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Tandy Video Information System
Tandy Video Information System
Tandy Video Information System
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Video Information System
DeveloperTandy
ManufacturerRadio Shack
TypeHome multimedia entertainment / Home video game console
GenerationFourth generation
Release date1992 - 1994
Introductory priceUS$699 (equivalent to $1,566 in 2024)
Units sold11,000
MediaCD-ROM
Operating systemMicrosoft Modular Windows
CPUAMD N80L286-12/S @ 12 MHz
Memory1 MB
Removable storageDallas Semiconductor plug-in CyberCard
DisplayNTSC TV or composite monitor; Composite, RF and S-Video out
GraphicsCirrus Logic
SoundYamaha YMF262-M
InputMouse, keyboard
Controller inputhand controller

The Tandy Memorex Video Information System (VIS) is an interactive, multimedia CD-ROM player produced by the Tandy Corporation starting in 1992.[1] It is similar in function to the Philips CD-i and Commodore CDTV systems (particularly the CDTV, since both the VIS and CDTV were adaptations of existing computer platforms and operating systems to the set-top-box design). The VIS systems were sold only at Radio Shack, under the Memorex brand, both of which Tandy owned at the time.

Modular Windows

[edit]
Logo for Modular Windows

Modular Windows is a special version of Microsoft Windows 3.1, designed to run on the Tandy Video Information System.[2] Microsoft intended Modular Windows to be an embedded operating system for various devices, especially those designed to be connected to televisions. However, the VIS is the only known product that actually used this Windows version.[3] It has been claimed that Microsoft created a new, incompatible version of Modular Windows ("1.1") shortly after the VIS shipped.[4] No products are known to have actually used Modular Windows 1.1.

Reception

[edit]

The VIS was not a successful product; by some reports Radio Shack only sold 11,000 units during the lifetime of the product.[5] Radio Shack store employees jokingly referred to the VIS as "Virtually Impossible to Sell".[1][6] Tandy discontinued the product in early 1994 and all remaining units were sold to a liquidator.

Spinoffs

[edit]

Specifications

[edit]

Details of the system include:[5]

Additional details:[8]

  • Intel 80286 processor on a local bus (not ISA) running at 12 MHz. 0-wait states. Equivalent PC performance somewhere around that of a 386SX at 16 or 20 MHz.
  • 1 MB of ROM containing minimal MS-DOS 3.x, a few drivers, and Modular Windows.
  • Built-in Audio CD player application.
  • 1 MB of RAM in a conventional PC layout 640 KB + 384 KB.
  • Mitsumi 1× (150 KB/s) CD-ROM drive with 16-bit interface, 800 ms access, 1300 ms worst case access, CD+G capable, but not Photo CD. 5000 hour MTBF.
  • IR interface with up to two IR transmitters (hand controllers) operating at once.
  • PS/2 mouse or keyboard interface (either can be connected and are generally recognized by applications). A wired hand controller could also be connected to this port for use in locations where the wireless controller was not practical, or could be used in conjunction with one wireless controller.
  • Expansion compartment for RS-232 serial board for use with Windows debugger.
  • Modem (the same modem card that went in the Tandy Sensation I) could also be installed in the VIS. 2400 data 4800 send-only FAX.
  • Outputs: RCA Line left/right, composite video, RF video, S-Video. NTSC video.
  • Dallas Semiconductor plug-in CyberCard - removable non-volatile storage, in sizes up to 512 KB and system comes with a 32 KB unit.
  • Onboard audio is same as Tandy Sensation I: Adlib Gold compatible, not Sound Blaster compatible.
  • Video uses ADAC-1 chip as found in Tandy Sensation I, supports YUV and several high-quality color modes. Also supported some TV-specific features for handling overscan.

Software

[edit]

Games[9]

[edit]
Title Publisher
The Adventures of Victor Vector & Yondo: Adventure No. 1 – The Vampire's Coffin Sanctuary Woods
Kid-Fun Mindplay
Links: The Challenge of Golf Access Software
The Manhole: New and Enhanced! Activision
Mosaic Magic Kinder Magic Software
Mutanoid Math Challenge Legacy Software
Mutanoid Word Challenge Legacy Software
Our House (featuring The Family Circus) Con•text Systems, Incorporated
Playing with Language: Games in English Syracuse Language System
Playing with Language: Games in French Syracuse Language System
Playing with Language: Games in German Syracuse Language System
Playing with Language: Games in Japanese Syracuse Language System
Playing with Language: Games in Spanish Syracuse Language System
Race the Clock Mindplay
Rick Ribbit: Adventures in Early Learning Tadpole Productions
Rodney's Funscreen Activision
The Secrets of Hosea Freeman Audubon
Sherlock Holmes: Consulting Detective Vol. I ICOM Simulations
Sherlock Holmes: Consulting Detective Vol. II ICOM Simulations
SmartKids Challenge One Arkeo
Talking Stepping Stones: Bonus Pack Computeach

Multimedia

[edit]
Title Publisher
1992 Time Magazine Compact Almanac, The TIME Magazine
America's National Parks Xiphias
American Heritage: Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary Xiphias
American Vista Applied Optical Media Corporation
Americans in Space
Astrology Source Multicom
Atlas of U.S. Presidents Applied Optical Media Corporation
Better Homes and Gardens: Healthy Cooking
Better Not Get Wet, Jesse Bear
Bible Lands, Bible Stories Context
Compton's MultiMedia Encyclopedia: VIS Edition
December 24th Macmillan New Media
Discis Books Multimedia: The Cask of Amontillado – Edgar Allan Poe Discis
Discis Books Multimedia: The Necklace – Guy de Maupassant Discis
Discis Books Multimedia: The Tell-Tale Heart – Edgar Allan Poe Discis
Fitness Partner
Great Lives Series: Interactive Biographies of American Heroes Vol. 1 The JLR Group
Henry and Mudge: The First Book Macmillan New Media
Henry and Mudge in the Sparkle Days Macmillan New Media
Kids Can Read! A Long Hard Day at the Ranch – Audrey Nelson Discis
Kids Can Read! Aesop's Fables Discis
Kids Can Read! Cinderella – The Original Fairy Tale Discis
Kids Can Read! Heather Hits Her First Home Run by Ted Planos Discis
Kids Can Read! Moving Gives Me a Stomach Ache – Story by Heather McKend Discis
Kids Can Read! Mud Puddle – Robert N. Munsch Discis
Kids Can Read! Scary Poems for Rotten Kids written by Sean O Huigin Discis
Kids Can Read! The Night Before Christmas – Clement C. Moore LLD Discis
Kids Can Read! The Paper Bag Princess – Robert N. Munsch Discis
Kids Can Read! The Tale of Benjamin Bunny – Beatrix Potter Discis
Kids Can Read! The Tale of Peter Rabbit – Beatrix Potter Discis
Kids Can Read! Thomas' Snowsuit – R. Munsch Discis
Learn to Play Guitar Volume 1 Parallax Publishing
The Meeting of Minds Series: Interactive Games of History, Art, Music, and Ideas The JLR Group
Mercer Mayer's Just Grandma and Me
Multimedia Animals Encyclopedia Applied Optical Media Corporation
My Paint
The New Basics Electronic Cookbook Xiphias
Our House featuring The Family Circus Context
Peter and the Wolf: A Multimedia Storybook
Sail with Columbus Parallax Publishing
Search for the Sea
A Survey of Western Art: The Electronic Library of Art
Time Table of History: Arts and Entertainment – 1993 Edition Xiphias
Time Table of History: Business, Politics & Media – 1993 Edition Xiphias
Time Table of History: Science and Innovation – 1993 Edition Xiphias
Title Sampler
Video Movie Guide 1993 Ballantine Books
Vision: Multimedia Bible for the Entire Family Context
Wild Animals!
World Vista Applied Optical Media Corporation

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Tandy Video Information System

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The Tandy Memorex Video Information System (VIS), marketed under the brand, was an interactive multimedia player released by the in 1992 as a home entertainment device that integrated audio playback, computing capabilities, and basic gaming features. Designed primarily for educational and interactive applications, it targeted families seeking an affordable alternative to full personal computers for multimedia experiences, such as encyclopedias and edutainment software, without requiring a separate PC setup. Developed by Tandy's research and development team in , the VIS was sold exclusively through stores and launched at an initial retail price of $699, later reduced to $399 under the rebranded MD 2500 model amid sluggish sales. Its hardware featured a 16-bit processor running at 12 MHz, 1 MB of RAM (including 640 KB conventional), a single-speed drive with 150 KB/s transfer rate, and support for resolutions up to 640x480 with a 16.7 million color palette, alongside stereo audio output and compatibility with Audio CDs and CD+G formats. The system included a wireless gamepad controller and ports for , RF, , and PS/2 peripherals, positioning it as similar to other multimedia consoles like the . The VIS library comprised approximately 70 to 84 titles, with a heavy emphasis on edutainment software for users aged 8-15, including notable releases like Compton's Multimedia Encyclopedia, Sherlock Holmes: Consulting Detective, and Links: The Challenge of Golf, though it lacked strong appeal in the competitive gaming market. Despite its innovative intent, the system sold only around 11,000 units before discontinuation in 1993, hampered by its high cost, limited software variety, and the rapid evolution of PC-based during the early . Today, it is remembered as a short-lived experiment in consumer hardware, emblematic of Tandy's broader challenges in transitioning from electronics retail to advanced computing products.

History

Development

In the early 1990s, , a pioneer in home computing through its retail chain, aimed to expand into the burgeoning home multimedia market by developing a dedicated appliance to compete with emerging systems like ' and Commodore's CDTV. The company sought to capitalize on the growing popularity of technology for interactive entertainment and education, positioning the system as an accessible entry point without the complexity of a full . Development of the Video Information System (VIS) was led by Tandy's R&D team in , with the project announced in mid-1992 as a PC-compatible player. To leverage established standards and minimize software creation costs, Tandy collaborated with to adapt a customized version of , known as Modular Windows, for the platform. The system was branded under , a Tandy-owned , and distributed exclusively through stores to align with the company's retail strengths. Hardware prototyping centered on an 80286 processor and a Mitsumi single-speed drive with a 150 KB/s transfer rate to enable playback of audio CDs, titles, and basic computing functions in a consumer-friendly form factor resembling a VCR. Design goals emphasized affordability for home use in , , and light productivity, incorporating an for potential connectivity to lines or cable , along with cartridge-based storage for user data. Engineering efforts included integrating a Yamaha YMF262 for AdLib compatibility to support audio, while navigating constraints of 1 MB total memory to keep costs down.

Release and sales

The Tandy Video Information System, branded as the VIS, officially launched on November 15, 1992, and was sold exclusively through stores at an introductory price of $699 (equivalent to approximately $1,566 in 2024 dollars). The launch package included a 32 KB CyberCard for storage (expandable up to 512 KB), a wireless infrared controller supporting up to two units, and demo software showcased on in-store kiosks, such as samples from multimedia encyclopedias. Tandy marketed the VIS as a " computer" targeted at families, highlighting its ease of use and integration with home setups to bridge the gap between traditional PCs and consumer multimedia devices. This positioning emphasized couch-friendly operation via the controller and TV connectivity, aiming to appeal to non-technical users seeking educational and light content without the complexity of desktop computing. Actual sales were dismal, with only approximately 11,000 units sold over its lifespan before discontinuation in early , after which remaining inventory was liquidated to third-party sellers. Tandy reportedly lost between $50 and $75 million on the development, inventory, and marketing of the VIS. The product's commercial underperformance stemmed from its high price point compared to emerging competitors like the , a sparse software library at launch limited to about 73 titles mostly focused on , and the broader economic recession of 1992–1993 that dampened on non-essential .

Hardware

Specifications

The Tandy Video Information System (VIS) featured a 16-bit 80286 processor, specifically the N80L286-12/S model, operating at 12 MHz on a local bus without ISA compatibility, providing performance comparable to a 16-20 MHz 386SX in certain tasks. An integrated 80287 math supported floating-point operations. Memory configuration included 1 MB of RAM, allocated as 640 KB conventional memory for standard PC applications and 384 KB upper memory for system and video use, alongside 1 MB of ROM containing 3.x, drivers, and the Modular Windows . The primary storage was a single-speed (1×) Mitsumi CD-ROM drive (model CRNC-FR002L) with a 150 KB/s transfer rate, 800 ms average access time, and up to 1300 ms worst-case access, capable of reading , , and standard audio CDs with a of 5000 hours. An optional Dallas Semiconductor CyberCard provided up to 512 KB of removable non-volatile storage for save , with the base unit including a 32 KB variant. Graphics were handled by an integrated ADAC-1 chip (based on CL-GD5200-80PC-A), supporting VGA standards with output via , composite RCA, or to televisions or monitors, achieving resolutions up to 640×480 in 16 colors from a palette of 262,144, along with lower modes like 320×200 in 256 colors and TV-specific for fullscreen display. Audio capabilities utilized a Yamaha YMF262-M chip, implementing OPL3 FM synthesis compatible with standards for music and effects, including stereo output and support for sequencing, though without full compatibility; it also featured a DAC for CD audio playback and ports for , , and auxiliary input. The system employed an internal supply rated for 110V at 60 Hz, housed in a compact enclosure designed for home entertainment setups, with connectivity including s for or keyboard and receivers for wireless controllers.

Peripherals

The Tandy Video Information System (VIS) featured a set of standard input devices designed for both navigation and text entry in its multimedia environment. The primary input was a wireless hand controller, which supported up to two units simultaneously for interactive control, resembling a joypad for menu navigation and game play. Additionally, it included a full-sized PS/2 keyboard for text input and a for graphical pointing and selection, both of which were automatically recognized by compatible applications. A wired hand controller could also connect via the as an alternative to the model. For expansion, the VIS incorporated a slot for Dallas Semiconductor CyberCards, providing removable non-volatile storage. Units shipped with a standard 32 KB CyberCard for saving user data, such as game progress or settings, with optional upgrades available up to 512 KB. This expansion was limited to Tandy-specific memory cards and did not support broader PC-compatible add-ons. Video and audio outputs on the VIS catered to television integration and higher-quality displays. It offered , RF modulation for direct TV connection, for improved picture quality, and stereo RCA audio jacks for left and right channels, all in format. These ports enabled connection to standard televisions or monitors without additional adapters in most cases. Connectivity on the base VIS model was restricted, lacking built-in or network capabilities, which limited it to standalone and peripheral use. It relied on proprietary ports for Tandy accessories, such as the CyberCard slot and PS/2 interfaces, without standard serial or parallel expansion in the core unit. Optional accessories, including wired controllers, larger CyberCards, and an add-on card for 2400 bps dial-up, were sold separately through stores.

Operating system

Modular Windows

The Tandy Video Information System utilized Modular Windows, a customized and embedded variant of developed specifically for appliances like the VIS. This operating system was optimized for low-resource hardware, featuring a stripped-down kernel that supported essential graphical and functions while omitting advanced features such as full disk write capabilities and certain window management options to conserve memory and processing power. As a subset of , it retained core compatibility for applications but included extensions for TV-based interaction, such as support for hand-held controllers and simplified user interfaces without traditional menus or borders. Modular Windows was designed with a modular that enabled simultaneous "windows" for multiple applications, such as a built-in or file browser, facilitating seamless experiences without requiring a full . The system booted directly into its graphical interface, bypassing any DOS prompt, and loaded primarily from onboard ROM to ensure quick startup tailored to the VIS hardware. This ROM-based supported automatic detection and playback of inserted CDs via an AUTOEXEC configuration in the root, launching the shell application specified in SYSTEM.INI for immediate content access. Built-in utilities for volume control and basic settings were integrated to enhance in a consumer-oriented, set-top device. Although intended by for use in various set-top devices, Modular Windows was commercially implemented only on the Tandy VIS. Resource management in Modular Windows was constrained by the VIS's hardware, providing only 640 KB of usable conventional RAM out of a total 1 MB configuration (with the remaining 384 KB reserved for system and video operations). It employed to handle multiple lightweight applications efficiently within these limits, prioritizing playback and interactive content over general tasks. This setup was the result of a direct partnership between Tandy and , where the software was co-developed and licensed exclusively for the VIS platform to align with its embedded, non-expandable design.

User interface features

The Tandy Video Information System employed a Windows-like based on Microsoft Modular Windows, a ROM-optimized variant of tailored for television display and non-computer users. This design featured an icon-based with resizable, overlapping windows to support basic multitasking, presented in a color scheme suitable for standard TV viewing at 640x480 resolution with up to 16.7 million colors. Navigation relied on a controller, resembling a pad with buttons for menu selection, scrolling through options, and cursor movement, allowing up to two controllers to operate simultaneously for shared use. An optional PS/2 mouse provided point-and-click functionality, while an on-screen keyboard and standard PS/2 keyboard offered text input alternatives, emphasizing intuitive operation without requiring technical expertise. Built-in features included automatic launching of CD-ROM content upon insertion, a basic for handling CyberCard save files from applications, and a control panel for adjusting audio and video settings such as and display . These elements prioritized family-oriented with large icons and simplified menus to minimize user errors, eschewing command-line access entirely. The interface's limitations stemmed from its hardware constraints, including no support for true 3D graphics or higher-resolution modes beyond 640x480, with refresh rates limited by the 12 MHz 286 processor, resulting in occasional sluggishness during window resizing or .

Software

Games

The Tandy Video Information System featured a modest of approximately 20-30 titles, consisting largely of ports adapted from PC software libraries to suit the system's hardware and input methods. These games were optimized for the VIS's and controller inputs, with the operating system's Modular Windows providing seamless integration for launching and navigating titles. The available games spanned genres such as , , and puzzle, reflecting the system's emphasis on slower-paced, interactive experiences rather than high-speed action due to its processing constraints. Notable simulation titles included Links: The Challenge of Golf (1991), developed by , which offered realistic navigation and play mechanics ported from its PC version. Adventure games formed a significant portion of the library, often leveraging the CD-ROM's capacity for full-motion video (FMV) elements. Sherlock Holmes: Consulting Detective Vol. I (1991) by ICOM Simulations presented interactive mystery-solving scenarios set in Victorian , with FMV sequences depicting investigations and character interactions. Its sequel, Sherlock Holmes: Consulting Detective Vol. II (1992), continued the format with additional cases, maintaining the FMV-driven narrative style. Development for the VIS involved licensing from established PC publishers like and ICOM Simulations, who adapted titles to the system's 286-based architecture and TV output for home entertainment. These ports prioritized narrative depth and integration over graphical intensity, aligning with the platform's focus while providing engaging options.

Multimedia titles

The Tandy Video Information System supported approximately 40 to 50 titles as part of its total of about 72 titles, the majority focused on , educational, and home productivity applications designed to leverage the system's capabilities for interactive content delivery. These titles emphasized conceptual learning and , often incorporating audio narration, animations, and searchable databases to engage users on a screen via a simple interface. Many edutainment titles blurred the line between games and . Publishers such as Compton's NewMedia, Applied Optical Media, and Multicom developed content specifically for the VIS platform, optimizing for its Modular Windows environment and hardware limitations like 1 MB RAM and VGA output. Notable reference titles included Compton's MultiMedia Encyclopedia: VIS Edition, a comprehensive interactive released in 1992 by Compton's NewMedia, featuring over 20,000 hyperlinked entries, short video clips, and audio clips for and explanations, allowing users to search topics like or with point-and-click navigation. Another example was the Atlas of U.S. Presidents by Applied Optical Media (1992), an educational and tool with animated maps, timelines, and narrated biographies of U.S. leaders, enabling exploration of political events through visual and auditory elements. The Multimedia Animals Encyclopedia (1992, Applied Optical Media) provided detailed profiles of wildlife species, complete with photographs, animations of behaviors, and audio descriptions, serving as a home reference for natural . Educational titles often targeted family or child users, integrating productivity tools like basic skill-building exercises. The Great Lives Series: Interactive Biographies of American Heroes, Vol. 1 (1992, The JLR Group) offered narrated stories and quizzes on figures like , with animations illustrating key life events to foster historical understanding. Many applications supported seamless integration with the system's audio CD playback, allowing users to switch between content and music, while some, like searches, utilized the VIS's photo CD compatibility for importing personal images into reference materials. This library distinguished the VIS as an early consumer platform for non-gaming , prioritizing accessible learning over complex computing.

Reception and legacy

Commercial performance

The Tandy Video Information System (VIS) experienced dismal commercial results following its late 1992 launch at a of $699. Actual peaked at approximately 11,000 units by the end of , far short of projections. By late , Tandy resorted to heavy discounting, reducing the to $399—below —to clear inventory, reflecting the product's rapid market rejection. The VIS struggled against a competitive dominated by more affordable alternatives. Cheaper CD-ROM-equipped PCs, available for under $1,000 by , offered broader compatibility and upgradeability, eroding demand for proprietary systems like the VIS. Rivals such as the outperformed it significantly, selling over 500,000 units worldwide by the mid-1990s through aggressive marketing and a larger software library. Economic conditions exacerbated the VIS's challenges during the slow recovery from the . on non-essential technology remained subdued in 1992 and 1993, with overall lagging and households prioritizing essentials amid lingering uncertainty. Tandy's limited marketing budget further hampered visibility in a crowded holiday season. The product was fully discontinued in early 1994, with Tandy liquidating remaining stock through stores via bundles that included additional software titles to incentivize purchases. The venture resulted in losses estimated between $50 million and $75 million for Tandy, covering development, inventory, and marketing costs. This failure contributed to Tandy's broader strategic pivot away from proprietary hardware development, leading to the sale of its PC manufacturing assets in and a focus on reselling third-party computers through retail channels.

Critical reception

Contemporary reviews of the Tandy Video Information System were generally mixed, with some outlets praising its potential for educational and family entertainment applications while others highlighted its technical shortcomings and market positioning challenges. The Washington Post described the VIS as a specialized CD-ROM player well-suited for parents seeking an accessible device to educate and entertain children, emphasizing its focus on multimedia content rather than traditional computing tasks. However, by mid-1993, the system faced significant criticism for its commercial viability and performance. Common user and retailer complaints centered on the system's high initial cost, slow load times from its single-speed drive, and lack of upgradability, which limited its appeal in a rapidly evolving market. employees reportedly nicknamed it "Virtually Impossible to Sell" due to persistent inventory issues and customer frustration with occasional crashes and suboptimal TV integration. Some users appreciated its educational titles for children, but the overall software library remained limited to approximately 70 titles, far fewer than competitors like the PC ecosystem, exacerbating perceptions of poor value. In retrospective expert analysis, the VIS was often dubbed a notable misstep for Tandy, unfavorably compared to contemporaries like the and for its underpowered hardware and failure to capture either gaming or productivity audiences effectively. Positive aspects, such as the high-quality CD audio output and innovative Modular Windows interface, were seen as forward-thinking elements that outpaced some rivals in accessibility, though these did little to offset the system's broader shortcomings.

Spinoffs and influence

The Tandy Video Information System produced no major direct spinoffs, though its commercial failure played a role in accelerating Tandy Corporation's broader retreat from proprietary development. In early 1993, amid ongoing losses from the VIS and other unprofitable computer ventures, Tandy announced the sale of its manufacturing plants to for up to $170 million, effectively ending its in-house production of PCs and related systems. The VIS was discontinued in 1994, with Tandy absorbing an estimated $50–75 million in losses from development, unsold inventory, and marketing efforts. The VIS represented an early foray into set-top appliances during the nascent era of the early 1990s, sharing conceptual similarities with contemporaries like the Philips and Pioneer's , which also aimed to deliver interactive and via optical media but struggled with limited software ecosystems and high costs. Tandy positioned the VIS as a developer-friendly alternative to rivals, claiming its Modular Windows operating system simplified content creation compared to other platforms, yet the system's proprietary design ultimately underscored the challenges of competing against rapidly evolving PC-compatible machines with standardized drives. Developed in partnership with as a stripped-down extension of , the VIS highlighted the pitfalls of non-standard hardware in an industry shifting toward open PC architectures for broader adoption. In modern retro , the VIS maintains niche interest among collectors and enthusiasts, with full added to the MAME project in version 0.241, including a dedicated software compatibility list for its titles. This support has enabled preservation efforts for the system's limited library of approximately 70 titles, primarily educational and light multimedia applications. Culturally, the VIS is often cited in accounts of the boom's missteps, serving as a cautionary example alongside the of how ambitious set-top visions faltered against the flexibility of personal computers.

References

  1. http://www.videogameconsolelibrary.com/pg90-vis.htm
  2. https://gamemedium.com/console/memorex-video-information-system
  3. http://videogamekraken.com/visual-information-system-vis-by-memorex-tandy
  4. http://www.icdia.co.uk/articles/history_of_cdi.html
  5. https://forums.bannister.org/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=98265
  6. https://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm
  7. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-09-14-fi-609-story.html
  8. https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20211224-08/?p=106052
  9. https://www.avid.wiki/Tandy/Memorex_VIS
  10. http://videogameconsolelibrary.com/pg90-vis.htm
  11. https://groups.google.com/g/comp.sys.tandy/c/LGfbXF3k4Kk/m/7y65SMGUoA4J
  12. https://vtda.org/docs/computing/Microsoft/MS37741_ModularSDK_Oct92/37742_Modular_WindowsSDKGetting_Started_Oct1992.pdf
  13. https://www.vintagecomputing.com/index.php/archives/1116/retro-scan-of-the-week-tandy-memorex-vis
  14. https://betawiki.net/wiki/Modular_Windows
  15. https://20thcenturyvideogames.com/index.php?action=vermodelos&submenu=&tipo=4&sistema=Memorex-VIS&verletra=V
  16. https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Radio-Electronics/90s/1992/Radio-Electronics-1992-12.pdf
  17. https://www.pcworld.com/article/524213/worst-game-consoles.html
  18. https://www.uvlist.net/platforms/games-list/197
  19. https://www.giantbomb.com/memorex-md-2500-vis/3045-153/games/
  20. https://wiki.sierrahelp.com/index.php/Category:Series_with_Releases_Developed_for_the_Tandy_VIS
  21. http://redump.org/discs/system/vis/
  22. https://www.mamedev.org/?p=510
  23. http://adb.arcadeitalia.net/dettaglio_mess.php?software_name=comptons&software_list=vis&search_id=
  24. https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/08/business/alphabet-soup-with-a-dash-of-hype.html
  25. http://www.videogameconsolelibrary.com/pg90-cdi.htm
  26. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-02-27-fi-621-story.html
  27. https://www.minneapolisfed.org/article/1992/no-relief-in-sight-from-slow-economic-growth
  28. https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20211224-08/
  29. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1993/05/27/tandy-plans-to-sell-off-pc-factories/9acae6a5-9d83-444b-b078-c14b91368858/
  30. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1992/12/21/tandys-new-specialized-cd-rom-player-educates-entertains/d6feb06d-10d2-44c9-9132-4b675b5a3fa1/
  31. https://www.trs-80.com/main-lore.htm
  32. https://archive.org/details/amazing-computing-magazine-1993-08
  33. https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1993-06
  34. https://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/27/business/company-news-deal-to-end-tandy-s-role-in-computer-manufacturing.html
  35. https://obsoletemedia.org/data/data-timeline/
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