crease or slightly open, allowing the bat to follow a straight path close to the pad, reducing the angle for nicks to slips or keeper. highlights that employing a rigidly straight bat on deliveries outside off stump inadequately compensates for away movement, often resulting in thin edges; instead, batsmen angle the bat face subtly towards point or leave the ball entirely if uncertain. Shot selection favors leaving wide outswingers or playing compact pushes with soft hands, which deaden any contact and prevent carry to fielders— a method exemplified by England's , whose open stance (back foot pointing towards cover) facilitated quicker access to off-side balls while minimizing rash drives. In contrast, inswing—moving towards the batsman—demands proactive forward footwork to reach the ball's pitch before deviation closes the gate, with the front foot stepping across to cover off-stump line and the body leaning into the stroke for stability. Balance is maintained by keeping on the toes initially, enabling rapid transfer forward without lunging, which exposes to lbw risks. Shot selection here prioritizes straight defensive batsmanship or fine glances off the , avoiding cross-bat shots like flicks that invite catches at leg slip; playing late, as advocated in expert analyses, provides extra time to assess inward curl and execute under the eyes. Reverse swing, with sharper late deviation, amplifies these principles: footwork must be even more restrained, often favoring back-foot play for shorter lengths to ride the movement, while shot selection shifts to ultra-defensive blocks or leaves, as expansive play risks through-the-gate dismissals. Overall, success hinges on head position over the ball's line, balanced weight distribution, and instinctive restraint—hallmarks of players like , who stressed that such elements create "extra time" against unpredictable swing. Empirical observation from matches shows that batsmen averaging over 50 against swing-heavy attacks (e.g., in English conditions) consistently exhibit these traits, with data indicating reduced edge percentages when playing late compared to early aggression.

Tactical Adjustments

Batsmen often adjust their guard to mitigate swing, opting for a leg-stump or middle-and-leg guard when facing pronounced movement to compel bowlers into shorter lengths, thereby reducing the ball's flight time in the air and minimizing lateral deviation. This positioning aligns the batsman's stance more centrally, facilitating better visibility of the bowler's release and enabling reactive play rather than preemptive commitment to the line. To counter unpredictable late swing, batsmen prioritize delayed commitment to shots, maintaining balance on the crease and advancing the front foot only after observing the ball's from the bowler's hand, which allows adjustment for deviation post-pitch. Complementing this, employing soft hands—relaxing the bottom-hand grip upon contact—decelerates edges, preventing them from carrying to slips or and converting potential dismissals into safer deflections. These techniques demand heightened focus on the bowler's wrist and seam orientation, fostering a defensive posture that wears down the bowler's accuracy over extended spells. In team contexts, captains may instruct openers to absorb initial swing phases conservatively, rotating strike to expose non-specialist batsmen less to peak conditions, while substituting aggressive fields with deeper placements to discourage loose drives and induce errors from fatigued bowlers. Such adjustments, rooted in empirical observation of swing's decay after 10-15 overs with the new , prioritize survival until atmospheric moisture diminishes, as evidenced in matches where early partnerships exceeding 50 runs correlate with higher overall totals on seaming pitches.

Notable Practitioners

Legendary Swing Bowlers and Achievements

James Anderson holds the record for the most Test wickets by a fast bowler, with 704 dismissals across 188 matches from 2003 to 2024, primarily through his expertise in conventional swing bowling. His ability to generate late swing with the new ball and maintain control in seaming conditions made him 's highest wicket-taker, contributing to 32 five-wicket hauls and key victories in home series against and . Anderson's evolution extended his effectiveness overseas, where he adapted seam and subtle swing to claim over 200 wickets outside . Waqar Younis revolutionized swing bowling with his mastery of reverse swing, capturing 373 Test wickets at an average of 23.56 from 1989 to 2003, often delivering inswinging yorkers that dismantled batting lineups. In the 1992 series against England, Waqar and partner Wasim Akram exploited reverse swing to secure Pakistan's first Test series win there, with Waqar taking 26 wickets including devastating spells at Lord's and The Oval. His full-length deliveries, combining pace above 140 km/h with pronounced swing, earned him recognition as the preeminent exponent of the art, influencing subsequent generations of fast bowlers. Wasim Akram, dubbed the Sultan of Swing, complemented Waqar with versatile swing prowess, amassing 414 Test wickets at 23.62 across 104 matches from 1985 to 2002, excelling in both conventional and reverse phases. He achieved a rare feat with two hat-tricks in consecutive Tests against in 1999, showcasing left-arm swing that breached defenses in varied conditions. Akram's consistency across continents, including dominant performances in the 1992 tour where he took 18 wickets, underscored his status as a swing maestro capable of outswinging and inswinging deliveries at high speeds. Malcolm Marshall epitomized swing bowling versatility for , securing 376 wickets at 20.94 from 1978 to 1991, swinging the ball both ways with precision and pace often exceeding 150 km/h. His 1984 series in yielded 24 wickets at 18.46, including a best of 7/53, leveraging leg-cutters and swing to dominate despite modest height. Marshall's all-phase effectiveness, from new-ball outswing to reverse in worn conditions, cemented his reputation as one of cricket's most complete fast bowlers. These bowlers' achievements highlight swing's potency, with collective impacts including series-defining hauls and record-breaking aggregates that elevated tactical reliance on seam movement in .

Statistical Records and Impact

James Anderson holds the record for the most Test wickets by a fast bowler, with 704 dismissals at an average of 26.45 across 188 matches, many achieved through conventional swing in English conditions. His of 56.0 balls per underscores the consistent threat posed by swing, particularly away from home where he adapted to varying atmospheric conditions. Anderson's 32 five-wicket hauls, including several in swinging seaming weather, highlight swing's role in breaking partnerships. Waqar Younis, renowned for reverse swing, captured 373 Test wickets at an average of 23.56 in 87 matches, with 22 five-wicket innings and a of 43.5. His best figures of 7/76 exemplify the late, vicious movement that dismantled batting lineups, especially in the when reverse swing dominated subcontinental Tests. Paired with , Waqar's swing prowess contributed to Pakistan's rise, securing series wins through collapses induced by unplayable deliveries.
BowlerTestsWicketsAverageStrike RateFive-Wicket Hauls
James Anderson18870426.4556.032
Waqar Younis8737323.5643.522
Swing bowling's impact is evident in empirical data showing lower batting averages against swinging deliveries, with recent analyses indicating averages drop significantly in overcast conditions favoring swing. Effective swing correlates with higher wicket probabilities, as bowlers like Anderson exploited atmospheric moisture for outswing, leading to edges and lbw dismissals that swing Test results. In historical contexts, swing has prompted innings defeats, with reverse swing variants like Waqar's accelerating ball wear to produce unpredictable movement, altering match equilibria in dry pitches. Overall, swing bowlers' records demonstrate a causal link to victory margins, as their ability to deviate the ball mid-flight disrupts batting rhythms more than straight seam bowling.

Controversies

Ball Tampering Allegations

Ball tampering allegations in swing bowling primarily concern deliberate alteration of the cricket ball's surface to exaggerate swing, particularly reverse swing, which relies on asymmetric wear between the ball's shiny and rough sides to manipulate airflow. Such practices violate International Cricket Council (ICC) Code of Conduct Article 2.15, classifying unfair alteration of the ball as a Level 2 or 3 offence, punishable by fines, match bans, or suspensions up to 12 One Day Internationals or six Test matches. Pakistan's fast bowlers, including and , faced widespread accusations during their 1992 tour of , where reverse swing dismantled batting lineups after the ball's early replacement in matches, leading to late, exaggerated movement not typical in English conditions. Umpires inspected balls multiple times without finding conclusive evidence of tampering, though British media and players like alleged foul play, attributing the swing to artificial roughening rather than legitimate technique or pitch conditions. No formal ICC sanctions resulted, but the controversy fueled skepticism toward reverse swing's legitimacy until other teams replicated it through natural means. The , known as Sandpapergate, involved opener rubbing sandpaper on the ball during the third Test against in to roughen one side deliberately, aiming to induce reverse swing in dry conditions. Captain Steve Smith and vice-captain David Warner received one-year bans from , while Bancroft was suspended for nine months; imposed additional penalties, highlighting the intent to gain unfair aerodynamic advantage. The incident prompted ICC reforms, including harsher sanctions and umpire ball checks, reducing overt tampering but sparking debates on subtler, legal maintenance practices like selective polishing. Other incidents include England's James Anderson and in 2010, accused by of spike-marking the ball during the Test, though cleared after review, and Michael Atherton's 1994 fine for carrying dirt in his pocket during an England- match, intended to aid grip but not proven for swing enhancement. These cases underscore persistent tensions, where umpires' subjective judgments and evolving technology like TV replays influence detection, yet reverse swing's physics—turbulent over the rough side causing opposite deviation—remains achievable without illegality through prolonged natural wear.

Debates on Legitimacy of Reverse Swing

Reverse swing, a late and pronounced deviation of the opposite to conventional swing, has faced scrutiny over its legitimacy due to persistent associations with illegal . Critics, particularly in the , argued that achieving significant reverse swing required artificial roughening of one side of the ball using prohibited methods like scratching or abrasive substances, rather than natural wear from pitch contact and batting. This debate intensified during Pakistan's 1992 tour of , where bowlers and generated exceptional reverse swing, leading to media accusations of tampering despite no formal ICC sanctions. Pakistani players countered that their success stemmed from skill in maintaining one side polished via sweat and legal gripping, allowing the opposite side to deteriorate naturally on abrasive subcontinental pitches, a technique honed through rigorous practice. Scientific analysis supports the possibility of natural reverse swing once the ball exceeds 50-70 overs, driven by where turbulent over the rougher side creates higher on the polished side, inducing swing. However, skeptics contended that the early onset of reverse swing observed in matches implied accelerated wear beyond legal means, blurring the line between preparation—such as captains polishing the ball—and tampering. English bowlers, initially dismissive and attributing Pakistan's dominance to , later adopted the technique after exposure, with figures like Simon Jones defending it as a legitimate of when executed without foreign aids. The controversy subsided as reverse swing proliferated globally post-1990s, with umpires empowered by saliva bans in 2020 to curb potential tampering under the guise of shine maintenance, though proponents argue it remains a reliant on environmental factors like dry pitches rather than deceit. Australian ers, including former players, have acknowledged that even "natural" preparation involves aggressive legal wear to exploit reverse swing's potency on flat tracks, framing the debate as one of versus efficacy rather than outright illegitimacy. Despite historical suspicions, no conclusive evidence has invalidated reverse swing as a core bowling art, provided it adheres to stipulations against altering ball condition artificially.

Modern Developments

Post-2020 Rule Changes and Revival Efforts

In November 2020, the (ICC) temporarily banned the use of saliva on the as a mitigation measure, a rule trialed during international matches and extended indefinitely before being formalized as permanent in September 2022 by the (MCC), which governs the . The MCC's research concluded that sweat could substitute effectively for saliva in maintaining ball shine, asserting minimal overall reduction in swing potential. However, fast bowlers widely reported diminished reverse swing, particularly in later overs, as saliva's superior polishing effect on the ball's hydrophobic leather surface creates greater surface asymmetry for aerodynamic deviation compared to sweat alone. Adaptations to the ban included intensified reliance on sweat for shining—often by the non-striker or designated fielders—and stricter fielding protocols to protect the polished side from abrasions, though these proved less effective for sustaining reverse swing in white-ball formats. Bowlers like India's publicly advocated for revocation in March 2025, arguing it would restore reverse swing's tactical excitement, a view echoed by former pacers and , who highlighted 's role in amplifying late-ball movement. Proposals for artificial saliva substitutes, such as polymer-based solutions, emerged in peer-reviewed studies but gained no ICC traction due to concerns over uniformity and potential tampering risks. In March 2025, the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) lifted the saliva ban for the (IPL) following a captains' consensus, marking a significant domestic revival push amid bowler frustrations. Early IPL 2025 data indicated a nearly 30% increase in reverse swing instances, with pacers like crediting saliva for enhanced ball reversal as early as the middle overs, corroborated by rougher pitch preparations that accelerated wear on one side. Internationally, the ICC retained the ban in June 2025 playing conditions but eliminated mandatory ball replacement for deliberate violations, reducing punitive deterrence while prioritizing hygiene. These shifts, alongside technique refinements like optimized seam angles and grip adjustments, signal ongoing efforts to counteract the ban's constraints, though full global revival hinges on broader rule harmonization.

Factors Contributing to Decline

The measurable decline in swing bowling effectiveness is evidenced by reduced average swing angles in Test matches. In England, the average swing for pace bowlers at home dropped from 1.78 degrees in 2007 to 0.97 degrees in the 2024 season. Similarly, across Tests in England, average swing decreased from 1.15 degrees between 2010 and 2016 to 0.97 degrees from 2017 to 2019. A primary factor is the stricter enforcement of ball maintenance rules following high-profile tampering incidents, such as Australia's 2018 sandpaper scandal, which has curtailed the deliberate roughening of one ball side to promote reverse swing while preserving shine on the other for conventional swing. This has made it more challenging to achieve the asymmetric essential for air pressure differentials causing swing, as umpires and match referees now more rigorously police polish and wear. The proliferation of the wobble-seam delivery has further diminished reliance on traditional swing. This technique, involving erratic seam orientation upon release, generates unpredictable lateral movement without the consistent manipulation required for pronounced swing, appealing to bowlers in drier or less atmospheric conditions where swing is harder to extract. Usage data indicates that only about 2% of deliveries in analyzed matches exhibit significant lateral swing or seam movement, underscoring bowlers' shift toward seam-variation alternatives. Advancements in batsmanship, including data-driven on swing via video analysis and simulations, have also blunted swing's impact. Modern batsmen employ later judgment and softer hands to counter late deviation, reducing dismissals from edged shots that were more common in earlier eras. Additionally, standardized manufacturing and pitch covering have minimized early moisture and grass factors that amplify new-ball swing, leading to more uniform wear and less pronounced atmospheric effects.

References

  1. https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/the-science-of-swing-bowling-258645
  2. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20000112958/downloads/20000112958.pdf
  3. https://physicsworld.com/a/cricket-and-the-physics-behind-swing-bowling/
  4. https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/rabindra-mehta-the-truth-behind-conventional-reverse-and-contrast-swing-1143037
  5. https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/james-anderson-becomes-the-first-seam-bowler-to-700-test-wickets-1424175
  6. https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/waqar-younis-43543
  7. https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/reverse-swing-a-rough-guide-144221
  8. https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/115300/the-truth-about-swing-bowling-late-swing-reverse-contrast-and-conventional-swing-cricbuzzcom
  9. https://www.scarboroughcricketclub.com/george-herbert-hirst
  10. https://www.wisden.com/wisden-cricketers-almanack/george-hirst-almanack-obituary
  11. https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/bart-king-25637
  12. https://www.playingpasts.co.uk/articles/team-sports/when-america-played-cricket-150-years-since-the-birth-of-bart-kingthe-king-of-swing/
  13. https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/the-birth-of-reverse-swing-145722
  14. https://www.smh.com.au/interactive/2019/rough-and-ready-the-art-and-science-of-reverse-swing/
  15. https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/sarfraz-nawaz-22-facts-about-the-originator-of-reverse-swing-510476/
  16. https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2000/mar/30/cricket1
  17. https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/102640/how-the-art-of-reverse-swing-evolved-cricbuzzcom
  18. https://www.thecricketmonthly.com/story/1087925/reverse-swing--an-english-tale
  19. https://www.zapcricket.com/blogs/newsroom/best-swing-bowlers-of-all-time
  20. https://thesporting.blog/blog/the-best-swing-bowlers-of-all-time
  21. https://www.kreedon.com/best-swing-bowlers-of-all-time
  22. https://www.reddit.com/r/Cricket/comments/2zh54b/til_in_the_early_days_of_reverse_swing_pakistan/
  23. https://swingdoctor.substack.com/p/a-history-of-swing-in-white-ball
  24. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/flow/article/review-and-reassessment-of-the-aerodynamics-of-cricket-ball-swing/389B2E66A420FF51FAB3EC2186AFE0AE
  25. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-03-08/explaining-the-mysteries-of-swing-bowling/103418492
  26. https://www.espn.com/cricket/story/_/id/23193364/truth-conventional-reverse-contrast-swing
  27. https://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/files/198051915/Practical_Perspective_of_Cricket_Ball_Swing.pdf
  28. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332589603_Aerodynamics_of_Swing_of_a_Cricket_Ball_-A_Literature_Review
  29. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/22/7990
  30. https://cricketeer.uk/2025/08/11/science-behind-swing-bowling-how-it-works/
  31. https://blog.cricclubs.com/unlock-the-secret-how-to-swing-a-cricket-ball
  32. https://australiancricketinstitute.com/how-to-bowl-the-perfect-out-swinger-with-a-new-ball/
  33. https://cricketmentoring.com/how-does-cricket-ball-swing-work/
  34. https://www.leapaust.com.au/blog/cfd/how-can-cfd-help-us-better-understand-the-physics-of-reverse-swing-bowling/
  35. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-18262145
  36. https://www.sciencefocus.com/science/can-weather-affect-the-behaviour-of-a-cricket-ball
  37. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877705812016463
  38. https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/rabi-mehta-and-garfield-robinson-understanding-the-difference-between-reverse-and-contrast-swing-1079913
  39. https://www.flowthermolab.com/the-marvel-of-backspin-how-fast-bowlers-harness-late-swing-in-cricket/
  40. http://australiancricketinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Swing-Bowling-in-T20-James-Pattinson.pdf
  41. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Intesaaf-Ashraf/publication/339484749_When_can_you_expect_contrast_swing_in_a_cricket_game_and_how_to_obtain_it/links/5e5544bd299bf1bdb8399529/When-can-you-expect-contrast-swing-in-a-cricket-game-and-how-to-obtain-it.pdf
  42. https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/aakash-chopra-how-to-play-swing-449855
  43. https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/george-dobell-alastair-cook-s-openness-a-lesson-for-england-1112894
  44. https://www.thecricketmonthly.com/story/350840/-batting-has-to-be-instinctive
  45. https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/aakash-chopra-what-guard-is-right-for-which-batter-1268718
  46. https://www.pitchvision.com/playing-swing-bowling
  47. https://www.pitchvision.com/hard-hands
  48. https://www.quora.com/How-do-I-bat-against-fast-bowlers
  49. https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/no-excuse-for-australia-s-poor-preparation-against-swing-841409
  50. https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/james-anderson-from-master-of-swing-to-master-of-all-conditions-1424186
  51. https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/james-anderson-8608
  52. https://www.icc-cricket.com/hall-of-fame/hall-of-famers/hall-of-famer-waqar-younis
  53. https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pakistani-bowling-fair-or-foul-152058
  54. https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/the-king-of-reverse-swing-134276
  55. https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/wasim-akram-stats-analysis-457149
  56. https://www.howstat.com/cricket/statistics/Players/PlayerOverview.asp?PlayerID=1959
  57. https://www.reddit.com/r/Cricket/comments/ns4om1/cricviz_test_batting_average_against_swing_last/
  58. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02640414.2024.2323319
  59. https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/389B2E66A420FF51FAB3EC2186AFE0AE/S2633425924000047a_hi.pdf/a-review-and-reassessment-of-the-aerodynamics-of-cricket-ball-swing.pdf
  60. https://oars.uos.ac.uk/2672/1/Seam%2520vs%2520Swing%2520ACCEPTED.pdf
  61. https://www.cricket.com.au/news/3244232
  62. https://www.dawn.com/news/1398725
  63. https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/nov/14/caught-on-tape-the-story-behind-australian-crickets-greatest-fall
  64. https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/five-years-after-sandpapergate-what-has-changed-in-australian-cricket-1382193
  65. https://www.reuters.com/article/sports/factbox-cricket-ball-tampering-incidents-in-internationals-idUSKBN1H10PN/
  66. https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/reverse-swing-cricket-s-ball-tampering-problem-in-plain-sight-1141912
  67. https://sg.news.yahoo.com/pakistan-pioneers-hail-reverse-swing-art-not-cheating-021505224.html
  68. https://tribune.com.pk/story/1137769/waqar-bashes-critics-wasims-reverse-swing-skill
  69. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/australia-in-south-africa/reverse-swing-the-fine-line-between-preparing-and-tampering/articleshow/63474635.cms
  70. https://www.walesonline.co.uk/sport/cricket/cricket-jones-defends-reverse-swing-2317648
  71. https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/cricket/114623621/rough-and-ready-the-art-and-science-of-reverse-swing
  72. https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/you-get-the-ball-reverse-swinging-what-s-wrong-with-that-australia-great-says-natural-ball-tampering-is-needed-101658745760865.html
  73. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2xgl055k2o
  74. https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-playing-conditions-stop-clock-for-tests-no-ball-change-after-use-of-saliva-and-more-1491925
  75. https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/tim-southee-and-vernon-philander-back-mohammed-shami-call-to-revoke-ban-on-usage-of-saliva-on-ball-1476066
  76. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9444815/
  77. https://www.wisden.com/cricket-news/how-to-swing-a-cricket-ball-when-you-cant-use-saliva
  78. https://www.espn.com/cricket/story/_/id/44326355/saliva-ban-revoked-ipl-2025-decision-taken-captains-meet-mumbai
  79. https://www.wisden.com/series/ipl-2025/cricket-news/ipl-2025-return-of-saliva-sees-reverse-swing-spike-by-nearly-30-per-cent
  80. https://www.espn.com/cricket/story/_/id/44683787/mohit-sharma-use-saliva-100-helping-ball-reverse-swing-ipl-2025
  81. https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/icc-approves-new-playing-conditions-including-stop-clock-for-tests-no-ball-change-after-use-of-saliva/article69744050.ece
  82. https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-saliva-may-not-be-the-only-reason-for-reverse-swing-this-season-1484989
  83. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cricket/2025/05/20/swing-bowling-facing-extinction-england-zimbabwe/
  84. https://cricviz.com/swing-kings/
  85. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/24748668.2023.2193030
  86. https://www.cricketbio.com/cricket/the-science-behind-swing-bowling/
  87. https://www.nature.com/articles/303787a0.pdf
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.