Hubbry Logo
SihonSihonMain
Open search
Sihon
Community hub
Sihon
logo
7 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Sihon
Sihon
Sihon
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

Sihon was an Amorite king mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, king of Ashtaroth, who refused to let the Israelites pass through his country. Chronicled in Numbers, he was defeated by Moses and the Israelites at the battle of Jahaz. He and Og were said to be the two kings Moses defeated on the east side of the Jordan river.

Biblical accounts

[edit]
The Conquest of the Amorites (watercolor circa 1896–1902 by James Tissot)

The Book of Numbers recounts that as the Israelites making their the Exodus came to the Transjordan, the country east of the Jordan, near Heshbon, King Siḥon of the Amorites refused to let them pass through his land:

But Sihon would not allow Israel to pass through his territory. So Sihon gathered all his people together and went out against Israel in the wilderness, and he came to Jahaz and fought against Israel. Then Israel defeated him with the edge of the sword, and took possession of his land from the Arnon to the Jabbok, as far as the people of Ammon. (Numbers 21:23-24)

Moses allocated the land of Sihon, the king of Heshbon, to the Tribe of Gad in the allocation of land to the Israelite tribes in Joshua 13:24-28.

In a similar way, the Israelites took the country of Og, and these two victories gave them possession of continuous land in the Transjordan, from the Arnon (Wadi Mujib) to the foot of Mount Hermon. These victories, among the earliest successful campaigns of the Israelites, became legendary among them, and are referred to numerous times in the Hebrew Bible as prototypical examples of God-given victory—for example, in Psalm 135:11 and Psalm 136:19-20.

Analysis

[edit]

Biblical historian Joel S. Baden has discussed the similarities between the encounter with Sihon and the earlier encounter with the king of Edom (Numbers 20:14–21), as well as a later parallel passage (Deuteronomy 2:2–3:11).[1]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Sihon

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Sihon was an Amorite king who ruled a territory east of the in the late second millennium BCE, with his capital at the city of , and is best known from the for refusing safe passage to the during their exodus and subsequent conquest of his lands. According to the biblical account in the , the , led by , sent messengers to Sihon requesting permission to travel through his domain without harming fields, vineyards, or water sources, but Sihon gathered his army and attacked them at Jahaz, where they decisively defeated him, slew the king, and occupied his cities from Aroer to Dibon. A poetic taunt , likely of Amorite origin, is quoted in the biblical text; it originally celebrated 's conquest of under Sihon, devouring Ar of and invoking woe upon the people of , but is here applied to the Israelite victory over Sihon. The conquest of Sihon's kingdom marked a significant expansion for the , providing territory later allocated to the tribes of , Gad, and half of Manasseh, and it is reiterated in Deuteronomy as a fulfillment of divine , emphasizing God's delivery of Sihon into Israel's hands without provocation from the . Archaeological excavations at Tell Hisban, identified as ancient , have explored the site's history from the onward, though direct evidence linking to Sihon remains tied to the biblical narrative rather than independent inscriptions.

Biblical Narrative

Accounts in the Pentateuch

In the , the , led by during their wilderness journey from Kadesh to the , sought peaceful passage through the territory of the by sending messengers to Sihon, their king, requesting travel along the King's Highway without deviating into fields or vineyards and without drawing water from wells. Sihon, however, refused the request and mobilized his entire army to confront the at Jahaz, where a battle ensued. The Israelites defeated Sihon decisively, capturing his cities—including his capital Heshbon—and taking possession of his land from the Arnon River to the Jabbok River, as far as the Ammonites, in fulfillment of God's promise to grant them territory. This conquest is recounted in Numbers 21:21-31, which includes a taunt song in which the Israelites recite and adapt an Amorite ballad celebrating Heshbon's victory over Moab: "Come to Heshbon, let it be built; / let the city of Sihon be established. / For fire came out from Heshbon, / flame from the city of Sihon. / It devoured Ar of Moab, / and swallowed the heights of the Arnon. / Woe to you, O Moab! / You are undone, O people of Chemosh!" The passage notes that Sihon had previously conquered this region from the Moabites, extending his rule up to the Arnon River. A parallel account in Deuteronomy 2:24-37 provides additional details, emphasizing divine orchestration: instructed to cross the and assured the of victory over Sihon to begin their inheritance of the , while hardening Sihon's heart to provoke the conflict. Messengers reiterated the plea for safe passage, offering payment for provisions, but Sihon again refused and advanced to Jahaz. The then utterly destroyed Sihon's forces and inhabitants of his cities, seizing livestock and spoils but leaving no survivors, and they avoided any encroachment on Moabite or Ammonite lands as per divine command.

References in Historical Books

In the Book of Joshua, the defeat of Sihon is recounted as part of a comprehensive list of kings conquered by the east of the , spanning from the Arnon Gorge to . Specifically, Joshua 12:1-6 details Sihon, of the who resided in , as ruling from Aroer on the edge of the Arnon Valley through the middle of the valley to the Jabbok River, encompassing half of and the eastern from the to the Dead Sea. This passage emphasizes that and the subdued these territories, after which allocated the lands to the tribes of , Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh for their inheritance. The story of Sihon's defeat is later alluded to in the during 's diplomatic exchange with the Ammonite king. In Judges 11:12-26, recounts how the initially requested safe passage through Sihon's territory but were met with hostility; Sihon mobilized his army at Jahaz and engaged in battle, only to be defeated, allowing to seize his domain. uses this historical precedent to assert rights to the land, arguing that since the conquest, had dwelt in the region for three hundred years without Ammonite challenge, thereby justifying their claim against Ammonite aggression. Following Sihon's defeat, the acquired territory is described with precise boundaries from the Arnon River in the south to the Jabbok River in the north, extending from the to the , marking the core of the Transjordanian region integrated into Israelite possession. This delineation, consistent across the references, underscores the narrative's function in establishing the legal and historical foundation for tribal allotments in the conquered areas. By invoking the initial Pentateuchal battle accounts, these later texts reinforce the conquest as the basis for enduring land rights and settlement patterns.

Kingdom and Territory

Capital and Extent of Rule

Sihon, king of the , ruled from as the primary capital of his kingdom, a strategically positioned in the region east of the . Biblical accounts describe as the central administrative hub, from which Sihon governed his domain after his conquests. Other key settlements under his control included Dibon, Jahaz, and Aroer, which served as important urban centers within the territory. The kingdom's territorial boundaries extended from the Arnon River in the south to the Jabbok River in the north, encompassing the plateau east of the up to the regions. This area included the whole plateau of Medeba and reached as far as the borders of Ammonite territory. Sihon had expanded his realm through military conquest, defeating the Moabites and seizing their lands north of the Arnon River, thereby establishing Amorite dominance in Transjordan. Sihon's kingdom occupied a vital strategic along the King's , a major ancient trade route that connected with and passed through Transjordan, effectively blocking direct access from the east into . This positioning not only facilitated economic control over commerce but also made the territory a formidable barrier during the Israelites' approach, leading to Sihon's decisive defeat.

Relations with Neighbors

Sihon, as king of the , expanded his domain through military conquest, notably by defeating the king of and seizing territory north of the Arnon River, including the city of and extending as far as Medeba. This victory is described in biblical accounts as establishing Sihon's control over former Moabite lands, repositioning the Arnon as the southern boundary of his kingdom. According to biblical sources, the details of Sihon's kingdom and its extent are subject to scholarly debate regarding , with some viewing it as a literary construct to justify later territorial claims. Relations with the Ammonites to the north appear tense, as evidenced by later territorial disputes over the region between the Arnon and Jabbok rivers, which Sihon's conquests from had incorporated into Amorite holdings. In these accounts, the Ammonites claimed the land as originally theirs, but the prior Amorite takeover by Sihon complicated claims, leading to conflicts with Israelite settlers who inherited the territory after defeating Sihon. The Jabbok River served as the effective northern limit of Sihon's realm, bordering Ammonite territory and underscoring these overlapping regional claims. To the north, the Amorite kingdom of at represented a parallel power, though no direct interactions between Sihon and Og are recorded, suggesting independent but contiguous Amorite domains. This structure highlighted Sihon's role in consolidating Amorite influence against local Semitic neighbors. Sihon's interactions with travelers reflect a policy of territorial control, as seen in his refusal to grant passage through his lands, a stance similar to that of earlier and culminating in his brief confrontation with the approaching at Jahaz.

Historical Context

Amorites in the Late Bronze Age

The originated as pastoral nomads from the Syrian steppe and the Middle Euphrates region, emerging prominently around 2000 BCE as they migrated into and the , where they gradually settled and integrated into existing societies. Their westward expansion from areas like the Jebel Bishri placed them in contact with urban centers, transitioning from semi-nomadic lifestyles to influential roles in regional politics. During the Late Bronze Age (c. 1550–1200 BCE), ruled numerous city-states across , , , and Transjordan, often as local dynasts who mediated between great powers like and the . Egyptian records, such as the , depict Amorite leaders negotiating alliances and tribute, while Hittite treaties reference the kingdom of Amurru as a contested in northern . This period saw Amorites leveraging their military prowess and kinship networks to maintain autonomy amid imperial rivalries, exemplified by rulers like Sihon in Transjordan. Amorites spoke a West Semitic language, closely related to Canaanite dialects, as evidenced by onomastic patterns in texts featuring theophoric elements like those invoking storm gods. Their polytheistic centered on deities such as Amurru, the eponymous tribal god, alongside shared West Semitic figures like El, the high god, and , the warrior-storm deity, with practices including ancestor cults and open-air shrines. Socially, they formed a warrior-oriented structured around extended tribes, blending mobility with urban and emphasizing martial traditions in their expansion and defense. By the end of the Late , Amorite polities declined amid widespread regional upheaval, including invasions by the , economic disruptions, and internal conflicts that fragmented city-states around 1200 BCE. Their assimilation into emerging Aramean and other groups marked the erosion of distinct Amorite identity, contributing to the broader collapse.

Possible Chronology and Identification

In traditional biblical chronology, the from is dated to approximately 1446 BCE, placing the Israelite of Sihon's kingdom around 1406 BCE, at the end of the 40-year period under ' leadership. This timeline derives from a literal interpretation of scriptural genealogies and regnal years, such as those in 1 Kings 6:1, which positions the events in the mid-15th century BCE. Revised chronologies, however, challenge this early dating by aligning with archaeological and historical evidence from the , proposing an event around 1270–1250 BCE during the reign of . Under this late-date framework, Sihon's defeat would occur circa 1230 BCE, reflecting a period of Egyptian influence in and Transjordan where Amorite polities are attested. These adjustments stem from discrepancies between the early chronology and material evidence, such as the absence of widespread destruction layers in Canaanite cities during the 15th century BCE. Attempts to identify Sihon with extra-biblical figures have focused on Egyptian records of Amorite (Amurru) kings from the 14th–13th centuries BCE, including rulers like Aziru of Amurru mentioned in the , though no direct name match for Sihon appears. Broader connections to nomads—semi-nomadic groups documented in Egyptian inscriptions as inhabiting regions east of the —have been suggested in the context of Transjordanian dynamics, but these lack specific linkage to Sihon as an individual. Scholarly debates persist on Sihon's nature, with some viewing him as a historical Amorite ruler whose kingdom served as a buffer between and emerging Israelite territories, while others propose he embodies a composite or tribal leader, potentially invented in Deuteronomic traditions to mythologize the and justify land claims. This interpretive divide highlights the tension between textual narratives and the sparse extra-biblical record, where Sihon's absence from contemporary annals underscores the challenges of verifying Late Transjordanian polities.

Archaeological Perspectives

Excavations at Key Sites

The Heshbon Expedition conducted excavations at Tell Hesban from 1968 to 1976, uncovering evidence of continuous occupation spanning over 2,700 years across 23 strata, with a primary focus on confirming the site's identification as biblical . The digs revealed substantial settlements, including domestic structures, cisterns, and reservoirs dating from the 12th to 5th centuries BCE, indicating a shift to more sedentary communities during this period. However, Late remains were notably sparse, limited to scattered sherds such as Cypriot Base Ring II ware and possible Mycenaean imports found in soundings from Areas B, D, and E, with no stratified occupational layers or evidence of major urban activity. In contrast, Middle Bronze Age findings at Tell Hesban included more robust evidence of settlement, such as Amorite-style pottery (including Cypriot Base Ring I and II wares and local forms like carinated bowls) and architectural features like perimeter walls and earthen ramparts, suggesting a fortified that was later partially reused. These elements point to a reduction in settlement size from Middle Bronze II to IIC, with corbeled roofs and defensive structures indicating a strategic site amid regional Amorite expansions. The gap in Late Bronze evidence has sparked debates over Tell Hesban's identification as biblical , the purported capital of Sihon; while traditionally accepted due to name preservation and location, the absence of significant Late Bronze material has led scholars to propose alternatives like Tell Jalul, which yielded 163 Late Bronze sherds during surveys, including fortifications and denser occupation traces. Beyond Tell Hesban, excavations and surveys at sites associated with Sihon's territory, such as Jahaz (identified with Khirbet el-Medeiyineh), have revealed defensive structures from the Late Bronze Age, including a large fortress with thick walls and ruined foundations overlooking key routes in central Transjordan. Pottery shards from the site confirm occupation during this period, aligning with broader Amorite presence, though full-scale digs remain limited and focus more on later Moabite fortifications built atop earlier layers. These findings underscore a network of fortified outposts in the region, with Khirbet el-Medeiyineh guarding strategic passes and exhibiting remains from Late Bronze through Early Roman times.

Evidence and Scholarly Debates

Archaeological investigations have yielded no direct inscriptions or artifacts explicitly mentioning Sihon by name, underscoring the challenges in verifying his historical existence beyond biblical texts. However, some scholars identify potential onomastic parallels in 13th-century BCE Egyptian topographical lists from the , where the entry "S-ḥ-n" appears in reference to a location or entity east of the , aligning geographically with the biblical description of Sihon's domain. Scholars such as Rachel Havrelock argue that Sihon's kingdom represents a constructed mythic entity, with the biblical narrative exaggerating Amorite dominance in Transjordan to legitimize Israelite territorial claims and obscure closer ethnic ties to neighboring , , and . This portrayal, evident in Numbers 21:21–35 and Deuteronomy 2–3, transforms a complex tribal landscape into a heroic story, potentially invented during the monarchic period to bolster national identity. Counterarguments emphasize indirect corroboration through the alignment of biblical itineraries with known Late Bronze Age trade routes across Transjordan, such as the King's Highway, and the documented Amorite migrations and settlements in the region during the same era. Excavations at Tell Hesban, identified as biblical and Sihon's capital, reveal I occupation but no substantial remains from the proposed Late Bronze Age timeframe, supporting views of a smaller-scale rather than a grand kingdom. Recent scholarship up to 2025, including analyses of biblical memory, posits that oral traditions preserved kernels of historical encounters with Amorite groups in Transjordan, which were later amplified into the cohesive narrative of Sihon's defeat to serve ideological purposes. These studies highlight how collective remembrance could blend factual migrations with legendary elements, providing a nuanced framework for evaluating the textual tradition's reliability.

Interpretations and Significance

Theological Role in Scripture

In the Pentateuch, Sihon king of the serves as a key figure in illustrating divine sovereignty over human decisions to advance God's redemptive purposes for . Deuteronomy 2:30 explicitly states that hardened Sihon's spirit and made his heart obstinate, refusing Israel's request to pass through his territory, which ensured the land's delivery into Israelite hands as part of the covenant promise. This act of divine hardening positions Sihon not merely as a historical but as an unwitting instrument in Yahweh's plan, compelling the confrontation that results in Israel's initial victories east of the . Sihon's role further symbolizes resolute opposition to God's people, drawing a direct parallel to Pharaoh's hardened heart in the narrative, where divine intervention similarly provokes conflict to demonstrate Yahweh's power and justice. Just as Pharaoh's refusal led to plagues and liberation (Exodus 4:21; 9:12), Sihon's defiance triggers the conquest of his realm, underscoring a theological pattern of God using adversarial leaders to affirm His authority and protect His chosen nation. This motif emphasizes obedience to divine commands amid opposition, as Israel's victory over Sihon validates ' leadership and the covenantal journey toward the . Throughout the , Sihon's defeat is invoked in liturgical and confessional contexts to exemplify Yahweh's triumphant interventions on behalf of . Psalm 135:11 lists Sihon alongside of as one of the mighty kings subdued by , praising Yahweh's enduring dominion over nations. Similarly, Psalm 136:19-20 recounts Sihon's vanquishing in a of thanksgivings, each refrain affirming "His love endures forever," thereby framing the event as a perpetual testimony to divine faithfulness. 9:22 echoes this in a post-exilic , crediting with allotting Sihon's kingdom (and 's) as an , reinforcing themes of provision and in communal worship. The conquest of Sihon's cities embodies the biblical theology of holy war, or herem, wherein total devotion of enemies and spoils to Yahweh signifies complete separation from idolatry and unwavering allegiance to God. In Numbers 21:2-3, Israel vows to place certain cities under herem—utterly destroying them as a sacred offering—following their victory, a practice reiterated in Deuteronomy 2:34-35, where men, women, and children are devoted while livestock is spared for Israel. This framework highlights herem not as arbitrary violence but as a covenantal mechanism to purify the land and instill obedience, portraying Sihon's realm as the inaugural site of such divinely sanctioned warfare in the transjordanian campaign.

Modern Scholarly Views

The etymology of the name Sihon remains obscure in Hebrew, with no definitive identified. Modern biblical presents a spectrum of views on Sihon's , ranging from maximalist positions that accept the biblical account of his by the as a reliable historical event in the Late , supported by archaeological correlations at sites like , to minimalist interpretations that regard Sihon and his Amorite kingdom as largely fictional constructs invented to legitimize Israelite territorial claims in Transjordan. Maximalists, drawing on conservative , argue that the narrative reflects genuine military engagements, potentially aligning with Amorite expansions documented in extrabiblical texts, while minimalists, such as Rachel Havrelock, emphasize etiological elements that distance from Moabite kin by fabricating Sihon as an intermediary conqueror, with legendary motifs like giant stature underscoring its mythic nature rather than historical fact. In Jewish midrashic literature, Sihon is depicted as a colossal giant and warrior, the brother of king of and grandson of the fallen angel , whose immense stature and bravery mirrored his sibling's, symbolizing preternatural opposition to that required divine intervention for defeat. These traditions, preserved in texts like the Babylonian ( 61a) and , portray Sihon as a swift and formidable monarch whose refusal to grant passage to the at Jahaz led to his downfall, often attributing his aggression to heavenly hardening. In Christian typology, Sihon's defeat is interpreted as prefiguring Christ's spiritual victories over demonic forces and worldly powers, with the king's hardened heart (Deut 2:30) typifying resistance overcome by divine sovereignty, as explored in typological studies of conquest narratives. Recent scholarship, particularly in discussions of biblical memory from 2020 to , highlights Sihon's as a constructed element of Israelite , where repeated biblical references (over 38 mentions) amplify the conquest to assert divine legitimacy over Transjordan lands, circumventing kinship ties with and while echoing ancient Near Eastern royal propaganda. Lectures such as the 2025 presentation "King Sihon: Biblical & the Amorite Conquest" by scholars at argue that this literary invention not only shaped ancient communal but continues to influence modern geopolitical discourses on territorial rights, emphasizing cultural rather than strictly historical reconstruction. Such analyses prioritize the story's role in forging over debates on empirical veracity, aligning with broader trends in that view Sihon as a mythic for legitimizing .

References

  1. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Numbers%2021%3A21-35&version=ESV
  2. https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=hisban-excavations-1968-publications
  3. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Numbers%2021%3A27-30&version=NIV
  4. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Deuteronomy%202%3A24-37&version=ESV
  5. https://www.jtsa.edu/torah/moses-retirement-speech/
  6. https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1221&context=honors
  7. https://lasierra.edu/fileadmin/documents/cnea/wals-2025-abstracts.pdf
  8. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Numbers%2021%3A21-22&version=ESV
  9. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Numbers%2021%3A23&version=ESV
  10. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Numbers%2021%3A24-25&version=ESV
  11. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Numbers%2021%3A27-29&version=ESV
  12. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Numbers%2021%3A26&version=ESV
  13. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Deuteronomy%202%3A24%2C30&version=ESV
  14. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Deuteronomy%202%3A26-27%2C32&version=ESV
  15. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Deuteronomy%202%3A33-36&version=ESV
  16. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Joshua+12%3A1-6&version=NIV
  17. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Judges+11%3A12-26&version=NIV
  18. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Numbers+21%3A21-31&version=NIV
  19. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Numbers+21%3A26&version=NIV
  20. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Deuteronomy+2%3A24&version=NIV
  21. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Joshua+13%3A9%2C17&version=NIV
  22. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Numbers+21%3A23&version=NIV
  23. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Joshua+12%3A2&version=NIV
  24. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Numbers+21%3A31-32&version=NIV
  25. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Joshua+13%3A9%2C16&version=NIV
  26. https://www.biblearchaeology.org/research/conquest-of-canaan/3630-new-light-on-the-forgotten-conquest
  27. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Numbers+21%3A21-24&version=NIV
  28. https://www.thetorah.com/article/inventing-the-mythic-amorite-kingdom-of-sihon
  29. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1516894
  30. https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/news/baf-lecture-ammonites-v-israelites/
  31. https://escholarship.org/content/qt9pn561nn/qt9pn561nn_noSplash_a7bcaf22383cdec0ff03ae8b34ac6324.pdf
  32. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/amorites-and-the-bronze-age-near-east/introduction/BD3149880FAF089B4779BB4FF4E42B69
  33. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4132275
  34. https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/ancient-cultures/ancient-near-eastern-world/ancient-amorite-language-discovered/
  35. https://library.biblicalarchaeology.org/sidebar/dating-the-exodus/
  36. https://evidenceunseen.com/old-testament/exodus/date-of-the-exodus
  37. https://www.catholic.com/magazine/print-edition/when-was-the-exodus
  38. https://biblicalhistoricalcontext.com/israelite-origins/israelite-origins-late-date-exodus/
  39. https://apologeticspress.org/date-of-the-exodus-does-it-matter-part-1/
  40. https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/people-cultures-in-the-bible/who-were-the-amorites/
  41. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/legacy-of-israel-in-judahs-bible/amorite-backdrop-to-ancient-israel/6D104156A1BF724B99039CB262728A20
  42. https://biblearchaeology.org/research/conquest-of-canaan/3630-new-light-on-the-forgotten-conquest
  43. https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=hisban-excavations-1976-publications
  44. https://andrews.elsevierpure.com/ws/portalfiles/portal/40001662/Hesban%2006_Tell%20Hesban%20and%20Vicinity%20in%20the%20Iron%20Age.pdf
  45. https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1190&context=pubs
  46. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1357844
  47. https://www.preceptaustin.org/numbers-21-commentary
  48. https://dokumen.pub/the-land-of-the-bible-a-historical-geography-revised-and-enlarged-edition-subsequentnbsped-0664242669-9780664242664.html
  49. https://biblehub.com/q/Archaeological_proof_of_Joshua_12_kings.htm
  50. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ec1qrSeXMNA
  51. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Deuteronomy+2%3A30&version=NIV
  52. https://biblehub.com/commentaries/deuteronomy/2-30.htm
  53. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalm+135%3A11&version=NIV
  54. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalm+136%3A19-20&version=NIV
  55. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Nehemiah+9%3A22&version=NIV
  56. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Numbers+21%3A2-3&version=NIV
  57. https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Deuteronomy+2%3A34-35&version=NIV
  58. https://www.thetorah.com/article/deuteronomys-herem-law-protecting-israel-at-the-cost-of-its-humanity
  59. https://www.bibleodyssey.org/dictionary/sihon/
  60. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10477845.2012.673111
  61. https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13655-sihon
  62. https://bibleread.online/life-study-of-the-bible/life-study-of-numbers/32/
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.