from Wikipedia
.jpg)
_after_crashing_into_the_Hudson_River_(crop_2).jpg)
From left to right, top to bottom:
- the swine flu pandemic, a global outbreak of a novel H1N1 influenza A virus, first detected in Mexico and the United States in early 2009.
- the "King of Pop", Michael Jackson, dies after an acute propofol intoxication;
- the Bangladesh Rifles revolt, a violent mutiny by BDR soldiers in Dhaka;
- Bitcoin is founded and began to be popularized as a currency;
- US Airways Flight 1549 crash lands on Hudson River after a bird collided with its turbine; all people on board survived, with most of the survivors sustaining injuries;
- the Kepler space telescope, a NASA mission, launched in 2009, to find Earth-sized planets orbiting other stars;
- satellite image of Typhoon Morakot;
- 2 earthquakes in Sumatra killed over 1,100 people, injuring thousands and destroying or severely damaging over 250,000 houses and other infrastructure in Indonesia;
- Barack Obama is inaugurated as the first African-American president of the United States.
| Years |
|---|
| Millennium |
| 3rd millennium |
| Centuries |
| Decades |
| Years |
| 2009 by topic |
|---|
2009 (MMIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, the 2009th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 9th year of the 3rd millennium and the 21st century, and the 10th and last year of the 2000s decade.
2009 was designated as the International Year of Astronomy[1][2] by the United Nations to coincide with the 400th anniversary of Galileo Galilei's first known astronomical studies with a telescope and the publication of Astronomia Nova by Johannes Kepler.[3] It was also declared as the International Year of Natural Fibres[4] by the United Nations General Assembly, as well as the International Year of Reconciliation and the Year of the Gorilla (UNEP and UNESCO).[5]
Population
[edit]The world population on January 1, 2009, was estimated to be 6.888 billion people and increased to 6.977 billion people by January 1, 2010.[6] An estimated 143.0 million births and 54.1 million deaths took place in 2009.[6] The average global life expectancy was 69.7 years, an increase of 0.4 years from 2008.[6] The estimated number of global refugees decreased from 10.5 million to 10.4 million by the end of the year.[7] The largest sources of refugees were Afghanistan with 2.9 million people and Iraq with 1.8 million people.[8]
Conflicts
[edit]There were 36 conflicts in 2009 that resulted in at least 25 fatalities, six of which resulted in at least 1,000 fatalities: the Taliban insurgency in Afghanistan, the Iraqi insurgency, the insurgency by the Pakistani Taliban, the conflict against the FDLR in Rwanda, Eelam War IV in Sri Lanka, and the Somali Civil War.[9] All conflicts in 2009 were intrastate conflicts that involved violent non-state actors.[10]
Several new conflicts began against rebel groups in 2009. The CPJP reignited conflict in the Central African Bush War, a faction of the NDFB broke a 2004 ceasefire with India in the Bodoland region, and a conflict broke out between Myanmar and the MNDAA when the government forced the MNDAA out of the Kokang. Boko Haram launched an insurgency in Nigeria, which was paused when its leader Mohammed Yusuf was killed.[11]
Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) resumed conflict against the FDLR when they launched Operation Umoja Wetu in January. The DRC and a United Nations mission launched Operation Kimia II against the FDLR in March after the group regained its strength. Conflict also resumed in Angola against the Forças Armadas de Cabinda, and al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula formed in Yemen to expand al-Qaeda's insurgency in the country.[12]
The Ihussi Accord ended conflict between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the CNDP within the broader Kivu conflict. This was the only peace agreement reached in 2009.[10] Eelam War IV, the final stage in the Sri Lankan civil war, ended in May when the Sri Lankan government defeated the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. It remained the deadliest conflict of the year.[13]
Events
[edit]January
[edit]- January 1
- Japan, Mexico, Turkey and Uganda assume their seats on the United Nations Security Council.
- Asunción, the capital of Paraguay, becomes the American Capital of Culture and Vilnius and Linz become the European Capitals of Culture.
- Slovakia adopts the euro as its national currency, replacing the Slovak koruna.[14]
- A Bay Area Rapid Transit police officer shoots and kills Oscar Grant, an unarmed black man, at Fruitvale station in Oakland, United States. The event becomes one of the inciting incidents for the global Black Lives Matter movement.[15]
- January 3 – The first ("Genesis") block of the blockchain of the cryptocurrency and decentralized payment system Bitcoin is established by the creator of the system, known as Satoshi Nakamoto.[16]
- January 15 – US Airways Flight 1549 ditches in the Hudson River in an accident that becomes known as the "Miracle on the Hudson", as all 155 people on board are rescued.
- January 18 – Gaza War: Hamas announces that they will accept the Israel Defense Forces offer of a ceasefire, ending the conflict.
- January 21
- Israel withdraws from the Gaza Strip, officially ending its three-week war with Hamas.[17] However, intermittent air strikes by both sides continue in the following weeks.[18][19][20]
- Virginia Tech student Zhu Haiyang decapitates Yang Xin in the first campus murder since the Virginia Tech shooting in 2007.[21]
- January 26
- The first trial at the International Criminal Court opens. Former Union of Congolese Patriots leader Thomas Lubanga Dyilo is accused of training child soldiers to kill, pillage and rape.[22]
- The Icelandic government and banking system collapse. Prime Minister Geir Haarde immediately resigns.[23]
- An annular solar eclipse takes place over the Indian Ocean, the 50th solar eclipse of Saros cycle 131.
- January 28 – WikiLeaks releases 86 intercepted telephone recordings of politicians and businessmen involved in the 2008 Peru oil scandal.[24]
- January 31 – Tiféret Israel Synagogue attack, profanation of the oldest synagogue in Caracas, Venezuela.[25]
February
[edit]- February 1
- Patriarch Kirill of Moscow is enthroned as the Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church following the death of his predecessor, Alexy II in 2008.[26]
- Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir is appointed as the new Prime Minister of Iceland, becoming the world's first openly lesbian head of government.[27]
- February 7 – Bushfires in Victoria leave 173 dead in the worst natural disaster in Australia's history.[28]
- February 12 – Colgan Air Flight 3407 crashes in Clarence Center, New York while on final approach to Buffalo Niagara International Airport, killing all 49 people on board the aircraft as well as one person on the ground.
- February 13 – At 23:31:30 UTC, the decimal representation of Unix time reached 1234567890 seconds. Celebrations were held around the world, among various technical subcultures, to celebrate the 1234567890th second.[29]
- February 25 – Soldiers of Bangladeshi border security force Bangladesh Rifles (BDR) mutiny and take the commanding army officers and their families hostages at the force's headquarters in Pilkhana, Dhaka. 57 army officers are killed along with 17 civilians by the mutineers.
- February 26 – Former Serbian president Milan Milutinović is acquitted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia regarding war crimes during the Kosovo War.[30]
March
[edit]- March 2 – The President of Guinea-Bissau, João Bernardo Vieira, is assassinated during an armed attack on his residence in Bissau.[31]
- March 4 – The International Criminal Court issues an arrest warrant for Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir for war crimes and crimes against humanity in Darfur. al-Bashir is the first sitting head of state to be indicted by the ICC since its establishment in 2002.[32]
- March 5 - Michael Jackson announces his This Is It concert residency in London, England. Ultimately, a fortnight before the concerts were supposed to begin, Jackson dies from Acute Propofol Intoxication.
- March 7 – NASA's Kepler Mission, a space photometer that will search for extrasolar planets in the Milky Way galaxy, is launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida, USA.
- March 17 – The President of Madagascar, Marc Ravalomanana, is overthrown in a coup d'état, following a month of unrest in Antananarivo.[33]
- March 23 – A McDonnell Douglas MD-11 operated by FedEx suffers a bounced landing at Narita international airport resulting in the loss of 2 lives.
- March 31 – Rachel Crandall Crocker founds the International Transgender Day of Visibility.
April
[edit]- April 1 – Albania and Croatia join NATO.[34]
- April 5 – North Korea launches a rocket from its Tonghae Satellite Launching Ground, which it says is carrying the Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2 satellite, prompting an emergency meeting of the United Nations Security Council.[35]
- April 6 – A 6.3 magnitude earthquake strikes near L'Aquila, Italy, killing 308 and injuring more than 1,500.[36]
- April 7 – April 2009 Moldovan parliamentary election protests: four people died and 270 were injured.
- April 21 – UNESCO launches The World Digital Library.[37]
May
[edit]- May 11–24 – Space Shuttle Atlantis is launched to refurbish the Hubble Space Telescope on May 11, landing at Edwards Air Force Base May 24.[38]
- May 12–16 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2009 takes place in Moscow, Russia, and is won by Norwegian entrant Alexander Rybak with the song "Fairytale".
- May 15
- France–Pakistan Atomic Energy Framework bilateral energy treaty is signed.[39]
- The album 21st Century Breakdown is released by American rock band Green Day, which sold over 5 million copies.
- May 17 – Video game Minecraft, the best-selling video game of all time, is first released to the public.
- May 18 – Following more than 25 years of fighting, the Sri Lankan Civil War ends with the total military defeat of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam.[40]
- May 19 – German football club RB Leipzig is founded by Red Bull.[41]
- May 25 – North Korea announces that it has conducted a second successful nuclear test in North Hamgyong Province. The United Nations Security Council condemns the reported test.[42]
June
[edit]- June 1 – Air France Flight 447, en route from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to Paris, crashes into the Atlantic Ocean, killing all 228 on board.
- June 11 – The outbreak of the H1N1 influenza strain, commonly referred to as "swine flu", is deemed a global pandemic.[43]
- June 12 – Analog television ends in the United States as part of the digital television transition.
- June 13 – Mass protests erupt across Iran following a disputed presidential election in which Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was reelected president, the largest demonstrations in the country since the Iranian Revolution.[44]
- June 18 – NASA launches the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter / LCROSS probes to the Moon, the first American lunar mission since Lunar Prospector in 1998.[45]
- June 19 – War in Afghanistan: British forces began Operation Panther's Claw, in which more than 350 troops made an aerial assault on Taliban positions in southern Afghanistan.
- June 21 – Greenland gains self-rule.
- June 22 – June 2009 Washington Metro train collision, 9 people were killed and 80 people were injured when a Red Line (Washington Metro) train rear ended another train between Takoma and Fort Totten stations, this resulted in the worst train crash in DC Metro's history.[46]
- June 25 – The death of American pop star Michael Jackson triggers an outpouring of worldwide grief. Online, reactions to the event cripple several major websites and services, as the abundance of people accessing the web addresses pushes internet traffic to unprecedented and historic levels.[47]
- June 28 – The Military of Honduras ousts Honduran President Manuel Zelaya in a coup d'état,[48] condemned by OAS.[49]
- June 29 – Viareggio train derailment occurred when a freight train carrying liquified petroleum gas derailed at Viareggio railway station in Lucca, Italy. The accident killed 32 people and injured 26 people.[50]
- June 30 – Yemenia Flight 626 crashes off the coast of Moroni, Comoros, killing all but one of the 153 passengers and crew.[51]
July
[edit]- July 4 – Steve McNair, former NFL quarterback for the Tennessee Titans, is shot and killed by his girlfriend in Nashville, Tennessee.
- July 5 – Violent riots broke out in Ürümqi, Xinjiang. PRC officials said that a total of 197 people died.
- July 7 – A public memorial service for Michael Jackson is held at Staples Center. It is watched by over 2.5 billion people worldwide.
- July 15 – Caspian Airlines Flight 7908, en route from Tehran, Iran, to Yerevan, Armenia crashes into the Jannatabad village in Qazvin Province; killing all 168 on board.
- July 16 – Iceland's national parliament, the Althingi, votes to pursue joining the EU.[52]
- July 17 – Two bombs exploded separately at the JW Marriott and Ritz-Carlton Hotels in Jakarta, Indonesia, killing 9 people (including 2 suicide bombers) and injuring 53.[53]
- July 19 – Amateur astronomer Anthony Wesley is the first to report that a new dark spot has developed on the planet Jupiter.[54] This event would come to be known as the 2009 Jupiter impact event.
- July 22 – The longest total solar eclipse of the 21st century, lasting up to 6 minutes and 38.86 seconds (0.14 seconds shorter than 6 minutes and 39 seconds), occurs over parts of Asia and the Pacific Ocean.
- July 26 – The Islamic extremist group Boko Haram initiates an uprising in Bauchi State, Nigeria and quickly spreads throughout the northern part of the country.[55]
August
[edit]- August 1 – Former President of the Philippines Corazon Aquino dies at the age of 76 of cardiopulmonary arrest after complications of colon cancer. A memorial service and funeral is scheduled for August 5. (Philippine Daily Inquirer)
- August 3 – Bolivia becomes the first South American country to declare the right of indigenous people to govern themselves.[56]
- August 7 – Typhoon Morakot hits Taiwan, killing 673 and stranding more than 1,000 via the worst flooding on the island in half a century.[57]
- August 8 – A small plane and a tour helicopter collide over the Hudson River in the United States. (CNN)
- August 14 – The United Kingdom imposes direct rule on the Turks and Caicos Islands after an inquiry that found evidence of government corruption.[58]
- August 30 – At least five people are killed and 275 injured in a train crash near Yaoundé, Cameroon. (BBC) (Press TV)
September
[edit]- September 2 – 2009 Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister helicopter crash. A helicopter carrying Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy went missing in the Nallamala Forest area. It was later confirmed to have crashed with all five people including Reddy pronounced dead.
- September 9 – The Dubai Metro, the first urban train network in the Arabian Peninsula, officials opens.
- September 21 – China becomes the first country to succeed a completed clinical trial by a company for the 2009/H1N1 vaccine in the world during the swine flu pandemic.
- September 22 – WikiLeaks exposes the contents of Kaupthing Bank's internal documents prior to the Icelandic Financial Crisis. These documents showed suspicious amounts of money were loaned to bank owners, and debts being written off.[59]
- September 23 – Korba chimney collapse: At least 45 workers are killed when lightning strikes a chimney under construction in Korba, Chhattisgarh, India, causing it to collapse.[60]
- September 26 – Typhoon Ketsana, PAGASA Name: Ondoy, makes landfall in The Philippines, killing hundreds in Metro Manila and flooding in Huế, Vietnam.
- September 28 – At least 157 demonstrators are massacred by the Guinean military at the Stade du 28 Septembre during a protest against the government that came to power in a coup d'état the previous year.[61]
- September 29 – A 8.1 Mw earthquake strikes Samoa, with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII (Very strong), leaving at least 192 people dead.[62]
- September 30 – A 7.6 Mw earthquake strikes Sumatra, Indonesia, with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe), leaving at least 1,115 people dead.[63]
October
[edit]- October 1 – Paleontologists announce the discovery of an Ardipithecus ramidus fossil skeleton, deeming it the oldest remains of a human ancestor yet found.[64]
- October 2
- Ireland holds a second referendum on the EU's Lisbon Treaty. The amendment is approved by the Irish electorate,[65][66][67][68][69] having been rejected in the Lisbon I referendum held last year.
- The International Olympic Committee awards Rio de Janeiro the right to host the 2016 Summer Olympics.[70]
- October 15 – It is revealed the company Trafigura has been using a super-injunction to stop The Guardian from reporting about the 2006 Côte d'Ivoire toxic dumping incident, which Trafigura was responsible for.[71]
- October 18 – British racing driver Jenson Button won his first Formula One World Championship, driving for Brawn GP at the Brazilian Grand Prix.[72]
- October 20
- Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono is inaugurated for a second term as President of Indonesia.
- WikiLeaks leaked the membership listing of a radical political group known as the British National Party.[73]
- October 22 – Microsoft releases Windows 7 to all computers and laptops, including an edition for ATMs.[74]
- October 23 – The 2009 Cataño oil refinery fire began after an explosion at the refinery in Bayamón, Puerto Rico.[75]
- October 24 – The 2009 El Ayyat railway accident occurred in Giza, Egypt, when a passenger train derailed due to stoppage of animals on the train tracks. 50 people were killed and 30 people were injured.[76]
- October 25 – Two suicide attacks in Baghdad, Iraq, kill 155 people and injure at least 721 people.[77]
November
[edit]- November 3
- The Czech Republic becomes the final member-state of the European Union to sign the Treaty of Lisbon, thereby permitting that document's initiation into European law.[78]
- The Prime Minister of Belgium, Herman Van Rompuy, is designated the first permanent President of the European Council,[79] a position he takes up on December 1, 2009.[80][81][82]
- November 5 – Fourteen people are killed during the 2009 Fort Hood shooting.[83]
- November 10 – Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 was released.[84]
- November 13 – Having analyzed the data from the LCROSS lunar impact, NASA announces that it has found a "significant" quantity of water in the Moon's Cabeus crater.[85][86]
- November 23 – In the Philippines, at least 58 people are abducted and killed in the province of Maguindanao, in what the Committee to Protect Journalists called the single deadliest attack on journalists in history.[87]
- November 24 – The Avdhela Project, an Aromanian digital library and cultural initiative, is founded in Bucharest, Romania.[88]
December
[edit]- December 1 – The Treaty of Lisbon comes into force.[89]
- December 5 – Fire at the Lame Horse nightclub in Perm, Russia kills 156 people. The nightclub owner was sentenced to nearly ten years in prison.[90]
- December 7–18 – The UNFCCC's 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference is held in Copenhagen, Denmark.[91]
- December 8 – A series of attacks in Baghdad, Iraq kill at least 127 people and injure at least 448 more.[92]
- December 15 – First flight of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner.
- December 16 – Astronomers discover GJ 1214 b, the first-known exoplanet on which water could exist.[93]
- December 25 – A Nigerian terrorist plotted an attempted terrorist bombing of Northwest Airlines Flight 253 en route from Amsterdam to Detroit.[94]
Births and deaths
[edit]Nobel Prizes
[edit]
- Chemistry – Ada Yonath, Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, and Thomas A. Steitz[95]
- Economics – Elinor Ostrom and Oliver E. Williamson[96]
- Literature – Herta Müller
- Peace – Barack Obama
- Physics – Charles K. Kao, Willard Boyle, and George E. Smith[97]
- Physiology or Medicine – Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol W. Greider, and Jack W. Szostak[98]
New English words
[edit]- alt-right
- copernicium
- subtweet[99]
References
[edit]- ^ "News Release – IAU0606: The International Astronomical Union announces the International Year of Astronomy 2009". International Astronomical Union. October 27, 2006. Archived from the original on September 19, 2008. Retrieved November 1, 2008.
- ^ "The International Year of Astronomy 2009". IYA2009. Archived from the original on November 3, 2008. Retrieved November 1, 2008.
- ^ "International Astronomical Union | IAU". Archived from the original on November 11, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
- ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 61 Resolution 189. International Year of National Fibres, 2009 A/RES/61/189 December 20, 2006. Retrieved accessdate.
- ^ "Year of the Gorilla". Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals. 2009. Archived from the original on September 14, 2014. Retrieved January 1, 2023.
- ^ a b c UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2024.
- ^ UN High Commissioner for Refugees 2010, p. 7.
- ^ UN High Commissioner for Refugees 2010, pp. 8–9.
- ^ Harbom & Wallensteen 2010, pp. 501, 506–508.
- ^ a b Harbom & Wallensteen 2010, p. 503.
- ^ Harbom & Wallensteen 2010, p. 504.
- ^ Harbom & Wallensteen 2010, pp. 503–504.
- ^ Harbom & Wallensteen 2010, p. 501.
- ^ Watson, Rory (December 29, 2008). "Slovakia adopts the euro on January 1". The Times. London. Archived from the original on August 7, 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2010.(subscription required)
- ^ "'On Our Watch' Litigation Reveals New Details In Police Shooting Of Oscar Grant : On Our Watch". NPR.org. Archived from the original on July 8, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
- ^ Davis, Joshua (October 11, 2011). "The Crypto-Currency: Bitcoin and its mysterious inventor". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on September 18, 2013. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
- ^ "Last Israeli troops 'leave Gaza'". BBC News. January 21, 2009. Archived from the original on September 27, 2021. Retrieved July 7, 2009.
- ^ Yanir Yagna (February 28, 2009). "At least six Gaza rockets hit southern Israel". Haaretz. Archived from the original on May 11, 2015. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
- ^ "Kassam rocket strikes Eshkol Region". The Jerusalem Post. February 26, 2009. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
- ^ "'Five rockets' fired into Israel". BBC News. February 28, 2009. Archived from the original on February 28, 2009. Retrieved February 28, 2009.
- ^ "Killer decapitates Va. Tech student, police say - CNN.com". www.cnn.com. Archived from the original on January 29, 2023. Retrieved January 29, 2023.
- ^ Jurjen van de Pol; Franz Wild (January 26, 2009). "Congo Warlord Pleads Not Guilty at ICC's First Trial (Update1)". Bloomberg. Retrieved July 7, 2009.
- ^ Tran, Mark (January 27, 2009). "Icelandic PM becomes world's first leader to step down over banking system crisis". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on February 1, 2017. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
- ^ "Terra Mexico". www.terra.com.mx. Archived from the original on March 10, 2021. Retrieved March 10, 2021.
- ^ Romero, Simon (January 31, 2009). "Synagogue in Venezuela Vandalized in Break-In". The New York Times. The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 1, 2018. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
- ^ "Orthodox Church enthrones leader". BBC News. February 1, 2009. Archived from the original on February 23, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2009.
- ^ "First gay PM for Iceland cabinet". BBC News. February 1, 2009. Archived from the original on February 15, 2009. Retrieved July 16, 2009.
- ^ "Black Saturday: The bushfire disaster that shook Australia". BBC News. February 7, 2019. Archived from the original on July 4, 2022. Retrieved July 4, 2022.
- ^ Shankland, Stephen (February 14, 2009). "Time for Unix nerds to celebrate 1234567890 Day". CNET. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ "Ex-Serbian president acquitted of Kosovo war crimes". Reuters. February 26, 2009. Archived from the original on March 1, 2009. Retrieved March 11, 2009.
- ^ "President of Guinea-Bissau assassinated". CNN. March 2, 2009. Archived from the original on April 29, 2009. Retrieved July 7, 2009.
- ^ "VIDEO: ICC issues arrest warrant for Bashir". Reuters. March 4, 2009. Archived from the original on November 21, 2020. Retrieved March 4, 2009.
- ^ "Madagascar president forced out". BBC News. March 17, 2009. Archived from the original on March 19, 2009. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
- ^ "Albania, Croatia become NATO members". msnbc.com. April 1, 2009. Archived from the original on January 9, 2015. Retrieved January 14, 2017.
- ^ "U.N. Security Council to meet on N. Korea launch". CNN. April 5, 2009. Archived from the original on August 5, 2011. Retrieved April 5, 2009.
- ^ "BBC: Italian rescuers work into night". BBC News. April 7, 2009. Archived from the original on April 20, 2010. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
- ^ "U.N. Launches Library Of World's Knowledge". The Washington Post. April 21, 2009. Archived from the original on November 7, 2012. Retrieved April 21, 2009.
- ^ "NASA – STS-125". www.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on June 15, 2009. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
- ^ Staff reports (May 15, 2009). "Pakistan in 'French nuclear deal'". BBC Pakistan, 2009. Archived from the original on June 20, 2018. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
- ^ C. Bryson Hull and Ranga Sirilal. "Sri Lanka's long war reaches end, Tigers defeated". Archived from the original on January 15, 2011. Retrieved May 31, 2009.
- ^ "From the fifth division to the UEFA Champions League semi-finals in 11 years: the history of RB Leipzig". www.bundesliga.com. Retrieved March 9, 2025.
- ^ "UN Security Council Condemns North Korea Nuclear Test (Update1)". Bloomberg. May 25, 2009. Retrieved May 31, 2009.
- ^ "World now at the start of 2009 influenza pandemic". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on July 1, 2009. Retrieved June 30, 2009.
- ^ "Police in Iran beat protesters after huge Ahmadinejad win". McClatchy. Archived from the original on November 14, 2016. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
- ^ "LCROSS - NASA Science". December 6, 2017. Retrieved March 9, 2025.
- ^ "10 Years Later: Metro Crash That Killed Nine Was an 'Unbelievable Nightmare'". June 20, 2019. Archived from the original on August 1, 2023. Retrieved August 1, 2023.
- ^ "Jackson dies, almost takes Internet with him". CNN. June 26, 2009. Archived from the original on December 25, 2022. Retrieved December 25, 2022.
- ^ "Honduran leader forced into exile". BBC News. June 28, 2009. Archived from the original on January 5, 2012. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
- ^ "OAS condemns Honduras coup, demands return of Zelaya". World Bulletin. Reuters. Archived from the original on July 2, 2009. Retrieved June 29, 2009.
- ^ Pidd, Helen (June 30, 2009). "Train carrying liquid gas explodes in Italy killing 12". TheGuardian.com. Archived from the original on October 24, 2023. Retrieved September 12, 2023.
- ^ "Girl survives Yemen plane crash". BBC News. July 1, 2009. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012. Retrieved July 1, 2009.
- ^ Helgason, Gudjon; Meera Selva (July 16, 2009). "Iceland's parliament votes to join EU". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on July 28, 2009.
- ^ Onishi, Norimitsu (July 17, 2009). "Indonesia Bombings Signal Militants' Resilience". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 27, 2021. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
- ^ "The Jupiter Impact". The Planetary Society. Retrieved July 14, 2025.
- ^ Abegunrin, Olayiwola (2014). Africa in the New World Order: Peace and Security Challenges in the Twenty-First Century. Lexington. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-7391-9352-5.
- ^ "Evo inicia la implementación de la autonomía indígena con fiesta". La Razón. August 3, 2009. Archived from the original on August 7, 2009. Retrieved September 1, 2009. (in Spanish)
- ^ Foster, Peter (August 16, 2009). "Taiwan president under fire for go it alone handling of typhoon accepts US aid". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved August 16, 2009.
- ^ "UK imposes Turks and Caicos rule". BBC News. August 14, 2009. Archived from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved August 14, 2009.
- ^ "Miklar hreyfingar rétt fyrir hrun | Ríkisútvarpið vefur". August 9, 2011. Archived from the original on August 9, 2011. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
- ^ Kaiser, Ejaz (January 11, 2010). "Balco chimney mishap: Three Chinese officials arrested in Korba". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on January 15, 2010. Retrieved July 25, 2021.
- ^ Nossiter, Adam (September 29, 2009). "Guinea's Capital Fades Into a Ghost Town After Soldiers' Rampage". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 26, 2019. Retrieved January 14, 2017.
- ^ "Samoa quake 'triggered tsunami'". BBC News. Archived from the original on February 23, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2006.
- ^ "Indonesia quake deaths pass 1,000". BBC News. Archived from the original on October 13, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2017.
- ^ Hanson, Brooks (October 2, 2009). "Light on the Origin of Man". Science. 326 (5949): 60–61. doi:10.1126/science.326.5949.60-a. ISSN 0036-8075.
- ^ "67% vote Yes to Lisbon Treaty". RTÉ News. October 3, 2009. Archived from the original on October 5, 2009. Retrieved October 3, 2009.
- ^ "Results received at the Central Count Centre for the Referendum on Treaty of Lisbon 2009". Archived from the original on October 4, 2009. Retrieved October 3, 2009.
- ^ "Irish Ayes on Lisbon Treaty Have Europe Smiling". Time. October 4, 2009. Archived from the original on October 5, 2009. Retrieved October 4, 2009.
- ^ "Lisbon II referendum set for 2 October". RTÉ News. July 8, 2009. Archived from the original on September 13, 2009. Retrieved July 8, 2009.
- ^ "Irish treaty vote set for October". BBC News. July 8, 2009. Archived from the original on July 11, 2009. Retrieved July 8, 2009.
- ^ "Rio to stage 2016 Olympic Games". BBC News. October 2, 2009. Archived from the original on January 12, 2016. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
- ^ Censorship, Index on (October 14, 2009). "A gag too far". Index on Censorship. Archived from the original on February 27, 2021. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
- ^ "Jenson Button wins Formula One title after dramatic Brazilian grand prix". theguardian.com. October 18, 2009.
- ^ "BNP membership list appears on Wikileaks". the Guardian. October 20, 2009. Archived from the original on September 30, 2013. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
- ^ LeBlanc, Brandon. "Windows 7 Has Been Released to Manufacturing". Windows Team Blog. Microsoft. Archived from the original on February 27, 2014.
- ^ "Evacuation from Puerto Rico fire". BBC News. October 24, 2009. Archived from the original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
- ^ "Train collision kills at least 15 in Egypt". Archived from the original on September 2, 2023. Retrieved September 12, 2023.
- ^ "BBC NEWS | Middle East | Baghdad bomb fatalities pass 150". news.bbc.co.uk. October 26, 2009. Archived from the original on February 6, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2017.
- ^ "CCN.com". CNN. November 3, 2009. Archived from the original on March 29, 2010. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
- ^ Richardson, Miranda; Thomas, Philip (November 20, 2009). "Tony Blair Has Dropped Out Of The Race To Be EU President As Herman Van Rompuy Gets The Nod – World News". Sky News. Archived from the original on November 22, 2009. Retrieved November 20, 2009.
- ^ "Europa.eu". Consilium.europa.eu. Archived from the original on November 25, 2009. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
- ^ "Webcast: One week to go until crucial summit – Swedish Presidency of the European Union". Archived from the original on November 15, 2009. Retrieved November 20, 2009.
- ^ The Treaty of Lisbon entered into force on December 1, 2009, the six-month rotating presidency of the European Council ceased to exist (as the provision for its existence has been erased from the Treaties in force), and the new office of President of the European Council came into being. The appointment of Herman van Rompuy as President of the European Council became effective on the date of the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon. Also, article 6 of the Protocol on transitional provisions annexed to the Treaty of Lisbon provided that on the date of the entry into force of the Treaty, the terms of office of the High Representative for the common foreign and security policy and of the Deputy Secretary General of the Council ceased, with the Council electing a Secretary General. register.consilium.europa.eu Archived March 7, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Soldier Opens Fire at Ft. Hood; 13 Dead". CBS News. November 5, 2009. Archived from the original on November 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2025.
Captain Isaac Taylor, a spokesman at Fort Hood, confirmed to CBS News early Friday morning that one additional victim had died of wounds sustained in the attack after hospitalization, raising the death toll to 13. At least 30 others were wounded, according to Taylor.
- ^ Sterling, Jim (November 12, 2009). "Review: Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2". Destructoid. Archived from the original on July 30, 2011. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
- ^ "NASA's LCROSS Impacts Confirm Water in Lunar Crater" (Press release). NASA. November 13, 2009. Archived from the original on November 15, 2009. Retrieved November 21, 2009.
Preliminary data from NASA's Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite, or LCROSS, indicates the mission successfully uncovered water in a permanently shadowed lunar crater.
- ^ "NASA finds 'significant' water on moon". CNN. November 13, 2009. Archived from the original on November 16, 2009. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
- ^ Papa, Alcuin. "Maguindanao massacre worst-ever for journalists". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on December 2, 2009. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
- ^ Baiaș, Ionuț (November 22, 2009). "Avdhela – Biblioteca Culturii Aromâne". HotNews (in Romanian). Archived from the original on September 9, 2022. Retrieved September 11, 2022.
- ^ "EU reform treaty passes last test". BBC News. November 3, 2009. Archived from the original on June 12, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
- ^ "Owner jailed over deadly 2009 Russia nightclub fire". BBC News. April 30, 2013. Retrieved March 9, 2025.
- ^ "COP15, United Nations Climate Change Conference, Copenhagen 2009. Dates put back 1 week due to previous clash with Muslim period of Ramadan". Cop15.dk. Archived from the original on January 19, 2009. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
- ^ Spencer, Richard (December 8, 2009). "More than 120 killed in Baghdad bombings". Telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved January 14, 2017.
- ^ "Waterworld planet six times the size of Earth discovered". The Telegraph. London. December 17, 2009. Archived from the original on August 4, 2010. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
- ^ O'Connor, Anahad; Schmitt, Eric (December 25, 2009). "Terror Attempt Seen as Man Tries to Ignite Device on Jet". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved December 25, 2019.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on October 10, 2009. Retrieved October 7, 2009.
- ^ "All Laureates in Economic Sciences". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on August 31, 2010. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2009". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on October 8, 2009. Retrieved October 6, 2009.
- ^ Ritter, Malcolm (October 5, 2009). "3 Americans share Nobel medicine prize". Associated Press. Archived from the original on October 11, 2009. Retrieved October 5, 2009.
- ^ "Time Traveler by Merriam-Webster: Words from 2009". merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on May 6, 2018. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
Bibliography
[edit]- Harbom, Lotta; Wallensteen, Peter (2010). "Armed Conflicts, 1946-2009". Journal of Peace Research. 47 (4): 501–509. doi:10.1177/0022343310376887. ISSN 0022-3433. JSTOR 20752204.
- World Population Prospects 2024 (Report). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2024.
- 2009 Global Trends (Report). United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2010.
from Grokipedia
Events
Politics
On January 20, 2009, Barack Obama was sworn in as the 44th President of the United States, marking a historic transition of power and his distinction as the first African American to assume the office.[6] The ceremony attracted an estimated 1.8 million attendees to Washington, D.C., establishing a record for crowd size at such events.[6] Less than a month later, on February 17, 2009, the Obama administration enacted the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, a sweeping economic stimulus package signed into law to address the ongoing recession through investments in infrastructure, education, and healthcare.[7] In June, Iran's presidential election on June 12 saw incumbent Mahmoud Ahmadinejad declared the winner amid allegations of irregularities, triggering massive protests organized under the Green Movement and led by challenger Mir-Hossein Mousavi, which challenged the regime's authority and drew international scrutiny.[8] Later that year, in December, the longstanding Telangana movement in India intensified, culminating in the central government's announcement on December 9 to initiate the process for carving out Telangana as a separate state from Andhra Pradesh, reigniting national debates on federal reorganization.[9]Conflicts and disasters
On March 3, gunmen attacked a bus carrying the Sri Lankan national cricket team in Lahore, Pakistan, injuring several players and killing six Pakistani officials and a driver.[10] The assault involved coordinated gunfire and grenade attacks, highlighting security risks in the region.[11] In April, Somali pirates hijacked the U.S.-flagged cargo ship MV Maersk Alabama off the coast of Somalia, marking a high-profile incident in ongoing maritime threats.[12] The crew regained control of the vessel, but the captain was taken hostage in a lifeboat and later rescued by U.S. Navy SEAL snipers who killed three pirates.[13] On June 1, Air France Flight 447, an Airbus A330 en route from Rio de Janeiro to Paris, crashed into the Atlantic Ocean, killing all 228 people on board.[14] The incident occurred several hundred miles off Brazil's coast, underscoring vulnerabilities in high-altitude flight operations.[15] The aftermath of the Gaza War, which concluded in January, saw continued assessments of widespread destruction, including thousands of homes demolished and significant displacement.[16] In December, U.S. President Barack Obama announced a troop surge of 30,000 additional forces to Afghanistan as part of efforts to counter escalating insurgency in the ongoing conflict.[17] This escalation aimed to stabilize the region amid intensified combat operations.[18]Health and environment
On June 11, 2009, the World Health Organization declared the novel influenza A (H1N1) virus—commonly known as swine flu—a global pandemic, marking the first such declaration in 41 years.[19] The virus had emerged earlier that year in Mexico, originating from pigs in a confined region before spreading rapidly to the United States and beyond, with laboratory-confirmed cases reported in 74 countries by the time of the announcement.[20][4] In response, global health authorities accelerated vaccine development and distribution efforts, leading to the approval and rollout of H1N1-specific vaccines in multiple countries starting in the fall.[20] International climate discussions gained momentum throughout 2009, building toward the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, where negotiations focused on emission reductions and adaptation strategies, resulting in the non-binding Copenhagen Accord among key nations to pursue efforts limiting global temperature rise to 2°C above pre-industrial levels.[21]Economy
The global economy in 2009 continued to grapple with the effects of the Great Recession, marked by widespread GDP contractions and rising unemployment across major economies.[22] Global GDP growth fell by approximately 1.33%, reflecting synchronized downturns in advanced and emerging markets.[22] In the United States, unemployment peaked at 10% amid a labor market contraction that saw millions of job losses.[23] In the U.S., efforts to stabilize the banking sector included the Supervisory Capital Assessment Program, or stress tests, conducted in May on 19 major bank holding companies.[24] The tests revealed that 10 institutions needed to raise a combined $75 billion in additional capital to withstand adverse scenarios, bolstering market confidence and facilitating private capital inflows.[25] Stock markets began recovering from March lows, with the S&P 500 posting gains through the year as investor sentiment improved amid policy interventions.[26] The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, a $787 billion stimulus package, aimed to counteract the downturn by supporting job preservation and creation. Analyses indicated it reduced the unemployment rate by up to 1.8 percentage points in 2010 and boosted GDP growth.[27] Corporate restructuring featured prominently, exemplified by General Motors' Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing on June 1, which involved $82 billion in assets and facilitated a government-backed reorganization to shed liabilities and emerge leaner.[28]Science and technology
Astronomy and space
The International Year of Astronomy, proclaimed by the United Nations, featured global initiatives to engage the public in stargazing and astronomical education, commemorating the 400th anniversary of Galileo's telescopic observations.[29] NASA launched the Kepler Space Observatory on March 6 aboard a Delta II rocket from Cape Canaveral, designed to monitor thousands of stars for exoplanet transits using precise photometry.[30] The Hubble Space Telescope underwent its final servicing mission in May via Space Shuttle Atlantis (STS-125), where astronauts installed new instruments like the Wide Field Camera 3 and repaired others to extend its operational life.[31] On July 22, a total solar eclipse visible from India across to China marked the longest of the 21st century, with maximum totality lasting 6 minutes and 39 seconds.[32] Astronomer Robert H. McNaught discovered comet C/2009 R1 on September 9 using the Uppsala Southern Schmidt Telescope at Siding Spring Observatory, a non-periodic object that became observable to amateur astronomers later in the year.[33]Physics and medicine
In particle physics, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN achieved its first proton-proton collisions on November 23, 2009, following repairs and delays from an initial incident in 2008.[34] These low-energy collisions at 450 GeV per beam were recorded by all major detectors, including ATLAS and CMS, marking the accelerator's restart and enabling initial data collection for physics analyses.[35] The event initiated preparations for searches of fundamental particles, such as the Higgs boson, with ATLAS and CMS outlining strategies for detecting potential signals in early decay channels like ZZ and WW.[36] In medical research, advancements in induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells confirmed the feasibility of reprogramming adult human somatic cells, such as skin fibroblasts, into pluripotent states without viral vectors or genomic integration.[37] Techniques using non-integrating methods, including adenoviral delivery of reprogramming factors, demonstrated that exogenous DNA presence was not required for sustained pluripotency, reducing risks of mutagenesis for potential therapies.[38] Concurrent progress in stem cell differentiation highlighted the conversion of reprogrammed skin-derived cells into functional neurons, advancing models for neurodegenerative diseases through patient-specific lines free of viral artifacts.[39]Arts and culture
Film and television
In 2009, the film industry saw significant advancements in visual effects and storytelling, with James Cameron's Avatar released on December 18 and revolutionizing cinema through its pioneering use of 3D technology, ultimately becoming the highest-grossing film of all time.[40][41] The epic science fiction narrative drew massive audiences worldwide, emphasizing immersive storytelling that influenced subsequent blockbuster productions.[42] Pixar's Up, directed by Pete Docter, premiered on May 29 and captured critical acclaim for its heartfelt animation, later winning the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature at the 82nd Oscars.[43] The film's innovative blend of adventure and emotional depth, centered on an elderly widower's balloon-powered journey, highlighted Pixar's continued dominance in family-oriented animation. Neill Blomkamp's District 9, released in August, garnered attention for its mockumentary-style sci-fi allegory addressing themes of xenophobia and segregation reminiscent of South Africa's apartheid history.[44][45] This low-budget production achieved commercial success and critical praise for its sharp social commentary. On television, the United States completed its transition from analog to digital broadcasts on June 12, marking the end of full-power analog signals and enabling improved picture quality and additional channels for viewers.[46] This shift facilitated broader access to high-definition programming. The mockumentary sitcom Modern Family premiered on ABC on September 23, introducing a multi-generational family dynamic that resonated with audiences and contributed to the evolving landscape of ensemble comedies.[47]Music
The 51st Annual Grammy Awards, held on February 8, 2009, at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, honored achievements from the previous year, with Robert Plant and Alison Krauss winning Album of the Year for Raising Sand, alongside multiple categories including Record of the Year for their collaboration "Please Read the Letter."[48] Taylor Swift's Fearless, released in 2008 but dominating sales into 2009 with over 3.2 million copies sold in the United States that year, underscored her rising prominence in country-pop crossover.[49] Lady Gaga released The Fame Monster on November 18, 2009, as an EP reissue of her debut album, featuring hits like "Bad Romance" that propelled her electro-pop style amid the era's electronic influences.[50] The Black Eyed Peas' "Boom Boom Pow," topping charts in 2009, exemplified the peak of auto-tune effects in mainstream hip-hop and pop production, alongside surging digital single downloads that reflected the shift from physical sales.[51] Michael Jackson's death on June 25 triggered a massive resurgence in his catalog sales, with albums like Number Ones spiking over 15,500% in the immediate week to 108,000 units and posthumous projects such as the This Is It concert film and related recordings boosting overall industry attention to legacy artists.[52]Sports
Association football
The UEFA Champions League concluded with FC Barcelona defeating Manchester United 2–0 in the final on 27 May at Rome's Stadio Olimpico, securing Barcelona's third European title with goals from Samuel Eto'o and Lionel Messi.[53][54] In a landmark transfer, Cristiano Ronaldo moved from Manchester United to Real Madrid on 26 June for a world-record fee of £80 million (€94 million), signing a six-year contract and marking one of the most expensive deals in football history at the time.[55][56] The FIFA Confederations Cup took place in South Africa from 14 to 28 June as a prelude to the 2010 World Cup, featuring continental champions; Brazil claimed the title with a 3–2 extra-time victory over the United States in the final, highlighted by the U.S. team's semifinal upset of Spain.[57] Qualifying matches for the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations ran through the year, shaping national team lineups for the Angola-hosted tournament with competitive group-stage encounters across the continent.American sports
In American football, Super Bowl XLIII took place on February 1, with the Pittsburgh Steelers defeating the Arizona Cardinals 27–23 in a dramatic fourth-quarter finish.[58] In basketball, the Los Angeles Lakers won the NBA Finals by defeating the Orlando Magic four games to one, securing their 15th championship, while Kobe Bryant earned Finals MVP honors for his 32.4 points per game average.[59] In ice hockey, the Pittsburgh Penguins captured the Stanley Cup by overcoming the Detroit Red Wings in seven games, clinching the series on June 12 with a 2–1 victory in Game 7.[60] In baseball, the New York Yankees defeated the Philadelphia Phillies four games to two to win the World Series in November, marking their 27th title overall.[61]Other sports
In golf, Ángel Cabrera of Argentina won the Masters Tournament in April, defeating Kenny Perry and Chad Campbell in a sudden-death playoff to claim his second major championship.[62] Tennis saw Roger Federer secure a record 15th Grand Slam singles title by winning Wimbledon in July, overcoming Andy Roddick in a five-set final that featured a then-record 77 games; Federer also captured his first French Open earlier that year, completing the career Grand Slam.[63] In athletics, Usain Bolt extended his dominance by setting a new 100 m world record of 9.58 seconds at the World Championships in Berlin in August, along with victories in the 200 m and 4×100 m relay.[64] Boxing highlighted Manny Pacquiao's versatility, as he moved up weight classes to defeat Miguel Cotto for the WBO welterweight title in November, marking his seventh division conquest.[65] Preparations for the 2010 Winter Olympics included training initiatives like Canada's Olympic Excellence Series in May, which gathered athletes for specialized sessions ahead of Vancouver's hosting.[66]Demography
Births
- January 5: Walker Scobell, American actor recognized for portraying Percy Jackson in the Disney+ series.[67]
- January 6: Seraphina Rose Elizabeth Affleck, daughter of actors Jennifer Garner and Ben Affleck.[68]
- September 9: Sparrow James Midnight Madden, son of musician Joel Madden and fashion designer Nicole Richie.[69]
- September 25: Leah Sava Jeffries, American actress known for her role as Annabeth Chase in the Percy Jackson series.[70]
- September 26: Alisha Weir, Irish actress who starred in the film Abigail.[71]
- October 9: Lou Sulola Samuel, daughter of model Heidi Klum and musician Seal.[72]
Deaths
- David Carradine, American actor known for portraying Kwai Chang Caine in the television series Kung Fu, died on June 3 from accidental asphyxiation during autoerotic activity.[73]
- Michael Jackson, the American singer often called the King of Pop for his influential albums like Thriller, died on June 25 from acute propofol intoxication leading to cardiac arrest.[74]
- Farrah Fawcett, American actress famous for her role as Jill Munroe in the television series Charlie's Angels, died on June 25 from anal cancer.[75]
- Patrick Swayze, American actor recognized for his lead role in the film Dirty Dancing, died on September 14 from pancreatic cancer.[76]
- Brittany Murphy, American actress noted for roles in films like Clueless and 8 Mile, died on December 20 from pneumonia exacerbated by anemia and multiple drug intoxication.[77]