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Spiritual dryness
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In Catholic spirituality, spiritual dryness or desolation is a lack of spiritual consolation in one's spiritual life. It is a form of spiritual crisis experienced subjectively as a sense of separation from God or lack of spiritual feeling, especially during contemplative prayer.[1]
Desolation
[edit]The Catechism of the Catholic Church (CCC) describes spiritual dryness as a difficulty sometimes experienced in one's prayer life, which may lead to discouragement. Dryness can expose a lack of "rootedness" in the faith, but also provides an opportunity to cling more strongly to God. The CCC makes reference to the seed that fell on the rocks in Parable of the Sower, as well as to the Grain of Wheat allegory found in the Gospel of John.[2] The Catholic Encyclopedia calls it a form of "passive purification," the fruit of which is "the purification of love, until the soul is so inflamed with love of God that it feels as if wounded and languishes with the desire to love Him still more intensely."[1]
The theme of spiritual dryness can be found in the Book of Job, the Psalms, the experiences of the Prophets, and many passages of the New Testament, as illustrated above.[3]
Description by saints
[edit]A number of Catholic saints have written about their experiences of spiritual dryness. In the 16th century, Saint John of the Cross famously described it as "the Dark Night of the Soul". The 17th-century Benedictine mystic Fr. Augustine Baker called it the "great desolation".[1] Mother Teresa's diaries show that she experienced spiritual dryness for most of her life.[4]
Chapters IX and XIV of Saint Francis de Sales's book Introduction to the Devout Life also features content regarding spiritual dryness.[5][6]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c
Augustin Poulain (1913). "Mystical Theology". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, paragraph 2731
- ^ Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange, OP. "The Three Ages of the Interior Life: Ch 4 : The Passive Purification of the Senses and the Entrance into the Illuminative Way". Catholic Spiritual Teaching. Retrieved 2014-07-22.
- ^ Scott, D., Mother Teresa's Long Dark Night, Catholic Education Resource Centre, 2013, accessed 18 August 2018
- ^ "An Introduction to the Devout Life".
- ^ "St. Francis of Sales: Introduction to the Devout Life - Christian Classics Ethereal Library".
Spiritual dryness
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Definition and Characteristics
Core Definition
Spiritual dryness, also referred to as spiritual aridity or desolation, is a profound state in the spiritual life characterized by an individual's experience of emptiness, emotional barrenness, and a perceived absence of God's consoling presence, particularly during prayer or contemplative practices. This condition manifests as spiritual lethargy, a lack of vibrant encounter with the divine, unanswered prayers, and a sense of exhaustion or divine distance, distinct from ordinary emotional fluctuations.[7] The terminology originates from Latin siccitas, denoting dryness or lack of moisture, which metaphorically conveys spiritual barrenness,[8] and the Spanish sequedad, similarly evoking aridity in the soul's inner landscape. In Christian theology, spiritual dryness is understood as a passive trial deliberately permitted by God to facilitate the purification of the soul, fostering deeper reliance on faith beyond sensible consolations.[9] Rooted primarily in Christian contemplative theology, the phenomenon of spiritual dryness has parallels in various other mystical traditions as a testing phase of inner desolation that refines the seeker's spiritual resolve. This experience parallels biblical depictions of soul-thirst, as in Psalm 42:1-2, where the psalmist declares, "As the deer pants for streams of water, so my soul pants for you, my God. My soul thirsts for God, for the living God."Symptoms and Manifestations
Spiritual dryness manifests primarily through a range of subjective spiritual and emotional experiences that disrupt one's connection to faith practices and divine presence. Individuals often report an inability to pray with fervor or focus, accompanied by persistent distractions during meditation and a profound sense of abandonment by God.[10] This state is characterized by a lack of joy in spiritual exercises, emotional flatness, and feelings of spiritual emptiness or lethargy, where vibrant encounters with the divine feel absent.[1] Unanswered prayers and a shallow relationship with the sacred further exacerbate this desolation, leading to brittleness in one's inner life.[4] Physical symptoms may sometimes accompany spiritual dryness, such as fatigue, insomnia, or loss of appetite, though these are not causally implied by the spiritual state itself and often correlate with associated emotional exhaustion rather than direct causation.[1] These manifestations highlight the holistic impact on the individual, blending spiritual crisis with somatic expressions of distress.[11] The duration and intensity of spiritual dryness vary widely, ranging from mild unease lasting days to profound despair enduring years, and it frequently occurs in cyclical patterns within the broader spiritual journey.[4] Moderate cases involve occasional experiences reported by up to 46% of Catholic priests and religious, while high-intensity episodes affect 12-16% of them, potentially leading to a sense of crisis.[1] Discernment of spiritual dryness from demonic temptation or natural melancholy requires careful self-examination, often guided by traditional frameworks like St. Ignatius of Loyola's rules for discerning spirits, which distinguish desolation—marked by darkness, laziness, and hopelessness—as potentially influenced by the Evil Spirit, from purificatory phases of growth.[10] Unlike melancholy or depression, which stem from overload, uncertainty, or biochemical factors causing inner emptiness, spiritual dryness is viewed as a transient spiritual trial rather than a purely psychological or malevolent affliction, though overlaps exist.[4]Historical and Theological Context
Biblical Foundations
In the Old Testament, spiritual dryness is vividly depicted through the laments of King David in the Psalms, where he expresses profound feelings of abandonment and thirst for God's presence. In Psalm 22:1, David cries out, "My God, my God, why have you forsaken me? Why are you so far from saving me, from the words of my groaning?"—a verse that captures the anguish of perceived divine absence amid suffering. Similarly, Psalm 42 portrays the psalmist's soul as a deer panting for streams of water, yet finding none, with verses 1–2 stating, "As the deer pants for streams of water, so my soul pants for you, my God. My soul thirsts for God, for the living God," while verses 5 and 11 describe the inner turmoil of being "cast down" and in "turmoil," countered by a call to hope in God despite the dryness. These passages illustrate spiritual dryness as an intense emotional and spiritual desolation, often linked to external oppression and internal despair, yet oriented toward renewed trust in divine faithfulness.[12] The Book of Job further exemplifies spiritual dryness through prolonged trials of faith and suffering, where Job endures loss, physical affliction, and existential questioning without immediate relief. In chapters 3 and 7, Job laments his birth and curses the day of his existence, expressing a deep sense of forsakenness as he pleads, "Why did I not perish at birth... For now I would have lain down and been quiet; I would have slept" (Job 3:11, 13), highlighting the erosion of peace and the struggle to perceive God's justice amid unrelenting pain. Job's experience underscores spiritual dryness as a testing ground for unwavering faith, where doubt and grief coexist with persistent dialogue with God, ultimately leading to restoration. In the New Testament, these Old Testament motifs find fulfillment in Jesus' cry from the cross and the disciples' post-resurrection struggles. Echoing Psalm 22:1, Jesus exclaims in Matthew 27:46, "Eli, Eli, lema sabachthani?" that is, "My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?"—a moment of profound spiritual forsakenness as he bears the weight of humanity's sin, experiencing the Father's wrath in separation. This cry reflects not confusion but the depths of redemptive suffering, fulfilling prophecy and modeling ultimate obedience amid desolation. Paralleling this, the disciples exhibit fear and doubt after the resurrection, gathering behind locked doors "for fear of the Jews" (John 20:19) and struggling with unbelief, as seen in Thomas's refusal to believe without evidence (John 20:25), indicating a period of spiritual aridity marked by anxiety and absence of full assurance until Christ's appearances renew their faith.[13] Prophetic texts offer hope beyond dryness, portraying it as a precursor to divine renewal. Isaiah 43:19 promises, "Behold, I am doing a new thing; now it springs forth, do you not perceive it? I will make a way in the wilderness and rivers in the desert," symbolizing God's intervention to transform arid spiritual landscapes into sources of life and provision. Theologically, these biblical depictions frame spiritual dryness as integral to the "dark night" motif, a purifying process that refines faith, strips away self-reliance, and fosters deeper union with God, as seen in the endurance of figures like David, Job, and Jesus, where desolation yields to noonday light and restored intimacy.[14][15]Development in Christian Mysticism
In the early Christian tradition, spiritual trials were understood as essential purgative stages in the soul's ascent to God, a concept articulated by key Church Fathers. Origen, in his allegorical interpretations of Scripture, viewed the wilderness wanderings of the Israelites as symbolic of the soul's progressive purification through trials, where hardships strip away earthly attachments to foster deeper union with the divine.[16] Similarly, Augustine emphasized the disciplinary role of trials in spiritual growth, portraying them as God's merciful corrections that refine the soul, drawing from his own experiences of inner turmoil to illustrate how such desolations prevent complacency and promote reliance on grace.[17] During the medieval period, the concept evolved through Cistercian and Victorine theology, integrating spiritual dryness into structured paths of affective and contemplative development. Bernard of Clairvaux, in his Sermons on the Song of Songs, highlighted affective dryness as a necessary phase where love for God transcends sensible consolations, urging the soul to persist in charity amid emotional barrenness to achieve pure, selfless devotion. The Victorines, particularly Richard of St. Victor in works like Benjamin Minor, incorporated dryness into the stages of contemplation—cogitation, meditation, and contemplation proper—positing it as a purgative trial that clears distractions, enabling the intellect to ascend from sensory images to divine realities through disciplined ascent. In the 16th century, Ignatian spirituality formalized responses to spiritual dryness within a discernment framework. St. Ignatius of Loyola, in his Spiritual Exercises, classified desolation—a state marked by spiritual aridity, temptation, and apparent abandonment—as a trial permitted by God to test fidelity, providing specific "Rules for the Discernment of Spirits" that advise maintaining prior resolutions, intensifying prayer, and avoiding changes during such periods to counteract the enemy's influence and restore consolation. The concept extended into Protestant traditions, where Catholic mystical influences shaped views of dryness as divine pedagogy. Richard Baxter, a 17th-century Puritan, treated spiritual melancholy—including prolonged dryness—as a providential affliction that humbles the believer and deepens faith, as outlined in his The Cure of Melancholy and Other Writings, where he counsels endurance through Scripture and self-examination to discern God's purifying intent.[18]Accounts from Saints and Mystics
St. John of the Cross
St. John of the Cross, a 16th-century Spanish mystic and Carmelite friar, articulated a systematic theological understanding of spiritual dryness as an essential phase in the soul's journey toward divine union, most notably in his unfinished treatise Dark Night of the Soul, composed between 1578 and 1585 as a prose commentary on his earlier poem of the same title.[19] This work builds on his Ascent of Mount Carmel and describes spiritual dryness not as mere affliction but as a divine purgation process, wherein God actively purifies the soul by withdrawing sensible consolations to foster deeper detachment and love.[20] The treatise divides this "dark night" into two distinct passive purgations: one of the senses for spiritual beginners and one of the spirit for the more advanced, emphasizing that such aridity serves God's transformative intent rather than human effort alone.[21] The composition of Dark Night of the Soul was deeply influenced by St. John's personal trials during the Carmelite reform movement, which he co-initiated with St. Teresa of Ávila in 1568 to restore the order's primitive austerity and contemplative focus amid growing laxity.[22] This reform, establishing the Discalced Carmelites, provoked fierce opposition from the traditional Calced branch, culminating in St. John's abduction and imprisonment in Toledo in December 1577, where he endured nine months of harsh conditions including flogging and isolation.[22] During this confinement, he composed the original poem "Dark Night of the Soul," capturing the experiential essence of aridity as a "happy chance" of loving surrender; the subsequent prose elaboration, written after his escape in August 1578, reflects this lived ordeal, transforming personal suffering into a universal mystical theology.[20] In the night of the senses, the initial stage of dryness, the soul—typically at the beginner level—encounters profound aridity in prayer and spiritual exercises, as God passively withdraws the sensory delights and consolations that previously sustained devotion, thereby purging appetites tied to the faculties of the body.[23] This purgation, described as a "bitter and terrible" correction of desires, disciplines the soul's lower nature, shifting it from meditative practices reliant on imagination to contemplative silence, and is common among those advancing beyond initial fervor.[23] The night of the spirit, by contrast, targets proficient souls, involving a more intense and obscure purification that strips even subtle spiritual attachments and self-will, inflicting deep anguish through God's "dark contemplation" that veils His presence to refine the higher faculties of intellect, memory, and will.[24] The ultimate purpose of these purgations is God's direct intervention to detach the soul from all created things, enabling a transformative union where love for the divine alone endures, free from reliance on emotional or intellectual supports.[25] St. John portrays this as a wounding grace, wherein "the soul feels itself to be keenly and sharply wounded in strong Divine love," igniting an enkindling fire that consumes imperfections and draws the soul into intimate communion with God.[25] Through this framework, spiritual dryness emerges as a providential path to perfection, echoing the poem's imagery of a soul venturing forth "on a dark night, kindled in love with yearnings," ultimately finding rest in divine embrace.[23]St. Teresa of Ávila and Others
St. Teresa of Ávila described spiritual dryness as a significant stage in the soul's journey toward union with God in her seminal work The Interior Castle (1577), where it manifests particularly in the third and fourth mansions as a period of laborious prayer and apparent abandonment by God. In the third mansions, the soul experiences intense absorption in its own miseries, with prayer becoming distracted and devoid of consolation, as if God has utterly forsaken it, yet perseverance in virtuous acts is essential to advance.[26] This aridity intensifies in the fourth mansions, where the soul feels spiritually parched like a thirsty person denied drink, requiring sustained effort in recollection despite the absence of sensible delights, underscoring the need for humility and fidelity to prayer.[26] Teresa's own life in the 1560s exemplified these trials, marked by prolonged periods of aridity intertwined with her visionary experiences and the challenges of founding the Discalced Carmelite reform. During this decade, she endured nearly two decades of intermittent dryness, often falling into sin and worldly distractions, yet persisting in prayer that brought only minimal consolation, likening her soul to a dry well from which she drew but a single drop of water.[27] These aridities peaked around 1561–1562, coinciding with divine locutions urging her to establish the Convent of St. Joseph in Ávila; post-founding, she faced severe spiritual anguish, obscurity, and doubts induced by opposition, feeling her soul plunged into darkness and torment until reassured by God.[27] Such trials, including physical symptoms like pulse cessation and emotional numbness, tested her resolve amid suspicions of delusion from confessors, yet fostered deeper resignation and meritorious perseverance.[27] Extending beyond Teresa, St. Thérèse of Lisieux chronicled her encounters with spiritual dryness in her autobiography Story of a Soul (1897), portraying it as a hidden "trial of faith" that complemented her "little way" of spiritual childhood through trust and small acts of love. From Easter 1896 until her death in September 1897, Thérèse suffered thick shadows of doubt and aridity, feeling heaven closed and Jesus absent, like an "abandoned little ball" tossed in fog, yet she offered this desolation for sinners, maintaining peace by surrendering to God's merciful love.[28] Earlier, during her Carmelite years, dryness became her "daily bread," with no consolations in prayer and distractions plaguing recollection, but she embraced it as a purifying martyrdom, hidden from others, to grow in humility and confident abandonment.[28] Similarly, Mother Teresa of Calcutta revealed in her private letters, published posthumously in Come Be My Light (2007), a 50-year ordeal of spiritual darkness beginning after her "call within a call" in 1948 to serve the poorest, during which she felt God's absence acutely despite outward zeal. This prolonged aridity, described as an interior silence and torment akin to hellish anguish, persisted until her death in 1997, with no sensible consolations or visions, yet she viewed it as a share in Christ's suffering, sustaining her fidelity through humble service.[29] Across these accounts, a shared emphasis emerges on humility and fidelity as antidotes to desolation: Teresa urged resignation in laborious prayer, Thérèse found joy in offering aridities through childlike trust, and Mother Teresa persevered in mission despite inner void, all echoing parallels to frameworks like St. John of the Cross's dark night while highlighting relational endurance in communal and personal trials.[26][28][29]Modern Interpretations and Responses
Psychological Dimensions
In the 19th century, spiritual dryness was often interpreted through the lens of "religious melancholy," a concept explored by philosophers like Søren Kierkegaard, who viewed it as a profound existential angst intertwined with faith rather than mere pathology.[30] Kierkegaard described this melancholy as a spiritual trial that could deepen one's relationship with the divine, distinguishing it from secular despair by its orientation toward God.[31] By the 20th century, psychiatry began to differentiate spiritual dryness from clinical depression, recognizing the former as a potentially transformative spiritual experience rather than a purely medical condition.[32] Early psychiatric literature, such as works on the "dark night of the soul," emphasized that symptoms like emotional desolation in dryness retain a spiritual purpose, unlike the neurochemical imbalances central to depressive disorders.[33] Contemporary research in the 2010s has examined spiritual dryness in relation to clergy burnout, finding correlations with chronic stress while preserving its distinct spiritual character.[34] Studies in journals like Psychology of Religion and Spirituality indicate that spiritual dryness predicts emotional exhaustion in priests, often exacerbated by vocational demands, yet it differs from burnout by involving a perceived absence of divine consolation rather than generalized fatigue.[35] For instance, surveys of Catholic clergy revealed that low perceptions of transcendence and high depressive symptoms amplify dryness, but targeted spiritual resources can mitigate its impact without equating it to psychopathology.[1] In therapeutic contexts, spiritual directors increasingly integrate psychological assessments to differentiate dryness from disorders like dysthymia, ensuring appropriate interventions.[36] This involves screening for persistent low mood or anhedonia indicative of chronic depression, while affirming dryness as a non-pathological phase when spiritual motivations predominate.[1] Such discernment prevents misdiagnosis and supports holistic care, drawing on collaborative models between spiritual guidance and mental health expertise.[37] Research from the 2020s has further explored spiritual dryness amid global challenges like the COVID-19 pandemic, where isolation and uncertainty heightened experiences of spiritual struggle among believers. A 2021 study of Iranian Muslims found that perceptions of dryness intensified due to disrupted communal worship and personal crises, correlating with increased anxiety but also prompting adaptive faith responses.[38] Similarly, 2022 empirical work on coping strategies emphasized resilience-building techniques, such as mindfulness integrated with prayer, to navigate dryness without pathologizing it.[39] In contemporary Christian theology, spiritual dryness frequently manifests among individuals with chronic illness or disability as feelings of being rejected or abandoned by God. These feelings are recognized as common and valid expressions of distress in response to prolonged suffering, yet theological perspectives emphasize that they do not reflect actual divine rejection. Suffering is attributed to the effects of sin in a fallen world rather than to personal divine disfavor. God is understood to remain present and faithful, employing such hardships to foster deeper intimacy with Him, spiritual growth, maturity, and the capacity to comfort others. Biblical illustrations of perceived abandonment amid suffering include the psalmists' laments such as Psalm 77:7–9, Job's trials involving physical affliction, and Jesus' cry on the cross ("My God, why have you forsaken me?" in Matthew 27:46), yet these instances ultimately affirm God's faithfulness, as expressed in promises such as Hebrews 13:5: "Never will I leave you; never will I forsake you." This perspective encourages the honest expression of such feelings to God in prayer while trusting in His unchanging presence and promises.[40][5][41]Practical Approaches to Renewal
Modern responses to spiritual dryness draw on psychological and communal strategies tailored to contemporary life. In the 2020s, experts recommend maintaining consistent spiritual routines while incorporating flexibility for mental health, such as combining daily prayer with cognitive-behavioral techniques to reframe feelings of divine absence.[39] During the COVID-19 era, virtual faith communities and online retreats emerged as key supports, helping individuals combat isolation-induced dryness through shared testimonies and guided reflections.[38] Therapeutic interventions often involve spiritual direction paired with counseling, where professionals assess for underlying stressors like burnout before advising renewal practices. As of 2024, studies on clergy highlight the efficacy of sabbaticals and peer support groups in alleviating dryness, with participants reporting renewed purpose after structured breaks from vocational demands.[42] Renewal typically unfolds through gradual reintegration of practices, fostering a faith grounded in perseverance rather than emotional intensity, and emphasizing professional help when symptoms overlap with clinical concerns.References
- https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/siccitas