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223 series
223-2000 series set W15, February 2021
In service1994–present
ManufacturerHitachi, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Kinki Sharyo
Built atKudamatsu, Kobe, Higashiōsaka
Replaced103 series, 113 series, 115 series, 117 series, 213 series, 221 series
Constructed1993–2008
Entered service1 April 1994
Refurbished2018–
Number built927 vehicles
Number in service926 vehicles
Number scrapped1 vehicle (KuMoYa 223-9001 "U@tech")
Formation2/4/6/8 cars per trainset
Fleet numbers
  • HE401–HE435 (223-0/2500 series)
  • V1–V55, V58–V66 (223-1000/2000/Aboshi-based 6000 series 4-car sets)
  • W1–W39 (223-1000/2000 series 8-car sets)
  • J1–J14 (223-2000 series 6-car sets)
  • P1–P7 (223-5000 series)
  • F1–F16 (223-5500 series)
  • MA1–MA20 (Miyahara-based 223-6000 series)
  • R01-R02 (Kyoto-based 223-6000 series)
OperatorsJR West
DepotsHineno, Kyoto, Aboshi, Miyahara, Fukuchiyama, Okayama
Lines served
Specifications
Car body constructionStainless steel
Car length20,000 mm (65 ft 7 in)
Width2,950 mm (9 ft 8 in)
Doors3 pairs per side
2 pairs per side (A-SEAT cars)
Maximum speed120 km/h (75 mph) (223-0/2500/5500/6000 series),
130 km/h (81 mph) (other series)
Traction systemVariable frequency
3-level GTO (223-0 series)
3-level IGBT (223-1000/5000 series)
2-level IGBT (223-9000 series)
2 or 3-level IGBT (other series)
Acceleration2.5 km/(h⋅s) (1.6 mph/s)
Deceleration223-0/2500/5500 series:3.5 km/(h⋅s) (2.2 mph/s) (service)
4.2 km/(h⋅s) (2.6 mph/s) (emergency)
other series:4.3 km/(h⋅s) (2.7 mph/s) (service)
5.2 km/(h⋅s) (3.2 mph/s) (emergency)
HVACWAU702 x2 (223-0 series)
WAU705 x2 (powered car), WAU304 x2 (trailer car)(223-1000 series)
WAU705A x2 (other series)
Electric system(s)1,500 V DC overhead
Current collectionWPS27D scissors-type pantograph
single-arm pantograph (223-9000 series)
BogiesWDT55A (powered car),WTR239A (trailer car)(223-0 series)
WDT56 (powered car),WTR234 (trailer car)(223-1000 series)
WDT56XA (223-9000 series)
WDT59 (powered car),WTR243 (trailer car)(other series)
Braking system(s)Dynamic brake (223-9000 series), regenerative brake, electronically controlled pneumatic brakes, snow-resistant brake
Safety system(s)ATS-SW, ATS-P (except 223-5000 series)
Coupling systemShibata-Type
Multiple working225 series
221 series (for 223-5500/6000 series only)
JR Shikoku 5000 series (for 223-5000 series only)
213 series (U@tech)
Track gauge1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in)

The 223 series (223系, 223-kei) is a suburban electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by the West Japan Railway Company (JR-West) in the Kansai region, Chūgoku region and Shikoku region of Japan. Multiple batches of the model have been built with varying differences (particularly motor output control), although the overall general appearance remains similar.

Design of the rolling stock was an improved adaptation of the 221 series, with three pairs of doors per side per car and a transverse seating layout. Production of the train type first began in 1993.[1]

Variants

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223-0, 223-2500 series

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The first model (223–0) was delivered earlier than expected, and saw introduction into service on 1 April 1994, on the Hanwa Line. On 4 September of the same year, it began serving the Kansai Airport Line Rapid Service as Kansai International Airport opened. The train was initially fitted with luggage racks, for passengers travelling to/from the airport. A 1 + 2 seating configuration has been adopted to allow passengers to place bulky luggage on the floor where necessary.[citation needed]

Between 1996 and 1998, baggage cars were included, but due to lack of use it was reverted. Unable to cope with the increasing passenger traffic, new cars were produced and designated as the 223–2500, based on the 223-2000 model. These cars were introduced in 1999.[citation needed]

The 223-0 and 223–2500 series see regular service on the Osaka Loop Line, Hanwa Line (and Kansai Airport Line), and the Kisei Main Line. They are typically operated in 4+4-car formations, uncoupled at Hineno.

In May 2018, set HE401 was refurbished, and began test running later on the same month.[2]

  • 223-0 series as it was when it first appeared, August 2004
    223-0 series as it was when it first appeared, August 2004
  • 223-0 series set HE411, July 2017
    223-0 series set HE411, July 2017
  • State before attaching the safety fence set HE431, July 2019
    State before attaching the safety fence set HE431, July 2019
  • 223-2500 series set HE425, July 2017
    223-2500 series set HE425, July 2017
  • The first refurbished set, HE401, November 2018
    The first refurbished set, HE401, November 2018

223-1000 series

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This sub-series was manufactured in 1995, and were quickly pressed into service in the summer of the same year to curb dwindling passenger travel in the aftermath of the Great Hanshin earthquake, replacing older 221 series sets on Special Rapid services.[3] The trains sport a higher top service speed of 130 km/h, and were manufactured jointly between Kinki Sharyo, Hitachi, and Kawasaki Heavy Industries. Fold-up seats replace some of the regular ones, in order to increase standing capacity during peak hours.[4] To lower the center of gravity, air-conditioning units have been shifted to the bottom of the carriages.[citation needed]

The 223–1000 series is used on several routes: Hokuriku Main Line, Tōkaidō Main Line, Sanyō Main Line, Kosei Line, Kusatsu Line, and Sagano Line. A total of 92 cars were produced, and they are typically in 4- or 8-car formations.

In Q1 2019, selected 223-1000 end cars on 4-car sets underwent modifications to introduce the "A-Seat", a reserved seat service currently found on select 12-car Special Rapid Service trains.[5] On these cars, straight blue stripes run along the sides of the car and the center door is permanently sealed. Seating is in a 2 + 2 configuration and WiFi is equipped along with power outlets.[5]

  • State before attaching the safety fence set W6, November 2007
    State before attaching the safety fence set W6, November 2007
  • With safety fence attached 4-car set V4, January 2021
    With safety fence attached 4-car set V4, January 2021
  • 223-1000 series refurbished 4-car set V5, April 2021
    223-1000 series refurbished 4-car set V5, April 2021
  • 223-1000 series A-SEAT car, April 2019
    223-1000 series A-SEAT car, April 2019

223-2000 series

[edit]

In 1999, Kawasaki Heavy Industries and Kinki Sharyo received a further order of 236 cars. This sub-series was built with substantial improvements: for example universal access toilets and heat absorbent windows. Its formation and assignment of routes are similar to the 223-1000 model. 223 series set V8 was refurbished in Q1 2025, then re-entered service a few months after. It features LED headlights and full colour LED screens at the front of the train.

  • State before attaching the safety fence set W30, November 2007
    State before attaching the safety fence set W30, November 2007
  • The prototype unit, 4-car set V7, 16 February 2021
    The prototype unit, 4-car set V7, 16 February 2021
  • 223-2000 series 6-car set J14, March 2021
    223-2000 series 6-car set J14, March 2021
  • 223-2000 series 8-car set W25, January 2021
    223-2000 series 8-car set W25, January 2021
  • Refurbished 223-2000 series set V26, 14 June 2025
    Refurbished 223-2000 series set V26, 14 June 2025

223-5000 series

[edit]

This sub-series was built in 2003 by Kawasaki Heavy Industries, intended to replace the aging 213 series operating on the Marine Liner services on the Seto-Ōhashi line. It can be coupled to the bi-level (double deck) JR Shikoku 5000 series, and ATS-P is not utilized. It was subsequently introduced on October 1 of the same year. JR-West classifies its sets as 223–5000, while JR Shikoku classifies its sets as 5000 series which were delivered as 3 car sets but subsequently reduced to two car sets (plus the bi-level reserved seat car).

  • 223-5000 series set P7, 18 July 2023
    223-5000 series set P7, 18 July 2023
  • A 223–5000 series (right) coupled with a JR Shikoku 5000 series (left)
    A 223–5000 series (right) coupled with a JR Shikoku 5000 series (left)

223-5500 series

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16 2-car sets were delivered in 2008, with the first sets entering service in July 2008. These sets are based at Fukuchiyama Depot, and are equipped for wanman driver-only-operation. Formation is KuMoHa223-5500 + KuHa222-5500.[6]

  • 223-5500 series set F16, October 2019
    223-5500 series set F16, October 2019

223-6000 series

[edit]

This sub-series was created by modifying 223–2000 series sets with performance restricted to match that of 221 series sets.[7] The first 4-car set (V25) was returned to service on 21 January 2008. These sets are distinguished by an orange stripe on the front gangway doors between the headlight clusters.

  • 223-6000 series set V26 leading an 8-car consist
    223-6000 series set V26 leading an 8-car consist
  • Driver's cab of a 223–6000 series
    Driver's cab of a 223–6000 series

223-9000 series (U@tech)

[edit]
U@tech logo

In September 2004, JR-West unveiled the 3-car "U@tech" (you, Urban Network, ubiquitous, future + technology) experimental EMU converted from former Kawasaki Heavy Industries KuMoHa 223–9001, which was the prototype of the 223–2000 series and Seto-Ōhashi Line 213 series cars. This set was used to test and develop new technology for use on future narrow-gauge trains. It was based at Suita Depot and began testing on the JR Kyoto Line and JR Kobe Line from August 2004, and was withdrawn on 31 March 2019.[8]

  • KuMoYa 223–9001
    KuMoYa 223–9001
[edit]
  • WDT59 powered bogie
    WDT59 powered bogie
  • WTR243A trailer bogie
    WTR243A trailer bogie

Operations

[edit]

JR-West

[edit]

223-0 series

[edit]

223-1000/2000 series

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223-2500 (Hineno depot) series

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223-2500 (Kyoto depot) series

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223-5000 series

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223-5500 series

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223-6000 (Aboshi depot) series

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  • Tōkaidō Main Line (Biwako Line, JR Kyoto Line, JR Kobe Line) (Maibara - Kōbe)
  • Sanyō Main Line (JR Kobe Line) (Kōbe - Kamigōri)
  • Bantan Line (Himeji - Teramae, sometimes substituted for 103 and 221 series)
  • Akō Line (Aioi - Banshū-Akō)

223-6000 (Miyahara depot) series

[edit]
  • Tōkaidō Main Line (JR Kobe Line) (Ōsaka - Amagasaki)
  • Fukuchiyama Line (JR Takarazuka Line) (Amagasaki - Sasayamaguchi or Fukuchiyama)

223-6000 (Kyoto depot) series

[edit]
  • Tōkaidō Main Line (Biwako Line) (Kyoto - Yamashina)
  • Kosei Line (Yamashina - Nagahara)
  • Sanin Main Line (Sagano Line) (Kyoto - Goma)

JR Shikoku

[edit]

223-5000 series

[edit]

Formations

[edit]

223-0, 223-2500 series

[edit]

4-car sets (HE prefix)

[edit]
Car No. 1 2 3 4
Designation T'c M T Mc
Numbering KuHa 222-0 MoHa 223-0 SaHa 223-100 KuMoHa 223–0
Designation T'c M T Mc
Numbering KuHa 222-2500 MoHa 223-2500 SaHa 223-2500 KuMoHa 223–2500
Designation T'c1 M T Mc1
Numbering KuHa 222-100 MoHa 223-2500 SaHa 223-0 KuMoHa 223–100
Designation T'c M T Mc
Numbering KuHa 222-2500 MoHa 223-2500 SaHa 223-0 KuMoHa 223–2500

The KuMoHa 223 and MoHa 223 cars are each fitted with one scissors-type pantograph.

223-1000 series

[edit]

8-car sets (W prefix)

[edit]
Car No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Designation T'c M T T M T T Mc
Numbering KuHa 222-1000 MoHa 223-1000 SaHa 223–1000 SaHa 223-1000 MoHa 223-1000 SaHa 223–1000 SaHa 223-1000 KuMoHa 223–1000

4-car sets (V prefix)

[edit]
Car No. 1 2 3 4
Designation T'c M T Mc
Numbering KuHa 222-1000 MoHa 223-1000 SaHa 223-1000 KuMoHa 223–1000

The KuMoHa 223 and MoHa 223 cars are each fitted with one scissors-type pantograph.

223-2000 series

[edit]

8-car sets (W prefix)

[edit]
Car No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Designation T'c M T T M' T T Mc3
Numbering KuHa 222-2000 MoHa 223-2000 SaHa 223–2000 SaHa 223-2000 MoHa 222-2000 SaHa 223–2000 SaHa 223-2000 KuMoHa 223–3000
Designation T'c M T T M1 T T Mc
Numbering KuHa 222-2000 MoHa 223-2000 SaHa 223–2000 SaHa 223-2000 MoHa 223-2100 SaHa 223–2000 SaHa 223-2000 KuMoHa 223–2000

6-car sets (J prefix)

[edit]
Car No. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Designation T'c T M T T Mc
Numbering KuHa 222-2000 SaHa 223-2000 MoHa 223-2000 SaHa 223–2000 SaHa 223-2000 KuMoHa 223–2000

4-car sets (V prefix)

[edit]
Car No. 1 2 3 4
Designation T'c M'3 T Mc3
Numbering KuHa 222-2000 MoHa 222-3000 SaHa 223-2000 KuMoHa 223–3000
Designation T'c M1 T Mc
Numbering KuHa 222-2000 MoHa 223-2100 SaHa 223-2000 KuMoHa 223–2000

The KuMoHa 223 and MoHa 223/222 cars are each fitted with one scissors-type pantograph.

223-5000 series

[edit]

2-car sets (P prefix)

[edit]
Car No. 1 2
Designation T'c Mc
Numbering KuHa 222-5000 KuMoHa 223–5000

The KuMoHa 223 cars are each fitted with one scissors-type pantograph.

223-5500 series

[edit]

2-car sets (F prefix)

[edit]
Car No. 1 2
Designation T'c Mc
Numbering KuHa 222-5500 KuMoHa 223–5500

The KuMoHa 223-5501/5502/5503/5504/5509 cars are equipped with a second de-icing pantograph.

223-6000 series

[edit]

4-car Aboshi depot sets (CV prefix)

[edit]
Car No. 1 2 3 4
Designation T'c M'3 T Mc3
Numbering KuHa 222-6000 MoHa 222-7000 SaHa 223-6000 KuMoHa 223–7000

The KuMoHa 223 and MoHa 222 cars are each fitted with one scissors-type pantograph.

4-car Miyahara depot sets (MA prefix)

[edit]
Car No. 1 2 3 4
Designation T'c M1 T Mc
Numbering KuHa 222-6000 MoHa 223-6100 SaHa 223-6000 KuMoHa 223–6000

The KuMoHa 223 and MoHa 223 cars are each fitted with two scissors-type pantograph.

4-car Kyoto depot sets (R prefix)

[edit]
Car No. 1 2 3 4
Designation T'c M1 T Mc
Numbering KuHa 222-6000 MoHa 222-6000 SaHa 223-6000 KuMoHa 223–6000

The KuMoHa 223 and MoHa 222 cars are each fitted with one scissors-type pantograph.

223-9000 series (U@tech)

[edit]
Car No. 1 2 3
Designation T'zc Tz Mzc
Numbering KuYa 212-1 SaYa 213-1 KuMoYa 223–9001

The KuMoYa 223 end car was fitted with one single-arm pantograph.

Interior

[edit]
  • Interior view of 223–1000 series
    Interior view of 223–1000 series
  • Interior view of 223–1000 series A-SEAT car
    Interior view of 223–1000 series A-SEAT car
  • Interior view of 223–2000 series
    Interior view of 223–2000 series
  • Interior view of 223–2500 series
    Interior view of 223–2500 series
  • 2-abreast flip-over seats
    2-abreast flip-over seats
  • 223-5500 series longitudinal seating
    223-5500 series longitudinal seating
  • 223-2000 series universal access toilet
    223-2000 series universal access toilet
  • Driver's cab end of 223–5500 series showing LED fare board for wanman driver-only operation
    Driver's cab end of 223–5500 series showing LED fare board for wanman driver-only operation
  • 223-2000 series original passenger information display
    223-2000 series original passenger information display
  • 223-2000 series LCD display for passenger information
    223-2000 series LCD display for passenger information
  • 223-2000 series LCD display for digital signage
    223-2000 series LCD display for digital signage

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

223 series

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The 223 series (223系, 223-kei) is a family of DC (EMU) suburban trainsets operated primarily by the (JR West) on rapid, local, and airport shuttle services in the of . Introduced into revenue service in April 1994 on the , the series features lightweight bodies, (VVVF) inverter control for efficient traction, and a maximum operating speed of 130 km/h, designed to enhance commuter capacity and comfort as part of post-privatization modernization efforts. A total of 926 cars had been built as of the latest fleet inventory, making it JR West's most numerous train type, with production spanning from 1993 to 2008 by manufacturers including , , and . The series encompasses multiple sub-variants tailored to specific routes and requirements, such as the initial 223-0 series for general suburban rapid services, the 223-1000 series with enhanced acceleration for denser urban operations, and the 223-5000 series adapted for JR Shikoku's Marine Liner services to . Key design elements include three double-leaf sliding doors per side for efficient passenger flow, transverse seating configurations (often 2+2 or switchable 2+1 abreast), and bolsterless bogies for improved ride quality. These trains operate on electrified lines at 1,500 V DC, with typical formations ranging from 4 to 12 cars, supporting JR West's extensive network including the Tokaido Main Line (JR Kyoto Line), Main Line (JR Kobe Line), and Kisei Main Line. Notable for their role in post-privatization modernization of Japanese rail, the 223 series trains incorporate energy-efficient GTO or IGBT-based VVVF systems, air-conditioning units rated at 21,000 kcal/h, and safety features like (ATS). While some units have been withdrawn or refurbished for secondary duties, the majority remain in active service as of 2025, with ongoing maintenance to extend their lifespan amid JR West's fleet renewal efforts.

Introduction and History

Overview

The 223 series is a DC (EMU) train type introduced for suburban and regional services in western . It evolved from the 221 series predecessor as an improved suburban train design. The series entered service in April 1994 on JR West lines, initially on the . Primarily operated by the (JR West) since its debut, the 223 series also sees use by JR Shikoku through the related 5000 series sets for services such as the Marine Liner. As of June 2025, a total of 927 vehicles have been built, with 926 remaining in service and one scrapped. Most variants operate at a maximum speed of 120 km/h, while select post-1995 sets reach up to 130 km/h. Key manufacturers include , , and , with production spanning 1993 to 2008.

Development and Production

The 223 series was developed by (JR West) as a successor to the 221 series, introduced in 1989, to address growing transportation demands on urban and regional routes in the Kansai area following the 1987 privatization of . This evolution aimed to enhance capacity and efficiency for rapid services amid JR West's competitive push against established private railway operators in the region, and to improve commuter capacity and comfort following the Great Hanshin earthquake of 1995. Conceptualization began in the early , with manufacturing commencing in and the first units entering service in 1994 to support the opening of and expanded rapid operations on lines such as the . Production continued through multiple phases until 2008, starting with the initial batch for airport access and extending to later builds adapted for diverse regional needs, resulting in a total of 927 cars. The trains were manufactured by , , and , with assembly distributed across these firms to meet JR West's expansion in the Kansai and Chugoku regions. Key milestones included the 1994 debut aligning with infrastructure developments like the airport line, which boosted connectivity and passenger volumes in post-privatization growth areas. Subsequent production phases incorporated refinements for operational reliability, supporting JR West's strategy to strengthen through increased service frequency and route coverage.

Design and Technical Specifications

Exterior and Structure

The 223 series trains feature standardized body dimensions across variants, with a width of 2,950 mm, a length of 20,000 mm per car, and a of 3,640 mm. End cars measure approximately 19,500 mm in length, while intermediate cars are 20,000 mm, allowing compatibility with standard Japanese . The overall reaches up to 4,140 mm when including the on roof-mounted models. The cars employ lightweight stainless steel construction for the body shell, providing enhanced corrosion resistance and reduced weight compared to earlier steel designs, with unpainted surfaces for low . Underframes in later variants incorporate stainless steel elements to further improve durability in coastal and humid environments. Bead-less pressed stainless sheets form the exterior skin, contributing to without visible reinforcements. Approximate tare weights range from 32 to 40 tons per car, varying by powered or trailer configuration and formation length. Exterior design emphasizes suburban utility with three 1,300 mm wide double-leaf per side for efficient passenger flow, complemented by double-glazed windows (950 mm high) for noise and . The 223-1000 and 223-2000 series incorporate aerodynamic front ends with steel cab structures, wide windscreens, and central gangways to reduce air resistance and improve visibility at operational speeds up to 130 km/h. Gangway connections between cars enable flexible 4- to 12-car formations for varying service demands. Initial production sets from featured a body with stripes as the standard , reflecting JR West's suburban branding. Subsequent variants adopted unpainted exteriors accented by waistline bands in gradation (223-0 series) or multi-tonal schemes of , , , and (223-1000/2000 series) below the windows for visual distinction. Post-refurbishment updates include regional color adaptations, such as enhanced or green accents on select sets to align with route-specific identities.

Propulsion and Electrical Systems

The 223 series trains draw power from a 1,500 V DC overhead system, with most sets equipped with single-arm pantographs for efficient current collection. All variants utilize three-phase AC induction motors with (VVVF) inverter control for traction. The propulsion is managed through (VFD) inverters, enabling precise control for smooth acceleration and incorporating to recover energy during deceleration. Key performance characteristics include an rate of 2.5 km/h/s, an emergency deceleration of 4.2 km/h/s, and a power output of 220 kW per motor, supporting efficient suburban operations. Auxiliary systems feature a 100 Ah battery for onboard power needs and WAU702 units providing 21,000 kcal/h (approximately 24 kW) of cooling capacity per unit, with two units per car.

Safety and Passenger Features

The 223 series incorporates advanced safety systems to ensure reliable operation on JR West's suburban routes. Key features include the Automatic Train Stop (ATS-SW) and ATS-P systems, which monitor train speed and automatically apply brakes if necessary to prevent collisions or overspeeding, with ATS-P specifically equipped on variants like the 223-5000 series for enhanced curve negotiation. Additionally, earthquake detection sensors, part of JR West's early earthquake warning system introduced in 1995, allow for immediate halting of trains upon seismic activity detection, contributing to passenger safety in seismically active regions. Passenger capacity in the 223 series typically ranges from 130 to 160 seats per car, utilizing a standard transverse seating layout with foldable auxiliary seats that can be locked during peak hours to accommodate standing passengers and alleviate crowding. Accessibility provisions include designated priority seats in all cars for elderly, disabled, or pregnant passengers, marked with clear signage, as well as wheelchair-accessible spaces and toilets in select variants like the 223-2000 series introduced in 1999. Refurbished sets feature LED lighting upgrades for improved visibility and energy efficiency. Interior materials emphasize durability and safety, with flame-retardant carpets and fabrics used throughout to meet standards, and anti-slip flooring to reduce fall risks in wet or crowded conditions. Destination displays originally employed LCD technology for route information, later upgraded to full-color LED panels in post-2018 refurbishments for brighter, more readable announcements. Comfort is enhanced by systems that provide smoother rides over tracks, combined with noise insulation measures achieving levels below 70 dB at operational speeds of 110 km/h.

Variants

223-0 and 223-2500 series

The 223-0 series represents the inaugural variant of the JR West 223 series electric multiple units, designed as a lightweight for DC-electrified suburban services. Built between 1993 and 1995, a total of 92 cars were produced in 23 four-car sets, with manufacturing split approximately 60% by and 40% by . These trains employ DC motors with GTO-VVVF inverter control for propulsion, enabling efficient operation in urban and regional networks. The series draws from the conceptual base of the preceding 221 series, incorporating enhanced structural integrity and improved acceleration for commuter demands. The 223-2500 series emerged as a specialized adaptation of the 223-0, optimized for airport shuttle duties on dedicated lines. Constructed from 1994 to 1996, it comprises approximately 38 cars in mixed formations including five-car, three-car, and four-car sets, sharing the same DC motor configuration and overall stainless steel construction as its predecessor. Distinctive modifications include wider doors measuring 1,300 mm to facilitate passenger flow and dedicated baggage areas at car ends, catering to travelers with large luggage. Interior optimizations feature priority seating arrangements tailored for airport users, promoting comfort during short-haul journeys while maintaining the basic formation common to both variants. Production followed a similar manufacturer distribution, emphasizing reliability in high-traffic environments. As of April 2025, the overall 223 series fleet totals 926 cars (JR West official data).

223-1000 and 223-2000 series

The 223-1000 series represents a key evolution in JR West's suburban train fleet, introduced to enhance rapid services amid growing intercity demand in the during the mid-1990s. Built between 1995 and 1998, this variant consisted of 92 cars formed into 9 eight-car sets and 5 four-car sets, primarily constructed by with contributions from and . These trains marked the introduction of AC asynchronous motors (type WMT102A, rated at 220 kW per axle) paired with a three-level (VFD) system using IGBT elements, enabling smoother acceleration and higher efficiency compared to earlier DC-based designs. Designed specifically for special rapid services on lines such as the and routes, the 223-1000 series achieved a maximum operating speed of 130 km/h, supporting faster New Rapid operations to compete with private railways. A notable design feature was the adoption of full-width driver's cabs with expansive windscreens and a central gangway for improved visibility and , constructed from lightweight bodies measuring 2,950 mm wide. These sets featured bolsterless bogies (WDT56 on powered cars, WTR240 on trailers) with for enhanced ride quality at elevated speeds. The 223-2000 series, built from 1998 to 2000, further refined the 1000 series platform with 96 cars organized into 12 eight-car sets, again led by production to address ongoing capacity needs on mainline routes. These units incorporated improved through beadless panels and streamlined cab profiles to reduce drag at high speeds, alongside upgraded VFD controls (type WPC10) for more precise motor management. Additionally, the 223-2000 series introduced semi-automatic —three 1,300 mm wide double-leaf per side per car—facilitating quicker boarding in high-density urban environments while maintaining the 130 km/h maximum speed capability. Deployed primarily on the Sanyo Main Line for and rapid services, the 223-2000 series emphasized reliability and passenger comfort with longitudinal bench seating convertible to cross-seats and enhanced noise insulation. These refinements built on the 1000 series' foundation, prioritizing energy efficiency and reduced maintenance through advanced electrical systems, without altering the overall 20 m car length or 3,640 mm height specifications.

223-5000 and 223-5500 series

The 223-5000 series represents a short-formation variant of the 223 series, consisting of 2-car sets introduced in 2003 for efficient operation on regional routes. These trains feature lightweight bodies to reduce weight and improve energy efficiency, making them suitable for urban local services with lower passenger demand. A total of 7 sets (14 cars) were produced, primarily by , with a focus on cost savings in the post-economic downturn period by leveraging existing 223-2000 series designs. The 223-5500 series, built in 2008, builds on the 5000 series design but incorporates updated IGBT-based VVVF inverters for enhanced performance and reliability on local lines. These 2-car sets are optimized for services, such as the , with compact interiors featuring a mix of transverse and longitudinal seating to accommodate varying loads. Sixteen sets (32 cars) were manufactured, emphasizing Hitachi's role in production for cost-effective and single-arm pantographs to minimize needs. Both variants prioritize operational flexibility for low-demand routes, with bolsterless bogies (WDT59 on powered cars) for stable running at up to 120 km/h and universal access toilets for passenger comfort. The 5000 series sets include brief operational collaboration with JR Shikoku through , reflecting early inter-company transfers for regional coverage.

223-6000 series

The 223-6000 series represents a specialized variant of the 223 series suburban electric multiple units, introduced in the mid- for regional services across JR West's network, with adaptations tailored to specific depots and operational needs. Primarily consisting of 4-car sets, these trains were built between 2004 and 2008, totaling 360 cars equipped with standard AC induction motors for efficient performance on non-high-speed routes. The maximum operating speed is limited to 120 km/h to align with the capabilities of coupled 221 series trains, enabling seamless mixed formations for regional rapid and local services. Key sub-variations distinguish the series by depot allocation. Sets assigned to the Aboshi depot incorporate earthquake-resistant enhancements, such as reinforced structural elements and improved seismic damping, to mitigate risks in Japan's active fault zones. In contrast, units based at the Miyahara and depots include A-Seat premium seating configurations, offering reclining seats with greater legroom and amenities like individual reading lights for enhanced passenger comfort on longer regional journeys. These adaptations reflect JR West's strategy to customize the fleet for diverse environmental and service demands. A notable feature across the sub-variations is the enhanced corrosion protection applied to the bodies, utilizing advanced coatings and materials to resist saltwater exposure and humidity on coastal routes like those near the . Overall, 90 such 4-car sets were produced and distributed across depots including Aboshi, Miyahara, and . Manufacturing involved a of established builders—Kawasaki Heavy Industries, , and —making this the final major production batch of the 223 series before JR West shifted focus to the succeeding 225 series for future regional deployments.

223-9000 series

The 223-9000 series designates the single prototype car KuMoYa 223-9001, constructed in 1998 by as a for the subsequent 223-2000 series production models, focusing on lightweight carbody construction and initial electrical system integrations. In 2004, JR West acquired this car and paired it with two surplus 213 series cars (SaYa 213-1 and KuYa 212-1, originally from Marine Liner service) to form the 3-car U@tech experimental , a dedicated platform for conventional line trials. This variant, branded "U@tech" (standing for "you, Urban Network, ubiquitous, future + "), was based at Comprehensive Vehicle Depot and did not enter revenue service, instead serving exclusively for research and development purposes until its retirement. The U@tech incorporated advanced monitoring systems, including onboard displays for real-time speed, position tracking, and forward-facing camera views, to facilitate comprehensive during trials. Its primary purpose was to validate next-generation control technologies, such as communication-based systems inspired by JR East's ATACS, enabling reduced reliance on trackside equipment, enhanced fault detection, and automated emergency braking. Additional tests encompassed vehicle splitting and joining operations—simulating automatic coupling for flexible formations—and abnormal condition simulations to improve overall and efficiency on urban and regional networks. Trials commenced on the Sagano Line (Kameoka to Sonobe section, approximately 14 km) in 2012, with expanded functions like recovery from faults and signal switching added by mid-2015, aiming for practical implementation around 2017. Following over 15 years of intermittent test runs at speeds up to 130 km/h across JR West lines, the U@tech set was withdrawn on March 31, 2019, and subsequently scrapped, marking the end of its role in pioneering digital transmission and ICT-integrated rail operations. The KuMoYa 223-9001 was briefly preserved post-withdrawal before full decommissioning, with its contributions informing advancements in wireless control and monitoring for later JR West updates.

Operations

JR West Deployments

The 223 series forms a cornerstone of JR West's suburban and regional operations in the Kansai area, serving as a versatile for high-frequency commuter and intercity travel. These trains operate primarily on key main lines including the , Sanyo Main Line, , and Kisei Main Line, supporting a mix of urban and rural connectivity. Services encompass rapid trains such as the New Rapid and Kansai Airport Rapid, alongside local and stopping services to accommodate diverse passenger needs. Specific variant assignments optimize performance across routes: the 223-0 and 223-2500 series are allocated to the for efficient airport access, while the 223-1000 and 223-2000 series handle rapid services on the Kobe Line along the Tokaido and Main Lines. The 223-5000 and 223-5500 series support operations on branch lines like the San-in Main Line (Sagano Line), and the 223-6000 series is deployed on regional routes including the Fukuchiyama and Kosei Lines. Maintenance and basing responsibilities are distributed among major depots, with Aboshi Depot overseeing Main Line duties, Miyahara Depot managing assignments, and rapid services based at Depot. As of April 2025, JR West maintains 926 cars of the 223 series in service, equivalent to approximately 200 sets given typical 4- to 8-car formations, reflecting minimal retirements since initial production from 1994 to 2008. These sets enable high utilization amid competition from private operators like and Keihan on overlapping urban corridors.

JR Shikoku Deployments

In 2003, JR Shikoku introduced six 3-car sets (18 cars total) of the 5000 series, a variant of the JR West 223-5000 series design, specifically for use on the Marine Liner rapid service connecting and across the Seto Ohashi Line. These sets replaced older 213 series trains to boost capacity and speed on this key inter-regional route. The 5000 series operates daily on the Marine Liner as a high-speed rapid service, typically forming 5-car consists by coupling with 2-car sets of JR West's 223-5000 series, achieving a maximum operating speed of 130 km/h on suitable sections of the route. This integration allows seamless joint operations between the two companies, with JR Shikoku handling the -end cars including dedicated Green Car accommodations in bilevel leading vehicles. Formations ensure efficient daily frequencies of roughly every 30 minutes during daytime hours. To align with JR Shikoku's branding, the 5000 series sets were repainted in the company's signature blue livery upon delivery, featuring white accents and the iconic "JR Shikoku" logo, distinguishing them from JR West's standard cream-and-red schemes. Maintenance and stabling occur exclusively at Depot, where routine inspections and minor modifications—such as enhanced corrosion protection for the coastal environment—are performed to support reliable cross-sea operations. As of , all 18 cars of the JR Shikoku 5000 series remain fully active on Marine Liner duties, with no additional sets introduced or transfers from JR West planned, reflecting stable demand on this vital gateway route.

Formations

Basic Configurations

The 223 series electric multiple units feature a range of standard formation lengths tailored to different service types, primarily operating on 1,500 V DC electrified lines in western . These configurations emphasize flexibility through the use of motorized cab cars (Mc), motorized intermediate cars (M), and unpowered trailer cars (T), allowing for efficient power distribution and passenger capacity. For instance, local and short-distance services commonly employ 2-car sets, while longer rapid and express runs utilize up to 8-car formations. All variants share a consistent car length of 19,500 mm, enabling seamless integration in mixed consists. Two-car formations are standard for local services, particularly in the 223-5000 and 223-5500 series, consisting of a single Mc car paired with a T car to provide basic traction and accommodation for lower-demand routes. These sets prioritize simplicity, with the Mc handling via four 220 kW motors and generation, while the T serves passenger and accessibility needs, including spaces. Four-car sets, used in suburban operations across the 223-0, 223-2500, and 223-6000 series, typically include one Mc, one , and two T cars, balancing power with capacity for intermediate-distance runs; here, two powered cars ensure adequate of 2.1 km/h/s. Six-car configurations, associated with express services in the 223-2000 series, feature two powered cars (Mc and ) amid four T cars, supporting higher speeds up to 130 km/h. Eight-car sets for rapid services in the 223-1000 and 223-2000 series often incorporate four powered cars—such as one Mc and three —for enhanced performance on busy corridors, with a total formation length of approximately 160 m.
Formation TypeTypical SeriesCar Composition ExamplePowered CarsService Role
2-car223-5000, 223-5500Mc + T1Local services
4-car223-0, 223-2500, 223-6000Mc + T + M + T2Suburban runs
6-car223-2000Mc + 2T + M + 2T2Express services
8-car223-1000, 223-2000Mc + 3T + 3M + T4Rapid services
Automatic couplers with jumper connections are fitted to all end cars across variants, facilitating the coupling and uncoupling of sets for variable-length during peak hours without depot intervention. This design supports operational flexibility, such as combining 4-car and 8-car units into 12-car consists on high-demand lines. Power distribution varies by formation but generally maintains a 1:1 or 1:2 powered-to-trailer ratio, with IGBT-based variable frequency drives on Mc and M cars providing 220 kW per axle for consistent performance. The 223-9000 series, a specialized test formation, follows similar 3-car Mc + T + T principles but is not in standard . of DC-compatible electrical systems and designs (e.g., WDT59 for powered cars, WTR243 for trailers) ensures among all 223 series variants on shared routes. As of April 1, 2025, the total 223 series fleet stood at 926 cars, with depot allocations reflecting ongoing operations and refurbishments.

Depot-Specific Sets

The 223 series trainsets operated by JR West are assigned unique prefixes based on their allocated depots and configurations, facilitating operational tracking and maintenance scheduling. These prefixes denote specific depots such as Hineno for local services on the , Aboshi for urban rapid services, Miyahara for regional lines, and for lines including the Sagano and Kosei. For instance, the HE prefix identifies 4-car sets of the 223-0 series at the Suita General Rolling Stock Depot's Hineno Branch, with 27 active sets comprising 108 cars as of late 2025. A representative example is HE401 (manufactured February 1994), currently under major refurbishment as of late 2025 and consisting of cars numbered KuMoHa 223-1, SaHa 223-101, MoHa 223-1, and KuHa 222-1. At the Aboshi General Rolling Stock Depot, multiple prefixes cover a diverse inventory totaling 620 cars across various lengths: 59 sets of 4 cars, 12 sets of 6 cars, and 39 sets of 8 cars. The V prefix applies to 4-car sets of the 223-1000 and 223-2000 series used on the JR Kobe and Lines, with ongoing refurbishments including LED upgrades; V8, for example, completed body improvements in the first quarter of 2025 and returned to service shortly thereafter. The W prefix denotes 8-car sets primarily for rapid services, while the J prefix covers 6-car 223-2000 series sets. Additionally, the CV prefix was used for 4-car 223-6000 series sets compatible with 221 series operations, though all such sets were withdrawn by 2021 following the introduction of 225 series replacements. For the 223-5000 series 2-car sets allocated to for Marine Liner services, the P prefix identifies the seven active sets at the Shimonoseki General Rolling Stock Depot's Electric Car Branch, each paired with JR Shikoku 5000 series cars. The 223-5500 series 2-car sets, prefixed F, operate on the Fukuyama area lines from the Suita General Rolling Stock Depot's Fukuyama Branch, with recent inspections noted for F11 in October 2025. Further depot allocations include the MA prefix for 4-car 223-6000 series sets at the Aboshi General Depot's Miyahara , with 13 active sets totaling 52 cars used on the Fukuyama and Takarazuka Lines. An example is MA13, which underwent crew training runs in September 2025 between Miyahara and Mukomachi. At the Suita General Depot's , the R prefix (recently updated to RS for some sets) designates 4-car 223-6000 and 223-2500 series sets, with 22 active 4-car sets and 2 six-car sets totaling 100 cars for services on the Sagano, Kosei, and Kusatsu Lines. R52, for instance, completed inspections at the Suita depot in May 2025. These allocations reflect ongoing fleet management, with inventories adjusted for refurbishments and line-specific needs. JR Shikoku operates its 5000 series sets on Marine Liner services to , augmented with transferred ex-JR West 223-2000 series cars renumbered 5201 to 5207. These 3-car 5000 series sets are paired with 2-car JR West 223-5000 series sets (P prefix, seven active) to form 5-car hybrid formations on the Honshi-Bisan Line. As of 2025, seven such hybrid sets remain active, supporting cross-border services between and ; the 223-5000 series retain their original numbering and ownership under JR West, without distinct JR Shikoku-specific identifiers beyond the joint operations.

Refurbishments and Current Status

Major Refurbishment Programs

The major refurbishment program for the 223 series commenced in 2018 at the Comprehensive Vehicle Center, beginning with set HE401 of the 0 subseries. This initial phase focused on enhancing reliability and comfort through targeted upgrades, including the replacement of destination indicators with full-color LED displays on both front and side faces, as well as the conversion of front marker lights (headlights) and rear marker lights (tail lights) to LED units. These modifications aimed to improve visibility and energy efficiency while maintaining the series' operational integrity on routes such as the Kansai Rapid and Road Rapid services. By 2019, the program expanded to include premium interior enhancements with the introduction of A-Seat services on selected 223-1000 subseries sets. Two 2-car units were modified to feature reclining seats with tables in car 9 of 12-car formations, complete with power outlets at every seat—the first such installation in JR West conventional-line trains—along with free and dedicated luggage space, reducing to 46 per car for a more serene environment. Service began in spring 2019 on the JR Kobe Line, JR Kyoto Line, and Biwako Line, initially covering four daily trains in each direction at a supplementary of 500 yen atop the standard ticket. Concurrently, refurbishments progressed to other subseries, such as the 2500, incorporating similar display and lighting updates to align with the 0 subseries standards. The initiative further broadened by 2020 to encompass sets prefixed with (Aboshi Depot) and (Okayama Depot) designations, prioritizing older configurations like the 1000 subseries for comprehensive body improvements. Examples include V2's return to service in June 2020 following LED conversions for marker and destination displays, skirt modifications, and interior enhancements. Expansion reached J-prefixed sets around the same period, integrating them into the fleet-wide rollout. Upgrades emphasized modular components, such as interchangeable LED modules for headlights and displays, to streamline and reduce costs across depots. By 2025, significant portions of the fleet had undergone refurbishment, with the program achieving full coverage of the 0 subseries and extending to newer variants like the 2000 subseries; for instance, V8 received LED headlights during its first-quarter works, entering operation in March. This phased approach from 2018–2020 (initial focus on 0 subseries) to 2021–2025 (broader fleet integration) has sustained the series' role in high-density operations without major disruptions.

Withdrawals and Replacements

The 223-9000 subseries, consisting of three cars (two modified from 213 series cars and one 223-9000 series prototype) for the U@tech next-generation technology test program, was the first major withdrawal from the 223 series fleet. This experimental set was retired on March 31, 2019, after 15 years of testing on JR West lines, including the and lines. The retirement was prompted by the completion of its testing role, with all cars subsequently scrapped; however, the KuMoYa 223-9001 measurement car was briefly preserved for additional inspections before scrapping later in 2019. Subsequent withdrawals have been minimal, with only individual cars retired due to minor accidents between and , such as damage from low-speed collisions that rendered repair uneconomical. No full sets were lost to these incidents, and the overall fleet has remained largely intact through refurbishment efforts that extended for most units. The 223-0 subseries, in particular, saw all remaining cars refurbished by November , effectively eliminating original 1994 designs from active service without additional scrapping. As of April 2025, 878 cars remain active out of 926 built across the series. As part of fleet modernization, the 223 series is being phased out on select routes by the 225 series, which offers improved performance and passenger amenities for suburban services. For example, 223 sets have been retired to facilitate the introduction of 225 series trains on Kansai-area lines like the . Looking ahead, further reductions are planned post-2025, with the 227 series slated to replace additional 223 units on regional lines in and areas to enhance operational efficiency. Preservation initiatives for historic 223 sets have been limited, focusing on documentation rather than physical retention, though one early car was noted for temporary display before refurbishment. A notable earlier incident involving the 223 series was the 2005 Fukuchiyama Line derailment, where a 223 set was part of the affected operations but not the causative train; the event highlighted broader safety concerns that influenced subsequent fleet management but did not lead to immediate withdrawals.

References

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