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521
521
521
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521 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar521
DXXI
Ab urbe condita1274
Assyrian calendar5271
Balinese saka calendar442–443
Bengali calendar−73 – −72
Berber calendar1471
Buddhist calendar1065
Burmese calendar−117
Byzantine calendar6029–6030
Chinese calendar庚子年 (Metal Rat)
3218 or 3011
    — to —
辛丑年 (Metal Ox)
3219 or 3012
Coptic calendar237–238
Discordian calendar1687
Ethiopian calendar513–514
Hebrew calendar4281–4282
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat577–578
 - Shaka Samvat442–443
 - Kali Yuga3621–3622
Holocene calendar10521
Iranian calendar101 BP – 100 BP
Islamic calendar104 BH – 103 BH
Javanese calendar408–409
Julian calendar521
DXXI
Korean calendar2854
Minguo calendar1391 before ROC
民前1391年
Nanakshahi calendar−947
Seleucid era832/833 AG
Thai solar calendar1063–1064
Tibetan calendarལྕགས་ཕོ་བྱི་བ་ལོ་
(male Iron-Rat)
647 or 266 or −506
    — to —
ལྕགས་མོ་གླང་ལོ་
(female Iron-Ox)
648 or 267 or −505

Year 521 (DXXI) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Sabbatius and Valerius (or, less frequently, year 1274 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 521 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Events

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By place

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Byzantine Empire

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Arabia

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  • Ma`adikarib Ya`fur becomes king, supported by the Aksumites; he begins a military campaign against the Arabian tribes.

By topic

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Music

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Religion

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Births

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Deaths

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References

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Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

521

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
521 is a natural number, specifically an odd prime that occupies the 98th position in the sequence of prime numbers and forms a twin prime pair with 523, being separated by a gap of 2. As a Mersenne exponent, 521 generates the Mersenne prime 2521−12^{521} - 1, which was verified as prime in 1952, contributing to the study of these rare forms significant in number theory for their role in prime distribution and computational challenges. Distinctively, it holds the property of being the smallest prime whose decimal reversal, 125, is a perfect cube (535^3), highlighting curiosities in digit manipulation among primes. These attributes underscore 521's relevance in mathematical exploration, from basic primality tests—divisible only by 1 and itself—to advanced applications in cryptography and probabilistic models of primes.

Events

Events in the Byzantine Empire and Eastern Mediterranean

Justinian, nephew and adopted heir of Emperor (r. 518–527), was appointed in 521 at the age of approximately 39, a prestigious office that solidified his prominence within the imperial administration. This appointment occurred amid Justin's efforts to consolidate orthodox Christian doctrine and mend relations with the Western church following the , though Justinian's role emphasized military and administrative ascent. The consulship's inauguration featured extravagant displays funded by the imperial treasury, reflecting the era's emphasis on ceremonial pomp to project strength amid ongoing border tensions with the in the east. No major military campaigns were recorded in the provinces during 521, as the maintained relative stability under Justin's rule, with focus shifting toward internal reforms and preparations for future conflicts, including Justinian's subsequent command over the Army of the East. Diplomatic exchanges with Persian envoys continued, but escalated hostilities leading to the would not commence until 526. Provincial governance in regions like and proceeded routinely, with tax collection and infrastructure maintenance supporting the empire's fiscal base, though specific administrative actions for the year remain sparsely documented in primary sources.

Events in Western Europe

In the Frankish kingdoms of , the sons of maintained control over their partitioned realms established after his death in 511, with Thierry I ruling from , Clodomir governing , holding , and Clotaire I administering ; no major conflicts or territorial expansions are documented for this year. Clodomir's marriage to Guntheuca, widow of his uncle and a Burgundian , occurred around 514 or possibly 521, strengthening ties between the and . The in remained under the regency of , Ostrogothic king of , who acted as guardian for his grandson following the defeat at Vouillé in 507 and the death of ; this arrangement persisted until Theodoric's death in 526, ensuring Ostrogothic influence over Iberian affairs without recorded disruptions in 521. In Ostrogothic , the Roman administrative traditions continued under Theodoric's rule, marked by the consular appointment of the Roman senator Venantius Opilio on January 1, 521, as junior colleague to Byzantine Emperor , symbolizing the nominal persistence of imperial forms amid Germanic dominance.

Events in Arabia

In 521, Maʿdīkarib Yaʿfur, the Himyarite king of installed by the Christian following their invasion in 519, conducted a significant expedition northward into central Arabia. The campaign targeted Persian (Sasanian) allies, including the Lakhmid under al-Mundhir III in , as evidenced by a Himyarite inscription (Ry 510) describing operations from Maʾsal Jumḥ against these forces. Maʿdīkarib received support from local Arab tribes such as the Banū Thaʿlabat and Muḍar, highlighting fragile alliances amid struggles between Aksum, Persia, and Byzantine interests. This expedition reflected Himyar's position as an Aksumite proxy in countering Sasanian expansion along trade routes, though Maʿdīkarib's rule ended soon after, around 522, when the Jewish Himyarite leader ( As'ar Yath'ar) seized power and initiated persecutions against . No major natural or cultural events specific to 521 are recorded in northern or central Arabian tribal territories, where nomadic groups continued dominance amid ongoing commerce and intertribal conflicts.

Religious developments

The death of on November 29, 521, concluded the career of one of the most prolific Syriac Christian theologians and poets of the early sixth century. Serving as of Batnan from 519 until his death, Jacob composed over 700 metrical homilies (mimre) that systematically expounded biblical narratives, emphasizing Christ's divine and human natures in a miaphysite framework while avoiding direct engagement in the era's Christological controversies following the . His works, transcribed by approximately seventy scribes, reinforced scriptural orthodoxy and Mariological devotion within Syriac-speaking communities of the Byzantine Empire's eastern provinces, influencing subsequent liturgical poetry and in non-Chalcedonian traditions. This event underscored the vitality of Syriac literary theology amid regional ecclesiastical tensions, as Jacob's avoidance of polemics allowed his output to serve as a stabilizing force for doctrinal education in local churches.

Cultural and scientific advancements

Anicius Manlius Severinus advanced classical philosophy's transmission to medieval through his Latin commentaries on 's logical works, including those on the Topics and , composed circa 521–524. These texts offered systematic of syllogistic reasoning and topical argumentation, bridging Greek originals with Latin audiences and influencing later thinkers like Abelard and Aquinas by standardizing logical terminology and methods. ' approach emphasized precise translation fidelity and Neoplatonic harmonization of with , countering the era's cultural fragmentation following the Western Roman Empire's fall. No major empirical scientific breakthroughs are recorded for 521, reflecting the period's focus on preservation over innovation amid and the Mediterranean. ' contemporaneous treatises on arithmetic and , though initiated earlier, complemented his logical output by systematizing quadrivial sciences, aiding monastic and foundational . In the , Byzantine scholars continued Hellenistic traditions, but specific advancements tied to 521 remain undocumented in surviving sources.

Natural disasters

No significant natural disasters are recorded for the year 521 in surviving historical sources from the or neighboring regions. Chronicles such as that of Marcellinus Comes, a contemporary imperial official who documented events from 378 to 534 AD, focus on appointments, diplomatic exchanges, and political developments without referencing earthquakes, floods, droughts, volcanic activity, or famines during this specific year. Similarly, and histories from and the , including those preserved in Syriac or Latin traditions, omit any catastrophic natural events tied to 521. The , a seismically active zone, experienced notable earthquakes in adjacent years—such as the 502 AD event along the Dead Sea Transform fault and the devastating 526 AD Antioch quake—but scholarly compilations confirm no verified shocks of magnitude or impact warranting record in 521. Regional or patterns, often noted in proxy records like tree rings or sediment cores for the early sixth century, do not align with acute crises in this annum. This relative quiescence contrasts with the broader late antique trend of intermittent hazards, including preceding the AD volcanic , but underscores the patchiness of pre-modern documentation, which prioritized anthropogenic over environmental upheavals unless they disrupted imperial stability. Lack of attestation in cross-referenced catalogs from seismologists like Nicholas Ambraseys further supports the conclusion that 521 passed without disasters of historical magnitude.

Births

Notable individuals born in 521

Saint Columba (c. 521–597), also known as Colum Cille, was an Irish abbot and missionary of royal descent from the Cenél Conaill branch of the dynasty. Born in Gartan, , on December 7, he founded the monastery on in 563, from which he directed evangelistic efforts that contributed to the Christianization of the in northern Britain. His , including accounts of miracles and encounters such as the calming of a , reflects early medieval traditions but underscores his role in preserving Gaelic monastic learning. Simeon Stylites the Younger (521–592) was a Syrian ascetic who emulated his father's pillar-dwelling practice, living atop a column near Antioch from age 18 until his death. Born to pious parents John and in Antioch, he attracted pilgrims seeking his counsel and reported healings, establishing a monastic community at the site known as Wonderful Mountain. His extreme asceticism, involving minimal food and exposure to elements, exemplified Eastern Christian eremitic traditions amid the 6th-century Byzantine religious landscape.

Deaths

Notable individuals who died in 521

Jacob of Serugh (c. 451 – November 29, 521) was a Syriac poet-theologian who served as bishop of Batnan from 519 until his death. He composed numerous metrical homilies interpreting biblical narratives, requiring the assistance of seventy scribes to transcribe his works due to his prolific output. His writings emphasized Christological themes and drew from earlier Syriac traditions, influencing later Eastern Christian literature. Magnus Felix Ennodius (c. 473/474 – July 17, 521) was a Gallo-Roman rhetorician, , and of from 514. Born in Arles, he pursued a secular career in law and oratory before entering the clergy around 493, eventually becoming deacon and then . Ennodius authored panegyrics, letters, and defenses of against , contributing to the literary preservation of late antique Latin prose amid Ostrogothic rule in Italy. Buithe (d. 521), also known as Buite or Boetius, was an Irish saint and founder of the monastery at in . He established the site as a center of learning and monastic life in the late 5th or early , with traditions linking his death to the year of Columba's birth. The monastery endured as a key ecclesiastical foundation, later associated with high crosses and scriptoria work, though exact details of his continental travels remain hagiographic.

References

  1. https://www.numberempire.com/521
  2. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Prime_numbers/
  3. https://t5k.org/curios/page.php/521.html
  4. https://www.worldhistory.org/Justinian_I/
  5. https://roman-emperors.sites.luc.edu/justinia.htm
  6. https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/the-byzantine-state-under-justinian-i-justinian-the-great
  7. https://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/MEROVINGIANS.htm
  8. https://www.geni.com/people/Theodoric-the-Great-king-of-the-Ostrogoths/6000000000495138391
  9. https://ir.library.louisville.edu/context/etd/article/2274/viewcontent/811.pdf
  10. https://www.reddit.com/r/arabs/comments/y5xe1m/timeline_of_arabs_and_arabia/
  11. https://shs.hal.science/halshs-01388356v1/document
  12. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/iranian-studies/article/writing-the-history-of-the-persian-arabs-the-preislamic-perspective-on-the-nasrids-of-alhirah/02B7E13B668BEA420EF82FEF2A7775FC
  13. https://www.facebook.com/BahraniHistory/posts/mu%25E1%25B8%258Darchristian-julien-robinname-of-a-tribe-or-of-a-tribal-aggregate-referred-to-/1066756155638889/
  14. https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/items/dabcdc7a-06e3-48f0-83b2-500a1bf2c7de
  15. https://www.britannica.com/place/history-of-Arabia-31558/Arabia-since-the-7th-century
  16. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jacob-of-Serugh
  17. https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/jacob_serugh_homily_extracts.htm
  18. https://thehiddenpearl.org/jacobofserugh/
  19. https://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Boethius
  20. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boethius/
  21. https://iep.utm.edu/boethius/
  22. https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/marcellinus1.html
  23. https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/srl/article/92/1/564/592414/Two-Inferred-Antique-Earthquake-Phases-Recorded-in
  24. https://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/72928/index/9780521872928_index.pdf
  25. https://www.dib.ie/biography/colum-cille-columba-a1890
  26. https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/dailystory/permalink/born-today-columba-became-a-famous-irish-saint
  27. https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2017/05/24/101502-venerable-simeon-stylites-the-younger-of-wonderful-mountain
  28. https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Yaqub-of-Serugh
  29. https://www.academia.edu/43386839/JACOB_OF_SARUG_A_POET_THEOLOGIAN
  30. https://www.wehd.com/bios/Saint_Magnus_Felix_Ennodius.html
  31. https://anastpaul.com/2025/07/17/saint-of-the-day-17-july-saint-magnus-felix-ennodius-c473-521-bishop-and-confessor-father-of-the-church/
  32. https://catalog.digitallatin.org/dll-author/a5313
  33. https://www.dib.ie/biography/buite-a1108
  34. https://omniumsanctorumhiberniae.com/2013/12/07/saint-buite-of-monasterboice-december-7/
  35. https://saintsplaces.gla.ac.uk/saint.php?id=32
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