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Trading 212
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Trading 212
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Trading 212 is a British financial services company headquartered in London, United Kingdom. It operates an electronic trading platform that enables trading in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs) and contracts for difference (CFDs).[3] The company also provides debit cards and other banking services alongside a financial news website.[3][4]

Key Information

Trading 212 serves clients worldwide, with operations across Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Latin America, and the Asia-Pacific region.[5][6] As of 2025, the company reports having approximately 4.5 million users with funded accounts.[7]

History

[edit]

Trading 212 was founded in 2004 under the name Avus Capital.[8] Initially, the company specialised in forex trading and developed proprietary trading software.[9]

The company later expanded its product offerings and geographic reach, establishing a presence in several regulatory jurisdictions. It relocated its headquarters from Bulgaria to London after establishing its operations in the United Kingdom.[10] In February 2021, Trading 212 was reported to be the most downloaded mobile application in the United Kingdom.[11]

In 2024, the company introduced a debit card.[4][12]

Business model

[edit]

Trading 212 operates a commission‐free model for its stock trading services, meaning that clients are not charged commissions or custody fees for holding assets on the platform.[13] The company derives revenue primarily through currency conversion fees when transactions are conducted in a currency different from the account's base currency, and through participation in a collateralised stock lending programme.[6]

Regarding its contracts for difference (CFD) products, Trading 212 initially employed a spread‐based revenue model.[citation needed] Between January 2021 and May 2021, the company generated revenue from the difference between the prices offered to clients and the hedging prices established via a back-to-back hedging arrangement with an affiliated entity. [citation needed] In May 2021, Trading 212 discontinued this internal hedging arrangement and subsequently adopted a risk management strategy whereby exposures were hedged externally with third parties.[14][verification needed]

Since its launch, over 4.5 million accounts have reportedly been opened and funded, with total client holdings of over £25 billion. The platform has no trading or platform fees and allows minimum investments of £1.[15]

Trading 212 provides three main account types:

  • Invest: A general trading account enabling the purchase of more than 12,000 shares and ETFs. Users can hold multiple currencies in this account, including euros and US dollars.[15]
  • Stocks & Shares ISA: A tax-efficient account that allows UK residents to invest up to the annual ISA limit (currently £20,000), with no tax payable on returns. Unlike the Invest account, this ISA accepts only British pounds.[15]
  • Cash ISA: A savings account paying interest on uninvested cash. Withdrawals can be made at any time, and any removed funds can be replaced within the same tax year without affecting the ISA allowance.[15][16]

Users can purchase portions of shares, broadening access to high-priced stocks. Investors may select ready-made portfolios or pies based on different risk levels. They can also automate contributions at chosen intervals. These tools allow users to automatically sell assets if values drop below or rise above preset thresholds. An in-app learn section introduces essential trading concepts. Basic company data, such as balance sheets and income statements, is also available.[15]

Uninvested cash within the platform earns an Annual Equivalent Rate (AER) that is variable. At present, this rate is 4.90% and applies to balances in both the Invest account and the ISA accounts.[15]

Regulations

[edit]

Trading 212 is regulated in multiple jurisdictions. It is authorised by the United Kingdom's Financial Conduct Authority (FCA), the German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (BaFin),[17] the Cyprus Securities and Exchange Commission (CySEC),[12][18] and the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC).[6]

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Trading 212

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Trading 212 is a British headquartered in , , founded in in , , by Ivan Ashminov and Borislav Nedialkov as Avus Capital, and later rebranded and relocated to focus on providing a commission-free . As of late 2025, it serves over 5 million lifetime funded users globally, with client assets under administration surpassing £25 billion. However, Trading 212 does not accept US persons, including US citizens by birth irrespective of their residency (such as in supported countries like Slovakia), due to compliance with US tax and reporting obligations under the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA). The platform specializes in mobile and web-based trading of , , , , cryptocurrencies, and other , offering distinctive features such as fractional shares for accessible investing and for practice trading. Trading 212 distinguishes itself from by emphasizing user-friendly apps that democratize access to without commissions on and trades, while also providing and interest on uninvested cash balances. It operates under regulatory oversight from bodies like the in the and the in Bulgaria, ensuring and investor protection across its international user base. The company's growth has been driven by its innovative approach to , including proprietary technology for seamless trading experiences, and it continues to expand offerings amid increasing demand for digital investment tools.

History

Founding and Early Development

Trading 212 was founded in 2004 in , , by Ivan Ashminov and Borislav Nedialkov under the initial name Avus Capital. The company began operations as a , with an early emphasis on to offer access to for . In its foundational years, Avus Capital developed its , laying the groundwork for subsequent expansions into other . As part of its early development, the company secured initial regulatory approvals, including authorization from the under license number RG-03-0237. The rebranding to Trading 212 occurred as the company evolved beyond its -centric origins, marking a shift toward broader online brokerage services while maintaining its Bulgarian roots. This transition facilitated early product expansions, enabling the platform to incorporate additional alongside its core forex offerings.

Expansion and Key Milestones

Trading 212 expanded its operations beyond its Bulgarian origins by establishing its headquarters in , , where Trading 212 UK Ltd. is registered at Aldermary House, 10-15 Queen Street, EC4N 1TX, serving as a strategic hub for its global activities. This relocation facilitated broader access to the and international markets, with the company maintaining an office in , , at 3 Lachezar Stanchev str., floor 10, while also setting up registered addresses in (), (), and (). By 2025, Trading 212 had opened six offices worldwide, including a new office in , Germany, in June 2025, to support its growing operations in the region following the acquisition of local broker FXFlat. These expansions enabled the company to establish a presence across , , , , and , regulated in multiple jurisdictions including , Germany, Cyprus, Australia, and Bulgaria. A significant operational milestone occurred in February 2021 when Trading 212 became the most downloaded mobile app in the , reflecting rapid user adoption amid surging interest in retail trading. This achievement underscored the platform's growth trajectory, with the app accumulating over 15 million downloads globally and ranking as the number one trading app in the since 2016 and in since 2017. In 2024, the company further diversified its offerings by launching the 212 Card, a debit card for UK residents linked to Invest accounts, providing features like interest on uninvested cash and cashback on spending to enhance user engagement. Employment growth supported this expansion, with the workforce exceeding 650 teammates from 17 nationalities by mid-decade, contributing to operational scaling across continents. Financially, Trading 212 demonstrated robust performance in , generating group revenue of £194.1 million, a 67.2% increase year-over-year, driven by and interest income. Net profit for the group rose to £43.7 million, highlighting efficient and market expansion efforts, including the incorporation of a entity and entry into . By May 2025, the company reached a key milestone with over £25 billion in client assets under administration and a community of 4.5 million lifetime funded accounts, cementing its position as one of the fastest-growing in .

Business Model

Revenue Generation

As of 2025/2026, Trading 212 operates a commission-free model for trading and in its Invest and ISA accounts, charging no commissions on trades and no custody fees for holding . This approach allows the platform to attract users by eliminating traditional brokerage costs, while generating revenue through alternative streams. The company's primary revenue sources on the Invest and Stocks ISA side include a 0.15% fee applied to for trades involving non-base currencies, as well as proceeds from its . Users may also be subject to other exchange or tax fees beyond those charged by Trading 212, such as the UK Stamp Duty Reserve Tax of 0.5% on purchases of shares listed on the London Stock Exchange (with exemptions for gilts, bonds, ETFs, and AIM-listed stocks). In the share lending program, eligible users can opt to lend shares from their portfolios to borrowers, with Trading 212 earning 50% of the interest received in exchange; the lent shares are fully collateralized with at a minimum of 102% of their value, adjusted daily to mitigate risk. This program provides an additional income stream for the company while offering users a share of the earnings, typically paid daily at variable rates based on market demand. For its offerings, Trading 212's revenue model centers on —the difference between buy and sell prices—and overnight interest fees charged on . The CFD hedging strategy evolved significantly in ; from January to May 2021, the company used a back-to-back hedging arrangement with a group affiliate to profit from spreads on client trades, representing an internal hedging approach. Starting in May 2021, Trading 212 discontinued this internal arrangement, shifting to directly manage for open CFD positions within predefined parameters, while hedging exposures exceeding those limits with third-party providers to externalize part of the . Additionally, Trading 212 generates revenue from interest on clients' uninvested cash, which it invests in qualifying and banks to earn yields higher than those paid to users. As of January 2026, this feature offers variable , such as 3.55% for , 3.3% for , and 2.2% for EUR, with interest accrued and paid daily on balances without minimums or limits; the spread between the rates earned by the company and those distributed to clients contributes to overall income.

Account Offerings

Trading 212 offers three primary account types tailored to different investor needs: the Invest account, the , and the . The Invest account serves as the core offering, enabling users to trade stocks and commission-free, and is accessible to individuals aged 18 and over in most countries worldwide, excluding residents of the , Canada, , and others subject to local regulatory restrictions. The is designed specifically for UK residents, providing a for investments in and , allowing eligible users to invest up to the without incurring or . The Stocks & Shares ISA provides access to stocks and ETFs listed on major exchanges such as the NYSE, NASDAQ, and LSE, but does not include access to Latin American stock exchanges. This account is available to UK residents aged 18 or older who meet the eligibility criteria set by , and it supports features such as via AutoInvest into customizable Pies, which can be funded through recurring bank transfers or card payments for automatic purchases, with minimum amounts per order often starting from £1 equivalent. Complementing these investment-focused accounts, the offers a savings option for UK residents, where users can deposit funds to earn interest on uninvested cash balances, with eligibility again tied to UK residency and the . Fractional share purchasing is integrated in the Invest and accounts, allowing investors to buy portions of shares starting from as little as £1, which democratizes access to high-value stocks without requiring full share purchases. Unique features enhance user engagement within these accounts, including Trading 212's "Pies," which allow users to build custom portfolios with automated rebalancing via AutoInvest (using self-balancing distribution) and proportional investing based on target percentages for each slice, as well as ready-made portfolios that provide diversified, automated investment options curated by Trading 212. AutoInvest supports scheduled recurring deposits into Pies, funded automatically from linked bank cards or account cash balances via bank transfers, with options for daily, weekly, or monthly intervals and minimum deposits as low as €1 per order. An in-app learning section offers educational resources on . , such as weekly or monthly deposits, are supported in the Invest and accounts to promote consistent saving habits.

Products and Services

Trading Instruments

Trading 212 provides users with access to a diverse range of through its Invest, CFD, and Crypto accounts, focusing on commission-free trading of and . Core offerings include , , , and cryptocurrencies, enabling investors to engage with without . The platform offers approximately 11,000 instruments across major global exchanges, including more than 9,000 and for real ownership trading via the Invest account, and a selection of top cryptocurrencies via the Crypto account, as of December 2025. Stocks cover companies listed on exchanges such as , , the , Toronto Stock Exchange, various European exchanges including Deutsche Börse and Euronext, Tokyo Stock Exchange, and the Australian Securities Exchange, such as Apple, Tesla, and , but access is limited to these major exchanges and does not extend to Latin American stock exchanges, including the Bolsa de Valores de El Salvador. While ETFs include popular funds like and iShares Physical Gold. In contrast, the CFD account provides derivative access to these assets plus additional categories, with 180 (e.g., ), more than 40 indices (e.g., USA 500, ), and like , , and silver, as well as cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, all without physical ownership. A key distinction lies between real stock and trading, which involves direct ownership with no or overnight fees, and , which allows on price movements using leverage—such as up to 30:1 for (based on 3.33% ), 20:1 for indices and , and 5:1 for —while incurring swap fees for holding positions overnight. This leveraged approach in amplifies both potential gains and losses, with 71% of retail investor accounts reported to lose money when trading them. , , and indices are primarily available via CFDs, providing exposure to , , and market benchmarks without needing to trade the directly. Additionally, the Crypto account enables commission-free trading of selected cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Solana, with direct ownership through off-chain settlement, without leverage or overnight fees, under MiCA regulation. As of February 2026, the 212 Crypto account supports only market orders for cryptocurrency trades, with limit and stop orders indicated as "coming soon" on the official support page.

Platform Features

Trading 212 offers both mobile and web-based platforms designed for seamless access to trading activities, supporting for and providing to enable informed decision-making. The platforms allow users to trade instruments such as stocks and during (from 09:00 to 14:30 ) and after-hours sessions (from 21:00 to 00:10 GMT), extending beyond for greater flexibility. Real-time pricing and quoting are available, particularly for where both buy and sell prices remain visible during these extended periods. A standout feature is the support for fractional shares, enabling users to invest in portions of or starting from as little as , which democratizes access to high-value assets without requiring full share purchases. This functionality is integrated across the platforms, allowing modifications to order quantities to buy or sell fractions commission-free. Additionally, Trading 212 provides a free demo account that replicates the live trading environment, complete with access to the full range of and tools, allowing users to practice strategies without financial risk. Another unique offering is interest on uninvested cash balances, with rates of 3.8% on and 3.3% on (as of January 2026), calculated and paid daily, with no limits on balances or withdrawals. The platforms include advanced in-app tools to enhance , such as customizable charts with like and , which can be activated directly on mobile or web interfaces for detailed analysis. Users can set price alerts for specific , receiving notifications when predefined price levels are reached, which helps in monitoring market movements without constant oversight. Complementing these are dedicated educational resources through the Learn Centre, featuring articles, guides, and tutorials on topics like , , and , all tailored to support platform users in building knowledge. A key platform feature is "Pies," which enable users to create custom portfolios by selecting financial instruments and assigning target percentages to each "slice" for diversified investing. Trading 212 also provides ready-made Pies curated by the platform for users seeking pre-built options. The AutoInvest functionality supports automation for recurring investments, allowing users to set up scheduled deposits via recurring bank transfers, debit/credit card payments, or Apple/Google Pay into their Pies for automatic purchases of the selected instruments on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis, with minimum amounts per AutoInvest order often starting from £1 (or equivalent), though this can vary up to £50 depending on the setup. Additionally, AutoInvest supports automated rebalancing, where scheduled deposits and dividends are proportionally allocated to underweighted slices to maintain the desired portfolio proportions. In , Trading 212 introduced the 212 Card, a linked to Invest accounts that facilitates seamless access to funds, offering features like low , free ATM withdrawals, and cashback on spending while earning on balances in 12 currencies. This integration allows users to spend, save, and invest directly from the platform, enhancing overall usability for everyday .

Regulation and Compliance

Regulatory Oversight

Trading 212 operates under the oversight of several prominent across multiple , ensuring compliance with varying standards for . Trading 212 Ltd., based in , is authorised and regulated by the under license number RG-03-0237. In the , Trading 212 UK Ltd. is authorized and regulated by the under firm reference number 609146, which covers activities such as dealing in investments as principal and agent, and arranging deals in investments, primarily for retail clients in the . This enables the provision of commission-free trading in , , and other to UK residents, subject to strict conduct and capital requirements. In the , Trading 212 is regulated through entities licensed by the and . Specifically, Trading 212 Markets Ltd., based in , holds license number 398/21, which authorizes it to offer investment services including , , and , with a particular emphasis on that are restricted in some jurisdictions like the . This license facilitates services to EU clients excluding those under , adhering to directives for investor protection and . Additionally, Trading 212 FXFlat, operating via FXFlat Bank GmbH in , is regulated by under license number 10109603, overseeing such as and CFD trading for German and select EU users, with compliance to EU-wide . For clients in , Trading 212 AU Pty Ltd. is licensed and regulated by the under number 541122, permitting the operation of a retail over-the-counter derivatives market and provision of general financial advice on certain products like and . This ASIC oversight extends to Australian residents, enforcing rules on leverage limits and disclosure requirements to mitigate . While these regulations provide comprehensive coverage for users in , , select countries, and , Trading 212's services are not universally licensed globally. The company does not hold authorizations in the and does not offer services to US persons, including US citizens by birth under jus soli, regardless of their residence or other citizenships. This restriction is due to regulatory requirements from the SEC and CFTC, as well as citizenship-based taxation and reporting obligations, including the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA), which Trading 212 does not handle. For example, although Slovakia is supported for residents under Trading 212 Markets Ltd., individuals with US citizenship are ineligible to open or maintain accounts even if resident in Slovakia and holding EU citizenship. The company's website also states that its information is not directed at residents of the United States and Canada, and is not intended for distribution to, or use by, any person in any country or jurisdiction where such distribution or use would be contrary to local law or regulation. This highlights gaps in coverage for certain high-regulation markets.

Client Safeguards

Trading 212 implements client money segregation as required by the in the , ensuring that client funds are held in separate bank accounts from the company's operational funds and not used for company purposes to protect them in the event of . Under FCA rules, eligible uninvested cash held with partner banks is protected by the , which provides coverage of up to £120,000 per person if the bank fails (increased from £85,000 on 1 December 2025). Additionally, the FSCS serves as a compensation fund of last resort for customers of authorized firms like Trading 212 UK Limited, stepping in to compensate eligible claims up to £85,000 for investments and cash combined if the broker itself becomes unable to meet obligations. This protection applies to certain Invest accounts and is an investor compensation scheme, not a bank guarantee. Trading 212 is an investment platform that lacks a full banking license; it does not operate as a traditional bank or issue loans, and is not a credit institution. For clients under the CySEC-regulated entity (Trading 212 Markets Ltd.), client funds are segregated and not used for the company's own purposes. In the event that Trading 212 is unable to meet its obligations, eligible clients are protected by the Investor Compensation Fund (ICF) up to €20,000. For clients trading , Trading 212 offers negative balance protection, which automatically adjusts accounts to prevent balances from falling below zero, even during . This safeguard ensures that cannot lose more than their deposited funds when using on CFD positions. In cases of rapid market movements, the platform may automatically close positions to enforce this protection and notify users accordingly. To secure client data and prevent unauthorized access, Trading 212 employs advanced measures, including and mitigation services. The platform also uses cutting-edge security technologies and continuous monitoring to protect against and cyber threats, in line with . Client funds and assets are further safeguarded through asset segregation and ongoing regulatory adherence, reducing risks from potential operational failures. Protections for clients vary by jurisdiction to align with local regulations; for example, in , where Trading 212 operates under oversight from the , safeguards include negative balance protection and margin close-out requirements, though there is no equivalent investor compensation scheme like the . In compliance with ASIC rules, client funds are segregated and not used for the firm's own purposes, similar to standards but tailored to .

Reception and Impact

User Growth and Adoption

Trading 212 has experienced significant user growth, reaching 5 million lifetime funded accounts as of early 2026. This expansion is supported by over £30 billion in as of October 2025. The platform's lifetime funded accounts total around 5 million, reflecting sustained adoption since its early years. Key factors driving this growth include the commission-free trading model, which has made investing accessible to a broader audience of retail investors. In early 2021, amid heightened interest in , Trading 212 became the most downloaded app in the , underscoring its rapid popularity surge. The mobile app has amassed over 15 million downloads globally, positioning it as one of the top trading applications worldwide and contributing to high user engagement, particularly among younger demographics interested in mobile-first investing. Substantial marketing efforts, with over £65 million invested in advertising in 2024 alone, have further accelerated user acquisition. Regionally, adoption has been strongest in , especially the , where the platform generates about 85% of its revenue and has maintained the #1 trading app status since 2016. In the broader , operations through subsidiaries like Trading 212 Markets Limited in have seen brokerage revenue more than double in 2024, appealing to retail investors seeking low-barrier entry into and . The platform's user base in the has grown alongside national trends, with 54% of adults investing by 2025, driven by accessible apps like Trading 212 that target young people and lower-income households. Expansion into markets like via the 2024 acquisition of FXFlat Bank has begun onboarding new users in 2025, enhancing its European footprint. Demographic insights reveal strong appeal among retail investors, particularly those aged 25-34, who represent a significant portion of globally and are drawn to Trading 212's user-friendly interface and fractional share offerings. The average account balance stands at around £6,666, indicating a diverse mix of novice and active retail participants across . Post-2021 retention has been bolstered by features like and , helping maintain engagement amid , though specific retention rates remain limited in public data.

Controversies and Challenges

In January 2021, during the surrounding , Trading 212 temporarily halted trading in and several other highly volatile stocks, preventing clients from both buying and selling these instruments. This decision, made on January 28, 2021, was attributed by the company to extreme and the need to protect clients from potential risks, amid broader industry actions by other brokers facing similar pressures. The halt sparked significant user backlash, with numerous complaints filed to the , alleging financial losses due to inability to execute trades during a period of rapid price fluctuations. The reviewed these events as part of its broader examination of trading restrictions during the , though no formal enforcement actions against Trading 212 were publicly detailed in the outcomes. The controversies surrounding the 2021 trading halts led to multiple determinations, where complaints were reviewed but not upheld, as the actions were deemed necessary under and in line with . Trading 212 responded by emphasizing compliance with and offering goodwill gestures in some cases, but the incident damaged its reputation among , contributing to a wave of negative publicity. Resolutions from these reviews highlighted ongoing challenges in balancing client access with during , with some users reporting delays in complaint processing extending into subsequent years. In February 2023, co-founder Borislav Nedialkov resigned from the boards of Trading 212 UK Limited and its parent entity, effective January 26, 2023, as documented in official filings with . The company described Nedialkov's departure as a board resignation without specifying further reasons, amid reports of internal restructuring, while another director, Raman Somal, also stepped down for a new career opportunity. This event marked a significant leadership change for the firm, which had grown rapidly under its founders, but no public controversies or disputes were directly linked to Nedialkov's exit in available reports. Trading 212 has faced operational challenges, including temporary platform outages attributed to third-party issues, such as a disruption on December 5, 2025, which caused slower loading times and access problems for users. These incidents have led to user complaints about disrupted trading activities, with some escalating to the , where determinations noted impacts on order execution during . Regarding , post-May 2021 complaints have centered on account closures and order value calculations, as seen in FOS cases where clients alleged unfair practices in , though many were resolved without upholding broader systemic issues.

References

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  70. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-02/why-the-gamestop-frenzy-is-mostly-a-made-in-u-s-a-drama-for-now
  71. https://www.bestbrokers.com/stock-trading/stock-trading-demographics/
  72. https://www.financial-ombudsman.org.uk/decision/DRN-3369373.pdf
  73. https://www.financemagnates.com/forex/brokers/uk-broker-trading-212-suspends-trading-in-penny-stocks/
  74. https://www.financial-ombudsman.org.uk/decision/DRN-3352264.pdf
  75. https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/08590005/filing-history
  76. https://www.financemagnates.com/executives/trading-212-uk-sacks-twodirectors/
  77. https://www.financemagnates.com/executives/moves/tradecom-trading212-hf-markets-and-more-executive-moves-of-the-week/
  78. https://helpcentre.trading212.com/hc/en-us/articles/32318939899805-Temporary-service-disruption-due-to-Cloudflare-problem-Friday-5-December-2025
  79. https://www.financial-ombudsman.org.uk/decision/DRN-3736210.pdf
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