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William Stratton
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William Grant Stratton (February 26, 1914 – March 2, 2001)[1][2] was an American politician who served as the 32nd governor of Illinois from 1953 to 1961.[3]

Key Information

Early life and career

[edit]

Born February 26, 1914, in Ingleside, Lake County, Illinois, the son of William J. Stratton, an Illinois politician and former Secretary of State,[4] and Zula Van Wormer Stratton, he served two non-consecutive terms as an at-large representative from Illinois after he was elected in 1940 and 1946.[citation needed] He was elected State Treasurer in 1942 and 1950.

Mr. Stratton was educated in the public schools of Lake County, Illinois and graduated from the University of Arizona in 1934 with a degree in Political Science. In 1953, he received the annual alumni award from his alma mater. He holds honorary degrees from the University of Arizona, Bradley University, Lincoln Memorial University, Elmhurst, North Central and Shurtlell Colleges and John Marshall Law School.[4]

He was first elected to the United States Congress from the state at-large in 1940. At 26, he was the youngest member of the 77th Congress. Following this two year term, he was elected State Treasurer. In 1944 he volunteered for service in the U.S. Navy and served in the Pacific Theatre of Operations in World War II.[4] He joined the U.S. Navy, where he served as a lieutenant from 1944 to 1946.[5]

Returning to civilian life in 1946, he was elected to the U.S. Congress from the state-at-large for a second time. While in Congress he served on the following committees; Banking and Currency, Flood Control, Civil Service and District of Columbia.[4]

In 1950 he was elected State Treasurer for a second term. Mr. Stratton reduced substantially the cost of operating this office during his administration. Mr. Stratton was inaugurated as the 32nd Governor of Illinois on January 12, 1953. At 38, he was the youngest man to hold this office in 70 years. He was re-elected to a second term in 1956.[4]

After his military service, Stratton returned to politics, serving as a delegate to the 1952, 1956, 1960 and 1976 Republican National Conventions.[5]

He served on the Executive Committee of the Governors' Conference and in 1955 brought the annual meeting of the nation's governors to Illinois for the first time in history. In 1957, Governor Stratton was named chairman of the Governors' Conference, and served as president of the Council of State governments in 1958. In 1959, he was a member of the group of American Governors which visited Russia.[4]

He was a candidate for Republican nomination for Vice President in 1960.[6]

The Illinois governor has been instrumental in developing Governors' Conference programs in the fields of highway construction, traffic safety, and federal state governmental relations. President Eisenhower, in 1958, named Governor Stratton a member of the Lincoln Sesquicentennial commission and in 1959, Mr. Stratton was a delegate to the Republican National Convention, and in the latter year led the Illinois delegation as its chairman.[4]

Governor

[edit]

He won the Republican nomination for governor in 1952 and defeated Lieutenant Governor Sherwood Dixon to become the youngest governor in America at the time.[4][citation needed] Stratton was re-elected governor in 1956. in 1960, he ran for an unprecedented third consecutive term, but was defeated by Democrat Otto Kerner, Jr. [citation needed]

Stratton was acquitted on charges of tax evasion in 1965.[7] In 1968, he ran in the Republican primary for Governor and was defeated by Richard B. Ogilvie. Stratton finished a distant third, with only about seven percent of the primary vote.[8]

Mr. Stratton considered the construction of the first 200 miles of the Illinois tollway system as one of his biggest achievements, his wife, Shirley, said in a telephone interview.[9]

During his tenure, state hospital reforms were instituted that included beds for inmates, a bond issue was approved that funded the state’s expressway system, the first woman was chosen in a cabinet level status, and an improved state sales tax was initiated and used in school programs. After running unsuccessfully for a third term, Stratton left office on January 9, 1961.[10]

Personal life

[edit]
Stratton's grave at Rosehill Cemetery

In 1934, Stratton married Marion Hook. They had two children, Sandra (born 1936) and Diana (born 1939). Stratton and his wife spent most of their time apart because of his hectic political schedule, and Marion became dissatisfied with the marriage. Also, Marion despised the political arena and expressed distaste at her husband's relatively meager salary.[11] Although Stratton did not want a divorce, his wife insisted that they end the marriage. He obtained a divorce from her on the grounds of desertion in 1949. Although Marion was granted custody of the children, they lived primarily with Stratton until 1952.[12]

In 1950, Stratton married Shirley Breckenridge (1923–2019). They have a daughter, Nancy.[12] His second marriage was a happier one, and Shirley actively campaigned for her husband. The two remained married until his death in 2001.[11]

Stratton retired from politics after his failed 1968 gubernatorial race. Stratton died on March 2, 2001, and was buried at the Rosehill Cemetery in Chicago.[5] Interment at North Shore Garden of Memories, North Chicago, Ill.[6]

Stratton was interested in the work of a number of civic fraternal and veterans' organizations. He was a 33rd degree Mason, Member; Lions Club, Eastern Star, Shrine, Eagles, Elks, Moose, Illinois Athletic Club (Chicago) and Delta Chi fraternity. As a veteran, he was a member of the American Legion, Amvets and Veterans of Foreign Wars. Stratton was a member of the Methodist Church. While maintaining the family home in Morris, he operated a livestock farm in Sangamon County.[4]

Later life

[edit]

In retirement, Stratton resided in Chicago. At the time of his death, he was a member of the Illinois Civil Service Commission.[citation needed]

He died at Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago on March 2, 2001, at 87.

Legacy

[edit]

The following are named in his honor:

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

William Stratton

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from Grokipedia
William Grant Stratton (February 26, 1914 – March 2, 2001) was an American Republican politician who served as the 32nd from 1953 to 1961. Born in Ingleside, , Stratton graduated from the in 1934 and earned a from the Illinois College of Law in 1937 before working as a reporter and editor in the area. Elected to the U.S. in 1940, his congressional service was interrupted by , during which he enlisted in the U.S. Navy and served in the Pacific Theater aboard the USS Helena. Returning to after the , he was elected state treasurer in 1944 and again in 1950, then won the governorship in 1952 by defeating incumbent Democrat Adlai with 52 percent of the vote. As governor, Stratton prioritized infrastructure development, overseeing the construction of the first 200 miles of the Illinois Tollway system and the paving of over 7,000 miles of state roads, alongside the establishment of 187 new state parks and a statewide mental health program. He also advanced legislative reapportionment, the first in Illinois in more than 50 years, to address imbalances in representation. Reelected in 1956, Stratton's tenure ended with a narrow defeat in 1960 to Democrat Otto Kerner amid economic concerns. Post-governorship, he faced federal indictment for income tax evasion in 1964 related to unreported political contributions but was acquitted the following year after a trial in Chicago federal court.

Early life and pre-political career

Childhood and education

William Grant Stratton was born on February 26, 1914, in Ingleside, a small rural community in , to William J. Stratton, a local Republican Party chairman and politician, and Zula Van Wormer Stratton. The family's circumstances reflected the modest, agrarian ethos of early 20th-century , where Stratton's father balanced political involvement with community business interests, instilling in his son an early exposure to pragmatic public affairs and self-reliance amid the region's lake-dotted farmlands. Stratton attended local public schools in Lake County, completing his early education in environments that emphasized practical skills suited to Midwestern rural life. He then pursued higher education at the , graduating in 1935 with preparation for a business-oriented career, influenced by his father's example of combining entrepreneurial initiative with .

Early professional work and military service

Following his graduation with a from the in 1935, Stratton entered the private sector in , initially engaging in the from 1935 to 1939. During this period, he joined the Northern Illinois Public Service Company, a utilities provider, where he handled roles in utilities management that honed his administrative capabilities; in 1936, he was transferred by the company to its operations in , establishing his residence there. He subsequently shifted to the in Waukegan from 1939 to 1940, gaining further experience in and customer-facing management. In 1944, amid , Stratton volunteered for service in the United States Navy, attaining the rank of lieutenant and deploying to the Pacific Theater of Operations, where he contributed to logistical and support efforts until his discharge in 1946. His naval duties emphasized supply coordination and operational efficiency in combat support roles, reflecting practical application of his pre-war administrative skills in a high-stakes environment. After the war, Stratton returned to Morris and resumed private enterprise, operating an business from 1946 to 1948 before transitioning to from 1948 to 1950. These ventures in local commerce underscored his competence in business leadership and community-oriented operations, laying groundwork for broader public engagement without direct political involvement at the time.

Political rise

Entry into politics and congressional career

Stratton first won to the in November 1940, securing one of Illinois's seats at the age of 26 and becoming the youngest member of the 77th (1941–1943). His youthful energy earned him the nickname "," reflecting voter appeal for a dynamic Republican challenger amid national GOP gains in the 1940 elections. As a representative from a state with significant agricultural and river interests, Stratton focused on fiscal restraint opposing [New Deal](/page/New Deal) expansions, while supporting wartime mobilization efforts following the U.S. entry into . After losing re-election in 1942 during Democratic wartime dominance, Stratton reclaimed his seat in the Republican landslide, serving in the 80th (1947–1949), a body noted for conservative reforms like the Taft-Hartley Act curbing union power. During his congressional tenure, he served on committees including Flood Control, which addressed rivers and harbors critical to infrastructure, advocating targeted federal investments without broader overreach into state affairs. His record emphasized post-war reconstruction priorities, such as economic stabilization and spending, aligning with Republican efforts to roll back Depression-era programs while aiding recovery. This early federal service, spanning two non-consecutive terms, demonstrated Stratton's rapid rise as an effective Republican, building a foundation for subsequent statewide roles through appeals to and local development needs.

State treasurer and path to governorship

Stratton was elected State Treasurer in the November 7, 1950, general election, securing a four-year term that began on January 8, 1951. This marked his second stint in the role, following an earlier term from 1943 to 1944, during which he oversaw the custody and investment of state funds amid a period of Republican resurgence in state politics. His tenure provided a platform to highlight administrative capabilities in financial oversight, positioning him as a proponent of efficient public resource management at a time when faced demands for fiscal prudence following years of Democratic control. As treasurer, Stratton cultivated ties within the Illinois Republican Party, leveraging his prior congressional experience and military service to expand his influence. He served as a delegate to the , where secured the presidential nomination, aligning Stratton with the national tide of anti-Truman sentiment and enthusiasm for Eisenhower's promise of competent, scandal-free governance. This networking proved pivotal, as the Eisenhower wave galvanized Republican voters statewide, contrasting with the Democratic Party's internal divisions after incumbent Adlai Stevenson's decision to forgo re-election in favor of a presidential bid. Stevenson's administration, while credited with reforms against machine corruption, left a Democratic that Stratton and fellow Republicans portrayed as entrenched and in need of fresh, business-like leadership. In the 1952 gubernatorial race, won the Republican primary before facing Democratic nominee Sherwood Dixon, who had been elevated by party leaders to replace Stevenson on the . Campaigning on fiscal responsibility—emphasizing streamlined state operations drawn from his treasurer role—and the need to modernize infrastructure and administration, benefited from Eisenhower's coattails in the general election, defeating Dixon and securing the governorship at age 38, the youngest in the nation at the time. His victory reflected broader Republican gains amid voter fatigue with Democratic national leadership, though it also underscored Stratton's appeal as a "straight" reformer untainted by machine politics.

Governorship of Illinois

1952 election and first term

In the 1952 Illinois gubernatorial election, Republican nominee William G. Stratton defeated Democratic candidate Sherwood Dixon, who had replaced incumbent Governor on the ballot after Stevenson's nomination as the Democratic presidential candidate. Stratton secured 2,317,363 votes (52.48 percent) to Dixon's 2,089,721 (47.32 percent), a margin of 227,642 votes amid a national Republican surge driven by Dwight D. Eisenhower's presidential victory, which included carrying for the first time since 1928. This outcome reflected voter shifts toward the GOP following Democratic control under Stevenson. Stratton was sworn in as the 34th governor on , 1953, commencing a four-year term. Stratton's early administration emphasized fiscal prudence and development to address growth demands. He supported enhancements to the state , directing revenues toward funding to stabilize budgets without broad rate increases. Concurrently, Stratton endorsed bond issuances for the state's expressway system, laying groundwork for projects initiated in 1953, including the Northwest Tollway (completed in ) and others designed to alleviate congestion and spur economic activity through construction jobs. These measures aligned with his campaign pledges for efficient , though implementation faced legislative hurdles typical of divided state politics.

Key policies, achievements, and infrastructure initiatives

Stratton signed legislation on May 20, 1953, authorizing the construction of the Illinois Tollway system, which initiated the development of approximately 200 miles of limited-access highways, including groundwork for routes like the Tri-State Tollway. This self-financing infrastructure, funded primarily through toll revenues rather than general taxes or bonds, enhanced regional commerce by improving and reducing congestion, while generating employment through construction projects that employed thousands during the 1950s. The governor's administration established a state atomic energy agency, promoting nuclear research and development initiatives that aligned with federal expansions at facilities like and positioned as a hub for scientific innovation amid Cold War-era advancements. Fiscal policies under Stratton emphasized balanced budgets and restrained spending, leveraging post-war economic growth to fund priorities without significant tax increases or deficits, in contrast to subsequent administrations' approaches.

1956 re-election and second term

In the 1956 Illinois gubernatorial election held on November 6, Stratton secured re-election as the Republican incumbent against Democratic challenger Richard B. Crow, prevailing by a narrow margin of approximately 50,000 votes out of over 3.8 million cast statewide. This outcome reflected continued voter approval for his administration's fiscal management and advancements from the first term, despite a competitive race amid national Republican successes under President . Stratton's second term spanned January 1957 to January 1961, during which Republicans maintained majorities in both chambers of the , facilitating legislative alignment with his priorities. He directed proceeds from an enhanced state structure toward bolstering programs, enabling increased funding without introducing broad new levies. In mental health policy, Stratton oversaw reforms to state hospitals, including provisions for additional beds to accommodate inmates requiring care, aiming to modernize institutional responses to needs. Amid postwar economic expansion, Stratton addressed urban growth pressures through pragmatic measures, such as supporting bond financing for expressway development to accommodate rising vehicular traffic in metropolitan areas like . His administration also navigated labor tensions in industrial sectors by emphasizing negotiation and state mediation, preserving while upholding business interests. A notable administrative milestone included appointing the first woman to a cabinet-level position, advancing gender inclusion in state governance.

Administrative controversies and investigations

In 1956, a significant scandal emerged within Stratton's administration involving Orville E. Hodge, the Illinois Auditor of Public Accounts from 1953 to 1956. Hodge more than $2.5 million in state funds through the issuance of fraudulent warrants and checks, which he cashed for personal use to support a lavish lifestyle including private airplanes, luxury homes, and high-stakes . Upon discovery of the defalcations, Stratton demanded Hodge's immediate resignation in July 1956, barred him from the Republican re-election ticket, and testified before a U.S. that he had no prior knowledge of the misconduct and held subordinates accountable. Hodge pleaded guilty to charges of and , receiving a sentence of 6 to 20 years, but no implicated Stratton personally in the scheme. The Hodge affair drew investigations into potential administrative lapses in oversight of state financial offices, contributing to public scrutiny of Republican governance amid broader concerns over fiscal irregularities like improper warrant handling, though these did not extend to proven padding or abuses under Stratton's direct involvement. Stratton attributed any systemic issues to isolated subordinate actions rather than policy failures, emphasizing his administration's and economic achievements elsewhere. During the gubernatorial campaign against Democrat Kerner, opponents highlighted lingering effects of the to question administrative integrity, but Stratton denied personal culpability and pointed to his re-election in despite the revelations. Federal probes into unreported income during Stratton's second term (1957–1961) also surfaced, focusing on approximately $94,000 in alleged undeclared earnings from sources including campaign contributions and investments, which prosecutors claimed evaded $46,676 in taxes. Stratton maintained these were not willful evasions but accounting oversights by aides, with no direct ties to official duties. These investigations, while intensifying political attacks in 1960, contrasted sharply with Illinois's history of corruption convictions among later Democratic governors—such as Kerner, convicted in 1973 of , , , and related to racetrack ; and Dan Walker, convicted in 1977 of mail fraud tied to personal loans—where personal involvement led to , unlike Stratton's lack of charges or convictions for administrative . This pattern underscores selective scrutiny narratives, as empirical records show Stratton's administration weathered allegations without substantiated gubernatorial-level culpability amid a state tradition of fiscal probes disproportionately yielding Democratic convictions.

Post-governorship years

Following his departure from office in 1961, former Illinois Governor William G. Stratton faced federal scrutiny over the reporting of campaign contributions received between 1957 and 1960. In April 1964, a federal grand jury in Chicago indicted him on charges of willfully attempting to evade income taxes by failing to report approximately $82,542 to $93,595 in such funds as personal income, resulting in an alleged underpayment of $46,676 in federal taxes. The prosecution contended these contributions constituted taxable income, while Stratton's defense maintained that the funds were political donations expended for campaign and official purposes, not personal gain, and thus erroneously classified as reportable income by investigators. The criminal trial commenced in U.S. District Court in in February 1965 before Hubert L. Will, with the government presenting evidence of discrepancies in Stratton's tax returns tied to unreported reimbursements and expenditures from his gubernatorial campaigns. Stratton's attorneys emphasized a lack of fraudulent intent, attributing any filing errors to administrative handling of voluminous political donations rather than deliberate concealment, and argued that prevailing tax law exempted such non-personal political funds from income classification. After deliberating for several hours following closing arguments on March 10, 1965, the jury returned a verdict of not guilty on all counts the next day, prompting applause in the courtroom and affirming that prosecutors had failed to prove willfulness beyond a as instructed by the judge. The acquittal effectively cleared Stratton of personal culpability in the matter, distinguishing his case from broader administrative probes into his tenure where isolated irregularities among subordinates had surfaced but did not implicate him directly in fraud. No further federal charges followed, underscoring the proceedings' outcome as a vindication of over presumptions of misconduct in political finance reporting.

Business ventures and public service

Following his departure from the governorship in January 1961, Stratton returned to private life in Morris, Illinois, where he had resided since 1936, while maintaining selective public engagement. He served on the Illinois Civil Service Commission until his death in 2001, contributing to state administrative oversight in a nonpartisan capacity. This role extended his over-six-decades-long involvement in Illinois public affairs, from early utilities work to elected positions and beyond. As an elder statesman for Illinois Republicans, Stratton participated in party activities, including as a delegate to the . He avoided seeking further elected office after an unsuccessful 1968 gubernatorial bid, focusing instead on advisory influence amid the state's recurring political controversies. His acquittal in 1965 on federal income tax evasion charges underscored his post-office posture as a figure of vindicated public integrity, contrasting with subsequent Illinois gubernatorial scandals.

Personal life and death

Marriage and family

Stratton married Marion Grace Hook in 1934. The couple had two daughters: Sandra, born September 15, 1936, and Diana, born in 1939. Following their divorce in 1949, Marion was granted custody, though the daughters lived primarily with Stratton until 1952. On December 27, 1950, Stratton married Shirley Breckenridge, who became stepmother to Sandra and Diana. The family resided in the Illinois Executive Mansion in Springfield throughout his from 1953 to 1961, maintaining a blended that included the , his , and the two daughters from his first . Shirley adopted a supportive, low-profile role as , focusing on family and mansion-related activities such as holiday decorations, which helped sustain domestic stability amid Stratton's demanding political schedule and public scrutiny. Stratton and Shirley had one daughter together, Nancy, born after the end of his governorship. The second marriage endured until Stratton's death in 2001, providing long-term family continuity despite the earlier dissolution and the challenges of political life.

Health, death, and burial

Stratton enjoyed robust health throughout his extensive public career, spanning over six decades from his early congressional service in the 1940s to his later years, with no documented major illnesses or scandals affecting his tenure or post-governorship activities. He died on , 2001, at the age of 87 from natural causes at in , . His longevity underscored a resilient personal constitution amid a life of sustained political engagement. Stratton was buried at in following a modest funeral service, consistent with his populist roots and avoidance of ostentation. The service highlighted tributes to his straightforward character, though formal eulogies focused on his integrity rather than grandeur.

Legacy

Political contributions and Republican influence

Stratton's initiation of the Illinois State Toll Highway Authority in 1953 facilitated the of the state's first 200 miles of toll roads, creating a self-sustaining system financed through revenue bonds repaid by tolls rather than general taxation. This model generated ongoing economic benefits, including millions in annual toll revenues that fund maintenance, expansions, and operations while supporting thousands of direct and indirect jobs in , transportation, and logistics sectors. By prioritizing user-fee-based funding for major projects, Stratton demonstrated that avoided budget deficits and tax hikes, providing a blueprint for Republican successors in to counter Democratic tendencies toward increased public spending and debt accumulation. His administration's bond issues, including a $200 million allocation for universities and related facilities, further exemplified prudent investment in long-term assets without immediate fiscal strain. Stratton's service as a U.S. officer in the Pacific during enhanced the Illinois Republican Party's appeal as a patriotic force in the Midwest, where post-war veteran populations valued leaders with proven military credentials. His public motto, "good government is good politics," reflected a stance favoring efficient, accountable administration over excesses, bolstering the GOP's reputation for reform-oriented in state politics.

Historical evaluations and criticisms

Stratton's governorship has been evaluated by political analysts as a period of competent Republican stewardship in a state prone to politics, with praise for maintaining budgetary discipline amid post-war expansion, though detractors emphasized investigative scrutiny that contributed to his narrow 1960 defeat to Democrat Otto Kerner. Supporters, including conservative commentators, portray him as a victim of partisan Democratic attacks in ' notoriously corrupt political environment, where eight of the ten governors preceding recent decades faced , predominantly Democrats like Otto Kerner, Dan Walker, , and who were convicted and imprisoned. Stratton's 1965 federal on charges of failing to report from personal use of campaign funds—stemming from probes into administration practices like state employee political work—drew left-leaning criticism for allegedly enabling systemic , yet his full in 1966 refuted claims of personal malfeasance and underscored the probes' lack of substantiation. Empirical assessments highlight ' economic stability under Stratton, with no major fiscal crises during his terms contrasting sharply with the ballooning deficits and shortfalls under subsequent Democratic governors like Kerner and Walker, who faced their own convictions. While some academic analyses of governance attribute Stratton's loss to voter fatigue with Republican rule amid national Democratic surges under Kennedy, others dismiss narratives as overblown, given the and the state's bipartisan tradition of indictments without proven guilt in his case—unlike the and felonies that ensnared later chief executives. This duality reflects a polarized legacy: fiscal prudence affirmed by outcomes versus unverified allegations amplified by opponents in a patronage-heavy machine politics era.

References

  1. https://www.nga.org/governor/william-grant-stratton/
  2. http://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/S000998
  3. https://www.ilsos.gov/content/dam/publications/illinois-bluebook/former_gov.pdf
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  5. https://www.chicagotribune.com/2001/03/11/william-g-stratton-87-illinois-32nd-governor/
  6. https://www.lib.niu.edu/1982/ii820106.html
  7. https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/22/archives/us-case-nears-end-in-stratton-trial.html
  8. https://www.geni.com/people/William-G-Stratton-Governor/6000000022850649882
  9. https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/GWBY-LNL/governor-william-grant-stratton-1914-2001
  10. https://www.upi.com/Archives/2001/03/05/Former-Ill-Gov-Stratton-dead/6964983768400/
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  13. https://history.house.gov/People/Detail/22373
  14. https://time.com/archive/6609022/illinois-billy-the-kid/
  15. https://www.facebook.com/groups/951998221479788/posts/10098188320194020/
  16. https://www.chicagotribune.com/2001/03/07/stratton-is-recalled-as-straight-true/
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  20. http://www.connectingthewindycity.com/2013/12/illinois-toll-roads-getting-started.html
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  22. https://www.nytimes.com/1956/11/08/archives/stratton-edges-rival-in-illinois-gop-governor-winner-by-only-50000.html
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  27. https://www.nytimes.com/1956/10/19/archives/stratton-rebels-at-hodge-hearing-illinois-governor-denies-any-blame.html
  28. https://www.chicagotribune.com/1987/01/01/orville-hodge-auditor-who-robbed-state/
  29. https://time.com/archive/6802996/the-press-hodge-podge/
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  41. https://case-law.vlex.com/vid/stratton-v-comm-r-889175743
  42. https://chroniclingillinois.org/items/show/25788
  43. https://www.chicagotribune.com/2023/12/22/the-governors-mansion-in-springfield-is-all-dressed-for-the-holidays-it-has-always-taken-a-fair-amount-of-fa-la-la/
  44. https://www.chicagotribune.com/2019/09/04/column-gracious-proper-proud-to-serve-goodbye-to-shirley-stratton-former-first-lady-of-illinois/
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  46. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6626158/william_grant-stratton
  47. https://agency.illinoistollway.com/documents/d/guest/2024-iltollway_annual-report_final
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  49. https://time.com/archive/6913771/illinois-corruption/
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  51. https://paulsimoninstitute.siu.edu/_common/documents/whats-in-the-water/water-illinois/nowlan.pdf
  52. https://news.wttw.com/2015/02/09/corrupt-illinois
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