from Wikipedia
| Years |
|---|
| Millennium |
| 2nd millennium |
| Centuries |
| Decades |
| Years |
| Gregorian calendar | 1756 MDCCLVI |
|---|---|
| Ab urbe condita | 2509 |
| Armenian calendar | 1205 ԹՎ ՌՄԵ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6506 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1677–1678 |
| Bengali calendar | 1162–1163 |
| Berber calendar | 2706 |
| British Regnal year | 29 Geo. 2 – 30 Geo. 2 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2300 |
| Burmese calendar | 1118 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7264–7265 |
| Chinese calendar | 乙亥年 (Wood Pig) 4453 or 4246 — to — 丙子年 (Fire Rat) 4454 or 4247 |
| Coptic calendar | 1472–1473 |
| Discordian calendar | 2922 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1748–1749 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5516–5517 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1812–1813 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1677–1678 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4856–4857 |
| Holocene calendar | 11756 |
| Igbo calendar | 756–757 |
| Iranian calendar | 1134–1135 |
| Islamic calendar | 1169–1170 |
| Japanese calendar | Hōreki 6 (宝暦６年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1681–1682 |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 11 days |
| Korean calendar | 4089 |
| Minguo calendar | 156 before ROC 民前156年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 288 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2298–2299 |
| Tibetan calendar | ཤིང་མོ་ཕག་ལོ་ (female Wood-Boar) 1882 or 1501 or 729 — to — མེ་ཕོ་བྱི་བ་ལོ་ (male Fire-Rat) 1883 or 1502 or 730 |
| 1756 by topic |
|---|
| Arts and science |
| Countries |
| Lists of leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Works category |
1756 (MDCCLVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1756th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 756th year of the 2nd millennium, the 56th year of the 18th century, and the 7th year of the 1750s decade. As of the start of 1756, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Events
[edit]January–March
[edit]- January 16 – The Treaty of Westminster is signed between Great Britain and Prussia, guaranteeing the neutrality of the Electorate of Hanover, controlled by King George II of Great Britain.[1]
- January 27 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is born in Salzburg, Austria, to Anna Maria and Leopold Mozart.
- February 7 – Guaraní War: The leader of the Guaraní rebels, Sepé Tiaraju, is killed in a skirmish with Spanish and Portuguese troops.[2]
- February 10 – The massacre of the Guaraní rebels in the Jesuit reduction of Caaibaté takes place in Brazil after their leader, Noicola Neenguiru, defies an ultimatum to surrender by 2:00 in the afternoon.[3] On February 7, Neenguiru's predecessor Sepé Tiaraju has been killed in a brief skirmish. As two o'clock arrives, a combined force of Spanish and Portuguese troops makes an assault on the first of the Seven Towns established as Jesuit missions. Defending their town with cannons made out of bamboo, the Guaraní suffer 1,511 dead, compared to three Spaniards and two Portuguese killed in battle.[4]
- February 14 – Battle of Vijaydurg: The Maratha Navy, that has controlled the western coast of India for the Maratha Empire for more than a century, is destroyed by British attackers fighting for the East India Company. On orders of Royal Navy Admiral Charles Watson, the British capture a Maratha ship (the former British warship HMS Restoration), set it on fire, and then float the burning vessel into the Vijaydurg Port where most of Maratha Admiral Tulaji Angre's ships are anchored. The fire soon spreads to the other ships, destroying one large warship armed with 74 cannons, eight gurabs of 200 tonnes apiece, and sixty galbat ships.[5]
- March 17 – St. Patrick's Day is celebrated in New York City for the first time (at the Crown and Thistle Tavern).
April–June
[edit]- April 1 – Yirmisekizzade Mehmed Said Pasha resigns as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire. He is replaced by Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha, who has been Grand Vizier from 1752 to 1755.
- April 12 – Siege of Fort St Philip begins when the French under Armand de Vignerot du Plessis, Duke of Richelieu, land near Port Mahón on Menorca and besiege the British garrison here in a prelude to the Seven Years' War.
- May 17 – The Seven Years' War formally begins, when Great Britain declares war on France.[1]
- May 20 – Seven Years' War: Battle of Minorca – The British fleet under John Byng is defeated by the French under Roland-Michel Barrin de La Galissonière.
- June 20 – A garrison of the British Army in India is imprisoned in the Black Hole of Calcutta.[1]
- June 22 – The Coup of 1756, an attempted coup d'état planned by Queen Louisa Ulrika of Sweden, to abolish the rule of the Riksdag of the Estates and reinstate absolute monarchy in Sweden with the support of the Hovpartiet, is exposed and subdued.
- June 25 – The Marine Society is founded in London, the world's oldest seafarers' charity.[6]
- June 29 – Seven Years' War: Siege of Fort St Philip at Port Mahón: The British garrison in Menorca surrenders to the French after two months' siege by the Duke of Richelieu.
July–September
[edit]- July 30 – Bartolomeo Rastrelli presents the newly built Catherine Palace at Tsarskoye Selo to Empress Elizabeth of Russia and her court.
- August 14 – Seven Years' War: French and Indian War – Fort Oswego falls to the French.
- August 29 – King Frederick the Great of Prussia invades Saxony, beginning the Third Silesian War within the Seven Years' War on the European continent.
- September 2 – Abu l-Hasan Ali I, Bey of Tunis is forcibly removed after 23 years as the ruler of the North African emirate by his cousins, who are avenging the overthrow and execution of their father, Husayn in 1735. Hasan Ali surrenders to the rebels and is imprisoned in Algiers, then executed on September 22 on orders of the new Bey of Tunis, Muhammad I ar-Rashid.
October–December
[edit]- October 1 – Seven Years' War: Battle of Lobositz – Frederick defeats an Austrian army under Marshal Maximilian Ulysses, Reichsgraf von Browne.
- October 14 – An "Agreement of Friendship and Trade" is signed by Sultan Osman III and King Frederick V. Denmark appoints an extraordinary representative to the Ottoman Empire.[7]
- November 16 – Thomas Pelham-Holles, the Duke of Newcastle, is forced to resign as Prime Minister of Great Britain after the British lose the Battle of Minorca to the French. The office of Prime Minister remains vacant for eight months with William Pitt and the Duke of Devonshire leading the cabinet.
- December – Seven Years' War – French and Indian War: Militias of the Royal Colony of North Carolina build a fort on the province's western frontier to protect it against natives allied with the French. The fort is named Fort Dobbs in honor of North Carolina Governor Arthur Dobbs, who persuaded the North Carolina legislature to fund the construction a year earlier.
- December 14 – Rev. John Home's tragedy Douglas is performed for the first time in Edinburgh, with overwhelming success, in spite of the opposition of the local church presbytery, who summon Alexander Carlyle to answer for having attended its representation. However, it fails in its early promise to set up a new Scottish dramatic tradition.
Date unknown
[edit]- King Frederick the Great of Prussia forces his country's peasants to grow the unpopular and obscure potato.[8]
- The first chocolate-candy factory begins operations in Germany.[9]
- The town of Gus-Khrustalny is established in Russia, with the setting up of a crystal glass factory.[10]
- Leopold Mozart publishes his book on his method for learning to play the violin, Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule.
Births
[edit]- January 19 – Guillaume-Antoine Olivier, French entomologist (d. 1814)
- January 27 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Austrian composer (d. 1791)
- February 6 - Aaron Burr, American politician (d. 1836)
- February 20 – Angelica Schuyler Church, American socialite, daughter of Genl.Philip Schuyler, sister to Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton (d. 1814)
- March 3 – William Godwin, English writer (d. 1836)
- March 4 – Sir Henry Raeburn, Scottish painter (d. 1823)[11]
- May 10 – Singu Min, king of Myanmar (k. 1782)
- May 18 – Ignaz Aurelius Fessler, Hungarian-born court councillor, minister to Czar Alexander I of Russia (d. 1839)
- May 27 – King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria (d. 1825)
- May 31 – Abbé Faria, Luso-Goan Catholic monk, student of hypnotism (d. 1819)
- June 6 – John Trumbull, American painter (d. 1843)
- June 20 – Joseph Martin Kraus, German-Swedish composer (d. 1792)
- July 7 – Gustaf Adolf Reuterholm, Swedish statesman (d. 1813)
- July 31 – Dheeran Chinnamalai, Tamil king (d. 1805)
- August 1 – Pierre Louis Prieur, French politician (d. 1827)
- August 29 – Heinrich Graf von Bellegarde, Austrian field marshal, statesman (d. 1845)
- September 7 – Willem Bilderdijk, Dutch author (d. 1831)
- September 13 – Benedikte Naubert, German writer (d. 1819)
- September 23 – John Loudon McAdam, Scottish engineer, road-builder (d. 1836)
- October 21 – Philippine Engelhard, German writer, scholar (d. 1831)
- November 3 – Pierre Laromiguière, French philosopher (d. 1837)
- December 7 – John Littlejohn, British-American sheriff and Methodist preacher (d. 1836)[12]
- date unknown
- Maria Pellegrina Amoretti, Italian lawyer (d. 1787)
- Gideon Morris, trans-Appalachian pioneer (d. 1798)
- Hilchen Sommerschild, Norwegian educator (d. 1831)
Deaths
[edit]- January 17 – Isabella Simons, banker in the Austrian Netherlands (b. 1694)
- January 18 – Francis George of Schönborn-Buchheim (b. 1682)
- February 22 – Akdun, Chinese Manchu statesman (b. 1685)
- February 25 – Eliza Haywood, English actress, writer (b. 1693)
- March 1 – Antonio Bernacchi, Italian opera singer (b. 1685)
- April 4 – Marie Sophie de Courcillon, French noblewoman and Duchess of Rohan-Rohan, Princess of Soubise by marriage (b. 1713)
- April 10 – Giacomo Antonio Perti, Italian composer (b. 1661)
- April 18 – Jacques Cassini, French astronomer (b. 1677)
- July 1 – Giambattista Nolli, Italian architect (b. 1701)
- July 24 – George Vertue, English engraver, antiquary (b. 1684)
- September 8 – Jonathan Nichols, Jr., Rhode Island colonial deputy governor (b. 1712)
- September 22 – Abu l-Hasan Ali I, ruler of Tunisia (b. 1688)
- October 13 – John Henley, English minister (b. 1692)
- October 15 – William Grimston, 1st Viscount Grimston, Irish noble (b. 1684)
- October 26 – Roland-Michel Barrin de La Galissonière, governor of New France (b. 1693)
- October 28 – Charles Somerset, 4th Duke of Beaufort (b. 1709)
- December 8 – William Stanhope, 1st Earl of Harrington, English statesman, diplomat (b. c. 1690)
- December 11 – Maria Amalia, Holy Roman Empress (b. 1701)
- date unknown
- Bernard Accama, Dutch painter (b. 1697)
- Frehat Bat Avraham, Jewish Poet
- William Beverley, American legislator, civil servant, planter, and landowner (b. 1696)[13][14]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 318. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
- ^ Reiter, Frederick J. (1995). They built Utopia: the Jesuit missions in Paraguay, 1610-1768. Potomac, Md.: Scripta Humanistica. p. 194. ISBN 1-882528-11-5. OCLC 32427398.
- ^ Marley, David (2008). Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the Western Hemisphere, 1492 to the Present. ABC-CLIO. p. 414.
- ^ Ganson, Barbara (2005). The Guaraní Under Spanish Rule in the Río de la Plata. Stanford University Press. pp. 107–108.
- ^ Athale, Col. Anil (April–June 2017). "Anglo-Maratha Struggle for Empire: The Importance of Maritime Power". Indian Defence Review.
- ^ "History". Marine Society. Archived from the original on January 21, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
- ^ "Danish Business Delegation to Turkey" (PDF). Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 1, 2011. Retrieved December 11, 2010.
Trade between our two countries can be dated centuries back. In 1756 Denmark and The Ottoman Empire signed a treaty on commerce and friendship, which paved the way for closer ties both human and commercial between our two people...
- ^ Robinson, Matt (February 4, 2021). "Did Frederick The Great Introduce The Potato To Germany? – Mythbusting Berlin". Berlin Experiences. Archived from the original on December 11, 2023. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
- ^ Grivetti, Louis E.; Shapiro, Howard-Yana (2009). Chocolate: History, Culture, and Heritage. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-12165-8.
- ^ Энциклопедия Города России. Moscow: Большая Российская Энциклопедия. 2003. p. 114. ISBN 5-7107-7399-9.
- ^ "Sir Henry Raeburn (1756-1823)". National Records of Scotland. May 31, 2013. Archived from the original on February 7, 2023. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
- ^ Andrews, Dee E. (2000). The Methodists and Revolutionary America, 1760-1800: The Shaping of an Evangelical Culture. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691092980. JSTOR j.ctt7ssfd. Archived from the original on November 20, 2023. Retrieved November 20, 2023.
- ^ William and Mary Quarterly (2006). Genealogies of Virginia Families from the William and Mary College Quarterly. Baltimore: Clearfield Company, Inc., by Genealogical Publishing Company, Inc. p. 887. ISBN 978-0-8063-0955-2. OCLC 79476264. Archived from the original on April 6, 2016 – via Google Books.
- ^ Gwathmey, John Hastings (1979). Twelve Virginia Counties: Where the Western Migration Began. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, Inc. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-8063-0861-6. OCLC 5777452 – via Internet Archive.
External links
[edit]
Media related to 1756 at Wikimedia Commons
from Grokipedia
Events
January–March
On 16 January, Great Britain and the Kingdom of Prussia signed the Convention of Westminster, a defensive neutrality pact whereby each agreed to respect the territorial integrity of the other's possessions in Europe, particularly safeguarding British Electorate of Hanover from French aggression and Prussian interests from Austrian threats.[9] This alliance, negotiated amid rising tensions, represented a pragmatic realignment for Frederick II of Prussia, who sought British subsidies to counter potential encirclement by Austria, Russia, and France, while Britain aimed to secure continental support against French expansionism.[10] The convention stipulated mutual defense without offensive commitments, subsidizing Prussian forces with up to £670,000 annually from Britain in case of hostilities, though it provoked outrage in Vienna and Versailles, accelerating the Diplomatic Revolution.[9] In North America, the escalating French and Indian War saw French forces launch a raid on British supply lines. On 27 March, a detachment of approximately 400 French regulars, Canadian militia, and Native American allies under Louis d'Ailleboust de Léry assaulted Fort Bull, a makeshift British depot on Wood Creek near the Oneida Carry in present-day Oneida County, New York.[11] The attackers overwhelmed the outnumbered garrison of about 60 soldiers after a brief siege, igniting the fort's powder magazine in an explosion that killed defenders and destroyed vital supplies intended for the reinforcement of Fort Oswego.[12] French casualties numbered around 13 killed and 61 wounded, while British losses exceeded 100 dead, with the fort's destruction severely hampering British logistics and control over the Great Lakes region.[11] This action underscored French command of interior lines and the vulnerability of British forward positions, contributing to strategic setbacks in the colonial theater prior to formal European declarations of war.[13]April–June
In April 1756, Russia committed 80,000 troops to support Austria in a potential campaign against Prussia, strengthening the anti-Prussian coalition amid shifting European alliances.[14] Concurrently, French forces under the Duke de Richelieu initiated the siege of British-held Fort St. Philip on the island of Minorca by landing troops on April 19, marking an early escalation in the Mediterranean theater.[15] On May 17, Great Britain formally declared war on France, expanding the North American conflict known as the French and Indian War into a broader European struggle that would evolve into the Seven Years' War.[16] Three days later, on May 20, the British Mediterranean fleet under Admiral John Byng clashed with a French squadron in the Battle of Minorca; the inconclusive engagement failed to relieve the besieged garrison, contributing to Byng's later court-martial and execution.[17] In June, hostilities intensified overseas. On June 20, the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj ud-Daulah, captured the British fort at Calcutta, confining approximately 146 European prisoners overnight in a small dungeon cell known as the Black Hole, where overcrowding, heat, and poor ventilation led to the deaths of between 43 and 123 individuals according to varying historical accounts, with British reports traditionally emphasizing higher casualties to justify subsequent retaliation.[18] [6] The siege of Minorca concluded on June 28 when the fort surrendered to the French, representing a significant early British setback in the war.[4]July–September
On July 30, Russian architect Bartolomeo Rastrelli presented the newly completed Catherine Palace to Empress Elizabeth and her court near Tsarskoye Selo, showcasing Baroque opulence with its grand halls and gilded interiors.[19] In August, French forces under Louis-Joseph de Montcalm captured the British Fort Oswego on Lake Ontario on August 14, a strategic victory in the North American theater of the ongoing Anglo-French conflict, resulting in the surrender of over 1,700 British troops and the fort's destruction to prevent reuse.[19] On August 29, Frederick II of Prussia invaded Saxony with approximately 65,000 troops without declaration of war, preempting perceived threats from the Austro-Russian alliance and initiating the European phase of the Third Silesian War, later termed the Seven Years' War; Prussian forces rapidly occupied Dresden and pursued the Saxon army of about 18,000 to the Pirna stronghold.[4][19] On September 8, Pennsylvania militia led by Lieutenant Colonel John Armstrong conducted the Kittanning Expedition, a raid on the Delaware (Lenape) village of Kittanning along the Allegheny River, killing an estimated 10-17 warriors including the leader Captain Jacobs, destroying the settlement, and rescuing 11 captives, though at the cost of 17 colonial deaths and 20 wounded amid fierce resistance.[20][19] On September 22, Nassau Hall, the first building of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), opened its doors, serving as a central academic and residential structure for students.[19]October–December
On 1 October, Prussian forces under King Frederick II engaged Austrian troops led by Field Marshal Maximilian Ulysses von Browne in the Battle of Lobositz near Lovosice, Bohemia. Approximately 32,000 Prussians confronted around 34,000 Austrians amid dense fog, which obscured movements and led to intense fighting at close range around the village of Lobositz and nearby heights. Prussian assaults captured key positions despite heavy artillery fire, compelling the Austrians to retreat northward after sustaining significant losses. Prussian casualties totaled about 2,925 killed, wounded, or missing, while Austrian figures reached roughly 3,000 in killed and wounded, with additional captures during the withdrawal. This tactical success prevented an Austrian relief effort for besieged Saxon allies and solidified Prussian hold on Saxony early in the conflict.[21][22] The Battle of Lobositz facilitated the conclusion of the Siege of Pirna, where Saxon forces had been encircled since September. On 14 October, the remaining Saxon army of about 17,000 capitulated to Prussian besiegers after failed relief attempts, marking the effective end of independent Saxon military resistance. Terms allowed Saxon officers parole and repatriation, while enlisted personnel faced conscription into Prussian ranks or internment as prisoners of war. This outcome provided Frederick with additional manpower and resources from Saxony, though it drew international condemnation for the invasion's aggressive nature.[3] Throughout November and December, major combatants entered winter quarters amid ongoing diplomatic maneuvers and mobilizations. Prussian armies consolidated positions in Saxony and Silesia, while Austrian and allied forces reorganized for spring campaigns. In Britain, news of colonial setbacks, including the August capture of Fort Oswego, fueled domestic political turmoil upon arriving in early October, contributing to the resignation of the Newcastle ministry on 12 November. William Pitt the Elder assumed the role of Secretary of State, advocating for intensified naval and subsidy efforts to support Prussian allies against France and its coalition. No large-scale engagements occurred in Europe during these months, as harsh weather halted offensive operations.[23]Date unknown
The first chocolate factory in Germany was established in Steinhude by Prince Wilhelm von der Lippe, marking an early industrial step in European chocolate production from cacao imports.[24][25] This facility processed cacao into forms suitable for consumption, reflecting growing demand for the commodity in continental Europe amid colonial trade expansions.[24]Births
Notable births
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born on January 27, 1756, in Salzburg, then part of the Archbishopric of Salzburg.[26] The Austrian composer produced over 600 works, including symphonies, operas, and chamber music, demonstrating prodigious talent from childhood under his father Leopold's tutelage.[26] Aaron Burr was born on February 6, 1756, in Newark, New Jersey.[27] As the third Vice President of the United States from 1801 to 1805, he is known for his role in the 1800 presidential election tie with Thomas Jefferson and his fatal duel with Alexander Hamilton in 1804.[27] Sir Henry Raeburn was born on March 4, 1756, in Stockbridge, near Edinburgh, Scotland.[28] A prominent portrait painter, he captured Scottish Enlightenment figures with vigorous brushwork and became the leading portraitist in Edinburgh during the late 18th and early 19th centuries.[28] John Trumbull was born on June 6, 1756, in Lebanon, Connecticut.[29] An American painter and architect, he served as a colonel in the Revolutionary War, which inspired his historical paintings depicting key events like the Declaration of Independence.[29] John Loudon McAdam was born on September 21, 1756, in Ayr, Ayrshire, Scotland.[30] The inventor developed the macadam road surface in the early 19th century, layering small stones for durable, well-drained highways that revolutionized transportation infrastructure.[30]Deaths
Notable deaths
- February 25 – Eliza Haywood (c. 1693–1756), English writer, actress, and publisher known for her contributions to early novels and periodicals.[31]
- April 10 – Giacomo Antonio Perti (1661–1756), Italian Baroque composer and maestro di cappella at San Petronio in Bologna for over 50 years, noted for his operas and sacred music.[32]
- April 16 – Jacques Cassini (1677–1756), French astronomer who advanced celestial mapping and orbital calculations, son of Giovanni Domenico Cassini.[33]
- June 24 – Olof Celsius the Elder (1670–1756), Swedish botanist, philologist, and clergyman, brother of Anders Celsius, recognized for his work on Hierobotanicon classifying biblical plants.[34]