May 15

May 15 is the 135th day of the year (136th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, leaving 230 days until year-end in non-leap years.^[1]
The date features several international observances, including the United Nations-designated International Day of Families, aimed at raising awareness of issues affecting families worldwide.^[2] Other annual events encompass National Chocolate Chip Day in the United States, commemorating the invention of the chocolate chip cookie in 1930, and Peace Officers Memorial Day, honoring law enforcement officers killed in the line of duty.^[3][4]
Historically, May 15 marks pivotal moments such as the 1765 passage of the British Quartering Act by Parliament, which mandated colonial housing for troops and fueled pre-Revolutionary tensions, and the 1940 opening of the first McDonald's restaurant in San Bernardino, California, by the McDonald brothers, laying groundwork for the global fast-food chain.^[5][1] In 1988, the Soviet Union initiated its troop withdrawal from Afghanistan, signaling the beginning of the end for its nine-year occupation amid mounting casualties and international pressure.^[6] Notable births include author L. Frank Baum (1856), creator of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, and former U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright (1937), the first woman in that role.^[7] Significant deaths encompass poet Emily Dickinson (1886), whose innovative verse gained posthumous acclaim, and singer June Carter Cash (2003), a Country Music Hall of Fame inductee known for her collaborations with Johnny Cash.^[8]

Events

Pre-1600

392 – Roman emperor Valentinian II died at age 21 in Vienne, likely murdered by his Frankish general Arbogast, who sought to install the pagan rhetorician Eugenius as emperor; this event triggered Theodosius I's invasion of the West in 394, culminating in the Battle of the Frigidus where Theodosius defeated and killed Eugenius, thereby reuniting the empire temporarily under Christian rule and accelerating the marginalization of pagan elements in Roman governance.^[9][10] 1174 – Zengid sultan Nur ad-Din Mahmud died at age 56 in Damascus from illness, creating a succession dispute among his relatives that weakened Syrian unity against the Crusader states; this fragmentation enabled his former lieutenant Saladin to seize control of Egypt and Syria, founding the Ayyubid dynasty whose military campaigns, including the 1187 victory at Hattin, recaptured Jerusalem and reshaped the balance of power in the Levant for over a century.

1601–1900

Hendrick Avercamp (baptized January 27, 1585 – May 15, 1634), a Dutch Golden Age painter specializing in winter landscapes that portrayed rural Dutch life with meticulous detail, died in Kampen at age 49; his death concluded a career that advanced the depiction of seasonal genre scenes amid the era's artistic shift toward realism.^[11][12] Hendrik de Keyser (c. 1565 – May 15, 1621), Amsterdam's chief municipal architect and sculptor from 1610, responsible for structures like the Westerkerk and the Mausoleum of William the Silent, succumbed to a long illness at around age 56; his passing marked the end of his oversight on the city's early Baroque transformations during the Dutch Revolt's aftermath. Peter Plancius (1552 – May 15, 1622), a Flemish-Dutch theologian, cartographer, and clergyman who contributed to the Dutch East India Company's explorations by mapping southern constellations and advocating maritime routes, died in Amsterdam at age 70; his death came as the VOC expanded its global trade networks. Marie Champmeslé (née de La Barre; 1642 – May 15, 1698), a prominent French actress celebrated for tragic roles in Corneille and Racine plays, including Phèdre, passed away in Paris at age 56 from a pulmonary ailment; her demise reflected the closing of a chapter in classical French theater's golden age under Louis XIV. Ephraim Chambers (c. 1680 – May 15, 1740), English polymath and author of the 1728 Cyclopaedia—a foundational reference work that influenced Diderot's Encyclopédie—died in London at about age 60 after a sudden illness; his death preceded the Enlightenment's encyclopedic surge. Richard Wilson (1714 – May 15, 1782), Welsh painter dubbed the "father of British landscape painting" for introducing oil techniques inspired by Claude Lorrain to depict British scenery, died in poverty in Llanberis at age 68; his passing underscored the struggles of landscape artists outside academic favor. Emily Dickinson (December 10, 1830 – May 15, 1886), an American poet whose nearly 1,800 verses, mostly unpublished during her lifetime due to her seclusion in Amherst, Massachusetts, employed unconventional punctuation, slant rhyme, and themes of death and immortality, died there at age 55 from Bright's disease; her death initiated the gradual recognition of her work's divergence from prevailing 19th-century poetic conventions.^[13]

1901–present

1911: The U.S. Supreme Court, in Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States, ruled 8–1 that John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company violated the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 by monopolizing the petroleum industry through predatory pricing and exclusive deals, ordering its breakup into 34 independent companies, which included future entities like Exxon and Chevron.^[14] 1918: The U.S. Post Office Department launched the world's first regularly scheduled airmail service, operating daily flights between Washington, D.C., New York City, and Philadelphia using six Curtiss JN-4H "Jenny" biplanes flown by Army Signal Corps aviators, carrying 140 pounds of mail on the inaugural route despite challenging weather and navigation limitations.^[15][16] 1928: Walt Disney's character Mickey Mouse debuted in the silent short film Plane Crazy, screened as a test for a small audience in Los Angeles; the cartoon, inspired by Charles Lindbergh's transatlantic flight, depicted Mickey attempting to pilot a makeshift airplane with Minnie Mouse, though it received limited release until synchronized sound was added later that year in Steamboat Willie.^[5] 1940: Brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald opened their first restaurant, McDonald's Bar-B-Q, at 1398 North E Street in San Bernardino, California, initially operating as a drive-in serving barbecue items to 20 carhops amid the local orange-picking economy, laying the groundwork for the fast-food chain's eventual global expansion.^[17] 1991: French President François Mitterrand appointed Édith Cresson as Prime Minister, making her the first woman to hold the office in France's Fifth Republic; her 11-month tenure focused on European integration and anti-Japanese trade rhetoric but faced criticism for low approval ratings and policy missteps amid economic stagnation.^[18] 2008: The California Supreme Court, in a 4–3 decision in In re Marriage Cases, struck down the state's 2000 voter-approved ban on same-sex marriage as violating the equal protection clause of the California Constitution, enabling same-sex couples to obtain marriage licenses starting June 17 until Proposition 8 overturned the ruling later that year.^[19][20]

Births

Pre-1600

392 – Roman emperor Valentinian II died at age 21 in Vienne, likely murdered by his Frankish general Arbogast, who sought to install the pagan rhetorician Eugenius as emperor; this event triggered Theodosius I's invasion of the West in 394, culminating in the Battle of the Frigidus where Theodosius defeated and killed Eugenius, thereby reuniting the empire temporarily under Christian rule and accelerating the marginalization of pagan elements in Roman governance.^[9][10] 1174 – Zengid sultan Nur ad-Din Mahmud died at age 56 in Damascus from illness, creating a succession dispute among his relatives that weakened Syrian unity against the Crusader states; this fragmentation enabled his former lieutenant Saladin to seize control of Egypt and Syria, founding the Ayyubid dynasty whose military campaigns, including the 1187 victory at Hattin, recaptured Jerusalem and reshaped the balance of power in the Levant for over a century.

1601–1900

Hendrick Avercamp (baptized January 27, 1585 – May 15, 1634), a Dutch Golden Age painter specializing in winter landscapes that portrayed rural Dutch life with meticulous detail, died in Kampen at age 49; his death concluded a career that advanced the depiction of seasonal genre scenes amid the era's artistic shift toward realism.^[11][12] Hendrik de Keyser (c. 1565 – May 15, 1621), Amsterdam's chief municipal architect and sculptor from 1610, responsible for structures like the Westerkerk and the Mausoleum of William the Silent, succumbed to a long illness at around age 56; his passing marked the end of his oversight on the city's early Baroque transformations during the Dutch Revolt's aftermath. Peter Plancius (1552 – May 15, 1622), a Flemish-Dutch theologian, cartographer, and clergyman who contributed to the Dutch East India Company's explorations by mapping southern constellations and advocating maritime routes, died in Amsterdam at age 70; his death came as the VOC expanded its global trade networks. Marie Champmeslé (née de La Barre; 1642 – May 15, 1698), a prominent French actress celebrated for tragic roles in Corneille and Racine plays, including Phèdre, passed away in Paris at age 56 from a pulmonary ailment; her demise reflected the closing of a chapter in classical French theater's golden age under Louis XIV. Ephraim Chambers (c. 1680 – May 15, 1740), English polymath and author of the 1728 Cyclopaedia—a foundational reference work that influenced Diderot's Encyclopédie—died in London at about age 60 after a sudden illness; his death preceded the Enlightenment's encyclopedic surge. Richard Wilson (1714 – May 15, 1782), Welsh painter dubbed the "father of British landscape painting" for introducing oil techniques inspired by Claude Lorrain to depict British scenery, died in poverty in Llanberis at age 68; his passing underscored the struggles of landscape artists outside academic favor. Emily Dickinson (December 10, 1830 – May 15, 1886), an American poet whose nearly 1,800 verses, mostly unpublished during her lifetime due to her seclusion in Amherst, Massachusetts, employed unconventional punctuation, slant rhyme, and themes of death and immortality, died there at age 55 from Bright's disease; her death initiated the gradual recognition of her work's divergence from prevailing 19th-century poetic conventions.^[13]

1901–present

1911: The U.S. Supreme Court, in Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States, ruled 8–1 that John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company violated the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 by monopolizing the petroleum industry through predatory pricing and exclusive deals, ordering its breakup into 34 independent companies, which included future entities like Exxon and Chevron.^[14] 1918: The U.S. Post Office Department launched the world's first regularly scheduled airmail service, operating daily flights between Washington, D.C., New York City, and Philadelphia using six Curtiss JN-4H "Jenny" biplanes flown by Army Signal Corps aviators, carrying 140 pounds of mail on the inaugural route despite challenging weather and navigation limitations.^[15][16] 1928: Walt Disney's character Mickey Mouse debuted in the silent short film Plane Crazy, screened as a test for a small audience in Los Angeles; the cartoon, inspired by Charles Lindbergh's transatlantic flight, depicted Mickey attempting to pilot a makeshift airplane with Minnie Mouse, though it received limited release until synchronized sound was added later that year in Steamboat Willie.^[5] 1940: Brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald opened their first restaurant, McDonald's Bar-B-Q, at 1398 North E Street in San Bernardino, California, initially operating as a drive-in serving barbecue items to 20 carhops amid the local orange-picking economy, laying the groundwork for the fast-food chain's eventual global expansion.^[17] 1991: French President François Mitterrand appointed Édith Cresson as Prime Minister, making her the first woman to hold the office in France's Fifth Republic; her 11-month tenure focused on European integration and anti-Japanese trade rhetoric but faced criticism for low approval ratings and policy missteps amid economic stagnation.^[18] 2008: The California Supreme Court, in a 4–3 decision in In re Marriage Cases, struck down the state's 2000 voter-approved ban on same-sex marriage as violating the equal protection clause of the California Constitution, enabling same-sex couples to obtain marriage licenses starting June 17 until Proposition 8 overturned the ruling later that year.^[19][20]

Deaths

Pre-1600

392 – Roman emperor Valentinian II died at age 21 in Vienne, likely murdered by his Frankish general Arbogast, who sought to install the pagan rhetorician Eugenius as emperor; this event triggered Theodosius I's invasion of the West in 394, culminating in the Battle of the Frigidus where Theodosius defeated and killed Eugenius, thereby reuniting the empire temporarily under Christian rule and accelerating the marginalization of pagan elements in Roman governance.^[9][10] 1174 – Zengid sultan Nur ad-Din Mahmud died at age 56 in Damascus from illness, creating a succession dispute among his relatives that weakened Syrian unity against the Crusader states; this fragmentation enabled his former lieutenant Saladin to seize control of Egypt and Syria, founding the Ayyubid dynasty whose military campaigns, including the 1187 victory at Hattin, recaptured Jerusalem and reshaped the balance of power in the Levant for over a century.

1601–1900

Hendrick Avercamp (baptized January 27, 1585 – May 15, 1634), a Dutch Golden Age painter specializing in winter landscapes that portrayed rural Dutch life with meticulous detail, died in Kampen at age 49; his death concluded a career that advanced the depiction of seasonal genre scenes amid the era's artistic shift toward realism.^[11][12] Hendrik de Keyser (c. 1565 – May 15, 1621), Amsterdam's chief municipal architect and sculptor from 1610, responsible for structures like the Westerkerk and the Mausoleum of William the Silent, succumbed to a long illness at around age 56; his passing marked the end of his oversight on the city's early Baroque transformations during the Dutch Revolt's aftermath. Peter Plancius (1552 – May 15, 1622), a Flemish-Dutch theologian, cartographer, and clergyman who contributed to the Dutch East India Company's explorations by mapping southern constellations and advocating maritime routes, died in Amsterdam at age 70; his death came as the VOC expanded its global trade networks. Marie Champmeslé (née de La Barre; 1642 – May 15, 1698), a prominent French actress celebrated for tragic roles in Corneille and Racine plays, including Phèdre, passed away in Paris at age 56 from a pulmonary ailment; her demise reflected the closing of a chapter in classical French theater's golden age under Louis XIV. Ephraim Chambers (c. 1680 – May 15, 1740), English polymath and author of the 1728 Cyclopaedia—a foundational reference work that influenced Diderot's Encyclopédie—died in London at about age 60 after a sudden illness; his death preceded the Enlightenment's encyclopedic surge. Richard Wilson (1714 – May 15, 1782), Welsh painter dubbed the "father of British landscape painting" for introducing oil techniques inspired by Claude Lorrain to depict British scenery, died in poverty in Llanberis at age 68; his passing underscored the struggles of landscape artists outside academic favor. Emily Dickinson (December 10, 1830 – May 15, 1886), an American poet whose nearly 1,800 verses, mostly unpublished during her lifetime due to her seclusion in Amherst, Massachusetts, employed unconventional punctuation, slant rhyme, and themes of death and immortality, died there at age 55 from Bright's disease; her death initiated the gradual recognition of her work's divergence from prevailing 19th-century poetic conventions.^[13]

1901–present

1911: The U.S. Supreme Court, in Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States, ruled 8–1 that John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company violated the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 by monopolizing the petroleum industry through predatory pricing and exclusive deals, ordering its breakup into 34 independent companies, which included future entities like Exxon and Chevron.^[14] 1918: The U.S. Post Office Department launched the world's first regularly scheduled airmail service, operating daily flights between Washington, D.C., New York City, and Philadelphia using six Curtiss JN-4H "Jenny" biplanes flown by Army Signal Corps aviators, carrying 140 pounds of mail on the inaugural route despite challenging weather and navigation limitations.^[15][16] 1928: Walt Disney's character Mickey Mouse debuted in the silent short film Plane Crazy, screened as a test for a small audience in Los Angeles; the cartoon, inspired by Charles Lindbergh's transatlantic flight, depicted Mickey attempting to pilot a makeshift airplane with Minnie Mouse, though it received limited release until synchronized sound was added later that year in Steamboat Willie.^[5] 1940: Brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald opened their first restaurant, McDonald's Bar-B-Q, at 1398 North E Street in San Bernardino, California, initially operating as a drive-in serving barbecue items to 20 carhops amid the local orange-picking economy, laying the groundwork for the fast-food chain's eventual global expansion.^[17] 1991: French President François Mitterrand appointed Édith Cresson as Prime Minister, making her the first woman to hold the office in France's Fifth Republic; her 11-month tenure focused on European integration and anti-Japanese trade rhetoric but faced criticism for low approval ratings and policy missteps amid economic stagnation.^[18] 2008: The California Supreme Court, in a 4–3 decision in In re Marriage Cases, struck down the state's 2000 voter-approved ban on same-sex marriage as violating the equal protection clause of the California Constitution, enabling same-sex couples to obtain marriage licenses starting June 17 until Proposition 8 overturned the ruling later that year.^[19][20]

Holidays and observances

Religious observances

In the Roman Catholic liturgical calendar, May 15 commemorates Saint Isidore the Farmer (c. 1070–1130), a Spanish day laborer renowned for his piety and reported miracles, including angelic assistance in plowing fields while he attended Mass, underscoring themes of divine providence in agrarian toil. Canonized in 1622 alongside figures like Ignatius of Loyola, Isidore serves as patron saint of farmers, laborers, and rural communities, with observances often involving blessings of fields and livestock to invoke his intercession for bountiful harvests.^[21] The same date marks the feast of Saint John Baptist de la Salle (1651–1719), founder of the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools, who emphasized education for the poor through structured teaching methods rooted in Christian doctrine. Canonized in 1900 and declared patron of teachers in 1950, his observance highlights vocational training and moral instruction, with masses focusing on his writings advocating accessible Christian education over elite scholasticism. Saint Dymphna (7th century), an Irish virgin martyr beheaded by her pagan father, is also venerated on May 15 as patron against mental afflictions, epilepsy, and incest, based on hagiographic accounts of her flight to Belgium and posthumous healings at her shrine in Geel. Devotions include prayers for psychological deliverance, reflecting medieval associations of her story with demonic possession rather than modern psychiatric framings. In Shinto tradition, the Aoi Matsuri (Hollyhock Festival) occurs annually on May 15 in Kyoto, tracing origins to 6th-century rituals at the Kamo shrines to propitiate kami (deities) for averting pestilence and ensuring imperial fertility and agricultural prosperity.^[22] Formalized during the Heian period (794–1185), the event features a procession of over 500 participants in 12th-century attire, carrying sacred hollyhock branches—symbolizing warding off calamity—from the Imperial Palace to Shimogamo and Kamigamo Shrines, preserving esoteric rites for communal harmony and seasonal renewal.^[23]

National and international holidays

In Paraguay, May 15 forms part of the two-day Independence Day observance, with May 14 marking the 1811 revolution against Spanish colonial rule and May 15 designated as the National Day to affirm sovereignty. The events of 1811 involved local leaders establishing a junta in Asunción, rejecting Buenos Aires' authority and emphasizing self-governance amid fears of external domination, which later manifested in policies of isolation and self-reliance under José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia. This holiday celebrates the break from imperial control, prioritizing national autonomy over integration into larger Spanish American entities.^[24][25] Slovenia observes May 15 as Army Day, commemorating the 1991 decision for conscripts to serve solely in Slovenian units, signaling the formation of national armed forces separate from the Yugoslav People's Army. This date underscores the military's pivotal role in the brief Ten-Day War for independence, reflecting a realist shift toward defending territorial integrity against a dissolving federation, rather than reliance on partisan legacies from World War II. The holiday features ceremonies honoring personnel and equipment displays, emphasizing operational readiness in NATO-aligned defense.^[26][27] The United Nations proclaims May 15 as the International Day of Families, established by General Assembly resolution in 1993 following the International Year of Families, to address issues like poverty, migration, and aging populations impacting family units. While the observance promotes policies for family support, cross-national data reveal that stable, two-parent households correlate with reduced child poverty, lower incarceration rates, and higher educational attainment, highlighting causal links between traditional family structures and broader societal resilience against dysfunctions observed in fragmented alternatives.^[28]

Unofficial and awareness days

Peace Officers Memorial Day, observed annually on May 15 in the United States, honors federal, state, and local law enforcement officers killed or disabled in the line of duty. Proclaimed by President John F. Kennedy in 1962, the day underscores the risks officers face, with 2024 recording over 100 on-duty deaths, of which nearly 60% resulted from intentional acts such as shootings.^[29] Empirical research supports policing's role in crime reduction, as evidence-based approaches like hot spots policing have consistently lowered offense rates in targeted areas, often by 10-20% without evidence of displacement to untreated zones.^[30] National Chocolate Chip Day, marked on May 15, celebrates the origins of chocolate chips in baking, stemming from Ruth Graves Wakefield's 1938 innovation at her Toll House Inn in Whitman, Massachusetts. Wakefield added chopped Nestlé semi-sweet chocolate bars to butter drop cookie dough, intending for the pieces to melt fully but instead producing the signature chips that defined the modern cookie. This development prompted a royalty agreement with Nestlé in 1939, enabling mass production and embedding the treat in American culinary culture.^[31] Global Accessibility Awareness Day, held on the third Thursday of May (coinciding with May 15 in years like 2025), promotes dialogue on digital inclusion for individuals with disabilities. Originating from a 2011 blog post by web developer Joe Devon, who sought greater tech industry focus on accessibility, the event highlights practices like screen reader compatibility and keyboard navigation. Progress in this area relies more on market-driven technological innovations—such as AI-powered overlays and adaptive interfaces—than on regulatory quotas, which empirical analyses show can elevate compliance costs without proportionally enhancing usability outcomes.^[32]