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Seniha Sultan (Ottoman Turkish: سنیحه سلطان; 5 December 1851 – 15 September 1931) was an Ottoman princess, the daughter of Sultan Abdulmejid I and Nalandil Hanım. She was the half-sister of Sultans Murad V, Abdul Hamid II, Mehmed V, and Mehmed VI.

Key Information

Early life

[edit]

Seniha Sultan was born on 5 December 1851 in the Çırağan Palace.[1][2][3] Her father was Sultan Abdulmejid I and her mother was Nalandil Hanım.[4] She was the eldest child of her mother. She had a brother Şehzade Mehmed Abdüssamed, one year younger than her [5] and a sister Şehime Sultan, three years younger than her. Both her siblings died in infancy.[6] Her father died when Seniha was ten and her mother died when she was fourteen.[3]

Marriage

[edit]

In 1876, her half-brother Sultan Abdul Hamid II betrothed her to Asaf Mahmud Celaleddin Pasha,[7] who was two years her junior, had a promising future,[3] and the son of Grand Admiral Damat Gürcü Halil Rifat Pasha.[1] Her dowry was prepared with her half-sisters Behice Sultan, Mediha Sultan and Naile Sultan.[8] The marriage contract was concluded on 5 December 1876 at the Yıldız Palace. However, the wedding was delayed because of the death of her elder sister Behice Sultan, sick with tuberculosis since childhood and to which Seniha had been very close, constantly writing her affectionate letters. The wedding finally took place on 10 February 1877.[9] In 1879, she gave birth to her first son Sultanzade Sabahaddin Bey, and a year later to her second son Sultanzade Ahmed Lütfullâh Bey.[10][3]

Among Seniha's ladies-in-waiting was Resan Hanım, who would later become one of the consorts of her half-brother Murad V. Her other two ladies, Dilaviz Hanim and Zeliha Vasfıcihan Hanım, married Murad's son Şehzade Mehmed Selaheddin.

Seniha hadn't been on good terms with Abdul Hamid for unknown reasons,[11] and so in 1878, she and her husband, and her siblings including her brothers Prince Ahmed Kemaleddin, and Prince Selim Suleiman, and sister Princess Fatma, were all involved in the Ali Suavi incident with the objective of restoring Murad to the throne.[12] In October 1898,[13] she met with the German Empress Augusta Victoria in the harem of the Yıldız Palace, when the latter visited Istanbul for a second time with her husband Emperor Wilhelm [14] In her memoir, Ayşe Sultan, daughter of Abdülhamid II, remembered: "Familiar as he was with his sisters' (Seniha Sultan and Mediha Sultan) habit of chattering away rapidly and guffawing, Abdülhamid II had counseled and beseeched them to behave in a dignified fashion, but nonetheless the sisters fell back on their old habits. Baba ("dad", the Sultan Abdülhamid II) felt compelled to tell the Empress, "Please forgive my sisters, they're a bit nervous."".

Seniha Sultan's husband was very critical of her brother Abdul Hamid's governance, never missing an occasion to speak out. Eventually he had had enough of being followed and spied on, so in 1899, he took both of his sons fled to Europe, where four years later he died in Belgium and was buried in Paris. Her sons were able to return to Istanbul only in 1908, after the declaration of the second constitution.[3] For this reason she was not particularly welcome at the palace.[15]

Exile and death

[edit]

At the exile of the imperial family in March 1924, Seniha was the oldest living Ottoman princess, age seventy-three. She had no money of her own, and her sons were too busy with their affairs to care of her, so she went to exile alone.[16] Her half-brother, the deposed Sultan Mehmed, who went to live in San Remo gave her refuge in his home, the Villa Magnolia, where she lived until his death in 1926. After Mehmed's death, she didn't have enough money on her own to rent a house, and so slept in the public gardens of Cimiez, Nice. Somehow her younger son Lütfullah figured out about his mothers way of living, he came to Nice, and took his mother to Abdulmejid II's Villa, who gave her a room in the attic. Where she lived in a miserable way.[16]

Seniha Sultan died at the Villa Carabacel on 15 September 1931 at age seventy-nine in Nice, France the last surviving child of Abdulmejid,[17] and was buried in the cemetery of the Sulaymaniyya Takiyya in Damascus.[7][18][19]

Her burial was very difficult. In Nice at the time there were no Muslim cemeteries, so she must be buried in a Muslim country, but that was an expensive undertaking and her family had no money, not even to pay the rent of a place in the morgue for a long time, where her body, embalmed at the cheapest rate, had been placed in waiting for a solution.

However, her family, especially Abdülmecid II, absolutely did not want to bury her in a mass grave. So he instructed his son, Ömer Faruk Efendi, and Şehzade Osman Fuad Efendi, a descendant of Murad V, to request the money for the burial from Jefferson Cohn & Ranz, the company that had been officially appointed to reclaim the properties of the Ottoman family on their behalf. The negotiation was long and difficult, but when the princes threatened to dissolve the contract they managed to get the money.

The body of Seniha Sultan followed the same route as that of her brother Sultan Mehmed VI Vahideddin: to Beirut by boat, then from there to Syria, where she was buried.[20]

Personality

[edit]

Seniha was described as a strong and free woman who was political minded, and in many ways a woman ahead of her time. She was judged to be beautiful and regal in appearance, but she was not particularly welcome at court because of her cheeky and undignified attitudes. She wore her hair short and refused to let it grow and had a deep voice. She always spoke quickly and directly.[21]

She used to wear dresses of the most superb cloth, with her tiara on her head on formal occasions, and she also wore gowns with long trains in the European fashion spreading out behind her. In manner, she was entirely unconstrained. Often, as did her half-sister Mediha Sultan, she would burst into laughter, and she spoke rapidly and in a deep voice. When these two sisters were together chatting with their brother Abdul Hamid, they would both laugh and try to amuse him and get him to smile as though they were in competition with one another.[22]

Seniha Sultan is known to have had performers of religious music at her palace.[23]

According to Neslişah Sultan and Sabiha Sultan, during the exile she always dressed in black, she was thin, in fact really skinny, and had a dry skin, her niece Sabiha Sultan was really upset and sad that her aunt lives in a miserable way, whenever she visited her she kissed her hand and showed her huge respect.[17]

Honours

[edit]
Styles of
Seniha Sultan
Reference styleHer Imperial Highness
Spoken styleYour Imperial Highness

Issue

[edit]
Name Birth Death Notes
Sultanzade Mehmed Sabahaddin Bey 13 February 1879 30 June 1948 born in Ortaköy Palace; married and divorced Tabinak Hanım (1898 – 14 August 1961) and had issue a daughter, Fethiye Kendi Hanım (1899 – 1986). Later he married Tabinak's younger sister, Kamuran Hanım;[25] died in Geneva, Switzerland
Sultanzade Ahmed Lütfullah Bey 1880 1973 born in Ortaköy Palace; married and divorced firstly Kamran Hanım, a Circassian, married secondly in 1909 a Greek lady;[25] had issue an only son, Nadi Bey;[25] died in Nice, France
[edit]

See also

[edit]

Ancestry

[edit]
Ancestors of Seniha Sultan
8. Abdul Hamid I
4. Mahmud II
9. Nakşidil Sultan
2. Abdulmejid I
5. Bezmiâlem Sultan
1. Seniha Sultan
3. Nalandil Hanım

References

[edit]

Sources

[edit]
  • Bardakçı, Murat (2017). Neslishah: The Last Ottoman Princess. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-9-774-16837-6.
  • Brookes, Douglas Scott (2010). The Concubine, the Princess, and the Teacher: Voices from the Ottoman Harem. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-78335-5.
  • Sakaoğlu, Necdet (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak Yayıncılık. ISBN 978-9-753-29623-6.
  • Uluçay, Mustafa Çağatay (2011). Padişahların kadınları ve kızları. Ankara, Ötüken.
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Seniha Sultan

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Seniha Sultan (Ottoman Turkish: سنیحه سلطان, meaning "pearl"; 5 December 1851 – 15 September 1931) was an Ottoman princess, the daughter of Sultan Abdülmejid I and his consort Nalandil Hanım. Born in the Çırağan Palace in Istanbul, she was the half-sister of four sultans: Murad V, Abdülhamid II, Mehmed V, and Mehmed VI. On 10 February 1877, she married Asaf Mahmud Celaleddin Pasha, a naval officer and son of Grand Admiral Halil Rifat Pasha, with whom she had two sons. Known for her unconventional lifestyle and political activism within the imperial family, Seniha supported her half-brother Murad V in efforts to depose Abdülhamid II, including alliances in failed plots such as the 1878 attempt involving valide sultans and other princesses. As the longest-surviving child of Abdülmejid I, she lived through the empire's final decades, going into exile after its collapse and dying in Nice, France, at the Villa Carabacel.

Origins and Early Years

Birth and Parentage

Seniha Sultan was born on 5 December 1851 at in , then the capital of the . Her father was Sultan Abdulmejid I (1823–1861), the 31st Ottoman , who ascended the in 1839 at age 16 and pursued modernization reforms including the edict of 1839 aimed at legal equality and administrative restructuring. Abdulmejid I had multiple consorts and fathered numerous children, with Seniha being one of his daughters born during his reign. Her mother was Nalandil Hanım (c. 1823–c. 1865), a Circassian consort of the Ubukh who entered the imperial harem as a slave and was elevated to the rank of ikbal (favorite) after marrying Abdulmejid in 1851. Nalandil bore Seniha shortly after her marriage and later gave birth to a son, Abdülsamed (1853–1855), who died in infancy.

Childhood and Education

Seniha Sultan was born on 5 December 1851 at in , where she spent her early childhood amid the imperial household. As the daughter of Sultan Abdulmejid I, she grew up in the secluded environment of the Ottoman palaces, benefiting from the privileges and protocols reserved for members of the dynasty. Her education followed the traditional pattern for Ottoman princesses during the era, emphasizing private tutelage within the . This included instruction in the , mathematics, history, , and the arts, reflecting a blend of Islamic and European-influenced secular subjects introduced in the . Seniha Sultan demonstrated particular aptitude in music, becoming an accomplished —a skill that later influenced her role in mentoring others in the imperial family.

Marriage and Family Life

Marriage to Mahmud Celaleddin Pasha

Seniha Sultan, daughter of Sultan Abdulmejid I, was arranged to marry Asaf Mahmud Celaleddin Pasha, the son of Grand Admiral Gürcü Halil Rifat Pasha, by her half-brother Sultan shortly after his accession to the throne in 1876. Mahmud Celaleddin, born in 1853 and thus two years her junior, held prior marriages which he dissolved to facilitate the union, elevating his status within the Ottoman elite as a (imperial son-in-law). The nikah (marriage contract) was performed on 5 December 1876 (18 Zilkade 1293) at the Hırka-i Saadet Dairesi in Istanbul's , marking the formal commencement of the marriage under Islamic rites. The accompanying düğün ( feast and ceremony) followed on 10 1877, reflecting the opulent traditions of Ottoman imperial weddings amid the political turbulence of Abdul Hamid's early reign. This alliance integrated Mahmud Celaleddin into the dynastic family, granting him the title Damat Mahmud Celaleddin and positions of influence, though it later intertwined with his opposition activities against the sultan.

Children and Domestic Role

Seniha Sultan and Mahmud Celaleddin Pasha wed on 10 February 1877, after he divorced his prior wives to enable the match orchestrated by her half-brother, Sultan . The marriage produced two sons: Sultanzade Bey, born 13 February 1879 in , who emerged as an influential Ottoman thinker promoting liberal reforms and administrative decentralization; and Sultanzade Ahmed Lütfullah Bey, born circa 1879, who lived into the mid-20th century in exile. As mother to these heirs of a prominent , Seniha embodied the domestic responsibilities of an Ottoman imperial consort, centered on family continuity amid the dynasty's hierarchical customs, though primary accounts of her household management remain sparse. Her sons received elite tutoring reflective of their status, with Sabahaddin educated partly at the Ottoman before joining family exiles.

Political Role and Court Influence

Relations with Sultan Abdul Hamid II

Seniha Sultan, daughter of Sultan Abdulmejid I and Nalandil Hanım, was the paternal half-sister of Sultan Abdul Hamid II, who succeeded to the throne on 31 August 1876 following the deposition of their half-brother . As a member of the imperial family, she retained her privileges and residence in , including the Dolmabahçe Palace environs, during much of his 33-year reign marked by centralization of power and suppression of dissent. The sibling connection provided Seniha with potential access to court circles, yet it was overshadowed by conflicts stemming from her 1871 marriage to Mahmud Celaleddin , a Circassian statesman appointed Minister of Justice under . Pasha openly criticized the sultan's autocratic measures, including restrictions on and press freedoms, and advocated for reforms aligned with earlier principles. By the late , these disagreements escalated, with Pasha participating in opposition networks that challenged Hamid's rule, leading to his flight to around 1899 and a death sentence in absentia on charges of in February 1902. Seniha accompanied her husband into , indicating alignment with his stance against the sultan's policies, though no direct records of her personal interventions or correspondences with survive in accessible archival sources. This familial rift exemplified broader tensions within the between reformist elements and Hamid's consolidation of authority, which prioritized and surveillance over liberal opposition. The episode underscored how imperial kinship did not preclude political divisions, as Hamid's regime exiled or marginalized several relatives perceived as threats.

Conflicts Arising from Husband's Politics

Mahmud Celaleddin Pasha, Seniha Sultan's husband, held the position of Minister of Justice under but grew critical of the Sultan's autocratic policies, frequently voicing dissent against the regime's centralization and suppression of liberal reforms. This opposition escalated tensions within the imperial family, as Pasha's role as a damad (imperial son-in-law) positioned him close to the court, yet his views aligned with emerging constitutionalist sentiments that challenged Abdul Hamid's absolute rule. By the late 1890s, his activities drew scrutiny from authorities, leading to his dismissal from the marshalship of the Tophane artillery and other administrative posts nominally reassigned to provincial governorships. In December 1899, amid mounting pressure, Mahmud Pasha fled with his sons, Prince Sabahaddin and Lütfullah Bey, arriving in on December 14 to join exile networks linked to the Young Turk opposition. This departure severed the family unit, leaving Seniha in the Ottoman capital while her husband and sons pursued anti-regime advocacy abroad, including efforts to promote and limit monarchical power. The Sultan's intelligence apparatus viewed Pasha's flight as treasonous, exacerbating familial rifts; as II's half-sister, Seniha navigated strained relations at court, where loyalty to the throne clashed with her husband's dissidence, potentially curtailing her own influence and access to imperial resources. The conflicts intensified in 1902 when Ottoman authorities sentenced Mahmud Pasha to death in absentia for his role in Young Turk agitation, formalizing his status as a fugitive and further isolating Seniha from her exiled kin. Pasha's continued publications and alliances from Paris, such as with constitutionalist intellectuals, underscored the ideological divide, as his advocacy for federalism and individual rights directly contravened Abdul Hamid's pan-Islamic centralism. These political repercussions not only ended Pasha's court career but also highlighted the precarious position of imperial consorts tied to reformist spouses, compelling Seniha to maintain discretion amid surveillance and whispers of disloyalty within the harem and dynasty.

Later Life and Exile

Revolution and Downfall of the Dynasty

The erupted on July 3, 1908, as Ottoman military officers in Macedonia mutinied against the autocratic governance of Sultan , Seniha Sultan's half-brother, insisting on reinstating the suspended 1876 constitution and establishing parliamentary rule. The uprising gained momentum across the empire, compelling Abdul Hamid to yield on July 24, 1908, by reconvening the Ottoman parliament and restoring constitutional order under pressure from the (CUP). This shift diminished the sultan's executive authority, transforming the Ottoman monarchy into a ceremonial institution dominated by CUP-led governance. Tensions persisted, culminating in the counter-revolutionary of April 1909, a conservative revolt in against CUP reforms that prompted armed intervention by loyalist forces from Salonica. On April 27, 1909, was formally deposed by the parliament, replaced by his half-brother as , and exiled to Salonica amid fetva approval and military escort to prevent unrest. As a close relative of the ousted , Seniha Sultan witnessed the dynasty's reduced influence, though female imperial family members retained palace residences and nominal privileges under the new regime. The CUP's consolidation of power steered the empire into allied with the , resulting in military collapse, the 1918 , and Allied . Parallel Turkish nationalist resistance under Mustafa Kemal Pasha achieved victory in the War of Independence, leading the Grand National Assembly to abolish the sultanate on November 1, 1922, while retaining as caliph temporarily. On March 3, 1924, the caliphate was dissolved, and the entire , including surviving princesses like Seniha Sultan, was mandated into permanent from Turkish territory to preclude monarchical restoration. This decree ended 623 years of Osmanli rule, scattering the imperial family across with limited assets, as republican policies confiscated palaces and properties.

Exile in Europe

Following the on March 3, 1924, and the enactment of Law No. 431, which mandated the exile of members, Seniha Sultan, then aged 72, was among the 155 family members deported from , with women given only ten days to depart. On March 4, 1924, she sent a telegram from Istanbul's Pangaltı to Mustafa Kemal Paşa, pleading due to her advanced age and frailty: "78 years old, unable to leave my room, please allow me to spend my final days here," but her request was denied. Initially, Seniha Sultan resided briefly in with her son, Prince Sabahaddin, before seeking refuge in , , where she stayed with the exiled until his death on May 16, 1926. Lacking personal wealth after the dynasty's downfall, she endured significant hardships, including periods of homelessness where she was mistaken for a beggar in public parks and accepted charity. Subsequently, at the arrangement of her son Lütfullah Bey, she moved to Nice, France, to live under the care of her nephew, the former Caliph Abdülmecid II, in a small servant's room at his residence. There, she continued to face poverty and confinement until her death on September 15, 1931, at Villa Carabacel in Nice, aged 79, as the last surviving child of Sultan Abdülmecid I. Her body was later transported to Damascus, Syria, for burial due to the absence of a Muslim cemetery in Nice.

Death and Burial

Seniha Sultan died on 15 September 1931 at Villa Carabacel in , , at the age of seventy-nine. As the last surviving child of Sultan Abdulmejid I, she had spent her final years in European exile following the Ottoman dynasty's deposition in 1924. Her remains were interred at the Cemetery of the in , , a site established by Sultan that served as a burial ground for numerous Ottoman exiles lacking access to Muslim cemeteries in , such as in at the time. This relocation aligned with practices among displaced Ottoman royals, who often chose for its historical ties to the empire and available Islamic facilities.

Personal Traits

Personality and Character Assessments

Seniha Sultan was described as possessing unusual strength of character, taking life seriously as a clever young woman with a . Such assessments, drawn from anecdotal recollections of life, highlight her as intellectually capable and resilient amid the constraints of Ottoman imperial dynamics. Later popular historical accounts further portray her as a strong, politically astute figure ahead of her era, though these characterizations rely on secondary interpretations rather than extensive primary documentation.

Honors and Titles

Awards and Recognitions

No specific awards or decorations are documented for Seniha Sultan in historical accounts, distinguishing her from some Ottoman royal women who received honors like the Order of Charity (Nişan-ı Şefkat) for humanitarian efforts during conflicts such as the Russo-Turkish War. This order, instituted in 1878 by Sultan , was reserved for women demonstrating charitable service or earning the Sultan's esteem, but Seniha's documented activities centered on familial and political support rather than public . Her status as an imperial princess conferred inherent dynastic honors, including ceremonial privileges, yet no unique personal distinctions appear in records.

Family Overview

Offspring and Descendants

Seniha Sultan married Dâmâd Âsaf Mahmûd Celâleddin Paşa on 10 February 1877. The couple had two sons: the elder, (1879–1948), an Ottoman prince, sociologist, and advocate for administrative ; and the younger, Sultanzâde Ahmed Lütfullâh (1880–1973). Sultanzâde Mehmed Sabahaddin married first to Tabinak in 1898 (divorced 1961), by whom he had one daughter, Kendi Hanım Sabahaddin (1899–1986); she never married and had no issue. He later married Kamuran , but produced no further children. Sultanzâde Ahmed Lütfullâh had no recorded offspring. Consequently, Seniha Sultan's direct descendants terminated with her granddaughter .

Ancestry and Lineage

Seniha Sultan was the daughter of Sultan Abdulmejid I (1823–1861), who ascended the Ottoman throne on 1 June 1839 following the death of his father, Sultan Mahmud II (1785–1839), and reigned until his own death on 25 June 1861. Her mother was the imperial consort Nalandil Hanım (also known as Nâlân-ı Dil Hanımefendi), a concubine of Caucasian origin who entered the imperial harem during Abdulmejid's reign and bore two children before Nalandil's death in 1855. Seniha was the elder of these, born on 5 December 1851 at Çırağan Palace in Istanbul, with her younger brother, Şehzade Süleyman, born in 1857 and dying in infancy the same year. On her paternal side, Seniha's lineage traced directly through the Ottoman dynasty's male line, descending from (c. 1258–c. 1326), the dynasty's founder, via successive sultans including (r. 1323/4–1362), (r. 1362–1389), (r. 1389–1403), (r. 1413–1421), (r. 1421–1444/1451), (r. 1444/1451–1481), (r. 1481–1512), (r. 1512–1520), Suleiman I (r. 1520–1566), (r. 1566–1574), (r. 1574–1595), (r. 1595–1603), (r. 1603–1617), (r. 1617–1618/1622–1623), (r. 1618–1622), (r. 1623–1640), Ibrahim (r. 1640–1648), (r. 1648–1687), Suleiman II (r. 1687–1691), (r. 1691–1695), (r. 1695–1703), (r. 1703–1730), (r. 1730–1754), (r. 1754–1757), (r. 1757–1774), (r. 1774–1789), and (r. 1789–1807), culminating in her grandfather . Abdulmejid's mother was (c. 1807–1853), a Georgian noblewoman originally named Suzanna Loselocğlu, who had been enslaved and entered the of , rising to the position of upon her son's accession in 1839. Maternally, details on Nalandil Hanım remain sparse, as was common for lower-ranking concubines in the Ottoman harem; she originated from the region, likely Abkhaz or Circassian stock, reflecting the empire's practice of incorporating concubines from enslaved populations in that area to diversify imperial bloodlines and avoid factional ties. Nalandil held no formal rank beyond consort and predeceased her children, with no recorded noble pedigree or family connections outside the harem. Seniha's position as a daughter placed her within the broader dynastic web, as a half-sister to four subsequent sultans—Murad V (r. 1876), (r. 1876–1909), (r. 1909–1918), and (r. 1918–1922)—through her father's multiple consorts, underscoring the fragmented fraternal alliances typical of Ottoman imperial .

Cultural Representations

Depictions in Media and Literature

Seniha Sultan is depicted in the Turkish series Payitaht Abdülhamid (2017–2021), where she appears across multiple seasons as the sister of Sultan and wife of Mahmud Pasha. The character, portrayed by actress Selen Öztürk, emphasizes Seniha's loyalty to her brother amid palace politics and external threats to the , including her role in supporting Abdul Hamid's efforts to maintain imperial stability. The series presents her as a figure navigating familial alliances and rivalries, often highlighting tensions with other members and her influence on key decisions during Abdul Hamid's reign from 1876 to 1909. No prominent portrayals of Seniha Sultan appear in feature films or , reflecting the niche focus of Ottoman historical narratives primarily in Turkish productions. In literature, references to her are limited to non-fictional historical accounts rather than fictionalized depictions, with Ottoman-themed novels rarely centering on her personal story.

References

  1. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/284603776/seniha-sultan
  2. https://www.academia.edu/130432566/The_Queen_Mothers_of_Ottoman_Empire
  3. https://www.ktb.gov.tr/EN-118252/asaf-mahmud-celaleddin-pasa.html
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  6. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/284609883/nalandil-hanim
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  13. https://ottomapper.aytekustundag.com/Family/d3ca651d-e1a1-4c34-93a8-025be451334d
  14. https://www.geni.com/people/II-Abd%25C3%25BClhamit-Osmanl%25C4%25B1-%25C4%25B0mparatorlu%25C4%259Fu-padi%25C5%259Fah%25C4%25B1-Sultan-of-the-Ottoman-Empire/385275387360011103
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  16. https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SFC19020207.2.27
  17. https://typelish.com/b/prince-sabahaddin-105923
  18. https://scispace.com/pdf/struggling-for-a-constitutional-regime-armenian-young-turk-p5ymyekf7q.pdf
  19. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321039582_Prince_Sabahaddin%27s_efforts_to_prevent_the_Ottoman_state_from_participating_in_the_World_War_i_with_Germany
  20. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Young-Turk-Revolution
  21. https://www.nytimes.com/1909/04/28/archives/abdul-hamid-deposed.html
  22. https://www.dailysabah.com/feature/2015/03/13/the-bitter-story-of-the-ottoman-dynastys-exile
  23. https://www.fikriyat.com/tarih/2018/03/04/abdulhamidin-kiz-kardesinden-mustafa-kemale-mektup
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  25. https://historicwomendaily.tumblr.com/post/629371222724165633/on-this-day-in-ottoman-history-15-september
  26. https://www.facebook.com/knowhistorylive/posts/seniha-sultan-was-an-ottoman-princess-the-daughter-of-sultan-abdulmejid-i-and-na/159014309193959/
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  28. https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/ottoman-medal-for-compassionate-british-lady-to-go-under-the-hammer-77387
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  32. https://ottomanladies.tumblr.com/post/701576344131256320/ottomanladies-on-this-day-in-ottoman-history
  33. https://www.sonhaberler.com/payitaht-seniha-sultan-kimdir-gercek-hayatta-var-miydi-haber-684322
  34. https://m.imdb.com/search/title/?role=nm4340580
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