Akrabou Formation

Akrabou Formation
Akrabou Formation
Stratigraphic range: latest Cenomanian to ?middle Turonian ; ~93.9–90 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Type	Geological formation
Sub-units	Agoult, Goulmima, others
Overlies	Kem Kem Group
Lithology
Primary	Limestone
Location
Coordinates	30°30′N 4°48′W / 30.5°N 4.8°W
Approximate paleocoordinates	17°48′N 4°48′W / 17.8°N 4.8°W
Region	Er Rachidia
Country	Morocco, Algeria
Extent	central and eastern Morocco north and south of the Pre-African Trough
Type section
Named by	El Mostafa Ettachfini, Bernard Andreu
Year defined	2004
	Akrabou Formation (Morocco)
	Show more

The Akrabou Formation is a Late Cretaceous (latest Cenomanian to early/mid Turonian)-aged geological formation and Konservat-Lagerstätte in Morocco.^[1] It overlies the slightly older freshwater deposits of the Kem Kem Group, which it was once thought to be a part of. It was deposited over following the Kem Kem ecosystem's submergence by the Tethys Ocean during a marine transgression from the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event, as part of a wider deposition of carbonate platforms across the region from the event.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Localities

The Akrabou Formation has outcrops across the Anti-Atlas, but it has two especially prominent localities: Agoult and Goulmima (also known as Asfla). The Agoult locality is also commonly referred to as Gara Sbaa due to it outcropping at the hill of the same name, but this name is also used for the underlying freshwater-based deposit of the Kem Kem Group at the same locality, which may lead to nomenclatural confusion.^[5]^[6] Both localities are considered lagerstätten due to their excellently preserved fossils, but they differ in time period, paleoenvironment, and preservation of fossils.

The Agoult locality is the older of the two and appears to have been deposited around the time of the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event, dating it to latest Cenomanian or earliest Turonian. It is a plattenkalk that contains excellently preserved two-dimensional fossils of fish, land plants, marine and terrestrial invertebrates, and some terrestrial reptiles. The presence of a significant terrestrial component indicates it was deposited in a shallow marine environment close to shore, although the deposits record the gradual deepening of the habitat as the sea level rose.^[7]

In contrast, the Goulmima locality is younger, dating to the early or mid Turonian, and appears to have been deposited in an offshore environment on the continental shelf. Fossils from this locality, which include fish and marine reptiles, are found in concretions and have a unique three-dimensional preservation akin to that of the older Santana Formation in Brazil.^[7]^[8]

In addition, several other localities are also known, some of which cross the border into Algeria, which have a rich fauna of ammonites and nautiloids.^[9]

Paleoenvironment

In the basal Agoult horizons of the formation, a number of plant remains are known, which are similar to those found in southern Europe at the same time, suggesting floristic exchanges between northern Africa and southern Europe. Based on these, the paleoclimate of the ecosystem, at least earlier during its deposition, is suggested to have been a mildly dry subtropical climate akin to that of the modern western Canary Islands.^[6]^[7]

Paleobiota

Color key

Taxon	Reclassified taxon	Taxon falsely reported as present	Dubious taxon or junior synonym	Ichnotaxon	Ootaxon	Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; ~~crossed out~~ taxa are discredited.

Most fish are documented in a species list from Amalfitano et al (2020) & Cooper et al (2023):^[10]

Vertebrates

Cartilaginous fish

Genus	Species	Locality	Material	Notes
Asflapristis	A. cristadentis	Goulmima	Incomplete three-dimensional skeletons, isolated teeth	A ptychotrygonid sawskate.^[11]
Cretomanta	C. sp.	Goulmima	Isolated teeth	A chondrichthyan of uncertain affinties, possibly an aquilolamnid.^[8]
Haimirichia	H. amonensis	Agoult	Partial skeleton	A haimirichiid mackerel shark.^[8]
Ptychodus	P. maghrebianus	Goulmima	Dental battery, isolated teeth	A ptychodontid shark.^[12]
Ptychotrygon	P. rostrispatula	Goulmima	Incomplete skeletons	A ptychotrygonid sawskate.^[8]
?Rhinobatos	?R. sp.	Goulmima	Incomplete cranium	A presumed guitarfish.^[8]
Squalicorax	S. sp.	Goulmima	Teeth	A crow shark.^[8]
Tingitanius	T. tenuimandibulus	Goulmima	Three-dimensionally preserved incomplete skeleton of a young individual	The oldest known platyrhinid ray.^[13]

Bony fish

Genus	Species	Locality	Material	Notes	Image
Acanthomorpha indet.		Agoult	Complete specimen	A poorly-preserved acanthomorph of uncertain affinities.^[14]
Agoultichthys	A. chattertoni	Agoult	Complete specimen	A macrosemiid.^[15]	Agoultichthys chattertoni Murray & Wilson, 2008
Agoultpycnodus	A. aldrovandii	Agoult	Complete specimen	A pycnodont.^[16]
Amioidea gen. et sp. nov. 1		Agoult		Undescribed amiiforms in their own family.^[5]^[17]
Amioidea gen. et sp. nov. 2		Agoult		Undescribed amiiforms in their own family.^[5]^[17]
Anomoeodus	A. sp. "A"	Goulmima	Isolated jaw bones.	A pycnodont.
Anomoeodus	A. sp. "B"	Goulmima	Isolated jaw bones.	A pycnodont.
Armigatus	A. oligodentatus	Agoult	Complete specimens	An armigatid clupeomorph.^[18]
Belonostomus	B. sp.	Agoult	Complete specimen	An aspidorhynchid.
Araripichthys	A. corythophorus	Goulmima	Incomplete specimens with associated skull remains	An araripichthyiform.
cf. Chanoidei indet.		Agoult	Complete specimen	A potential chanid.^[5]
Cladocyclus	C. sp.	Agoult		An ichthyodectid.^[7]
cf. Dercetis	cf D. sp.	Agoult	Complete specimens	A dercetid aulopiform.^[5]
Enchodus	E. sp.	Goulmima	Incomplete specimens, isolated crania & teeth,	An enchodontid aulopiform.
Errachidia	E. pentaspinosa	Agoult	Complete specimen	A pharmacichthyid lamprimorph.^[14]	Errachidia pentaspinosa Murray & Wilson, 2014
Goulmimichthys	G. arambourgi	Goulmima	Complete specimen.	A pachyrhizodontid crossognathiform.
Grandemarinus	G. gherisiensis	Goulmima	3 specimens known, one complete.	A gar.^[8]
Ghrisichthys	G. bardacki	Goulmima	Isolated cranium	An ichthyodectid.^[19]
Homalopagus	H. multispinosus	Agoult	Complete specimen	A pharmacichthyid lamprimorph.^[14]	Homalopagus multispinosus Murray & Wilson, 2014
Ichthyodectes	I. sp.	Goulmima	Complete specimen, isolated crania	An ichthyodectid.
Kradimus	K. asflaensis	Goulmima	Complete specimen.	A pachyrhizodontid crossognathiform.^[20]
Lusitanichthys	L. africanus	Agoult	Complete specimen	A clupavid otophysan.^[21]	Lusitanichthys africanus Cavin, 1999
Maghrebichthys	M. nelsoni	Agoult	Complete specimen	A pycnosteroidid beardfish.^[14]	Magrebichthys nelsoni Murray & Wilson, 2014
Neomesturus	N. asflaensis	Goulmima	Isolated jaw bones.	A pycnodont.^[22]
Nursallia	N. fenestrata	Goulmima		A pycnodont^[23]
Osmeroides	O. rheris	Goulmima	Isolated crania	An osmeroidid albuliform.
Paranursallia	P. cavini	Goulmima	Isolated jaw bones.	A pycnodont.^[22]
Pleuropholis	P. danielae	Agoult	Complete specimen	The last known pleuropholid.^[24]
Polazzodus	P. sp.	Goulmima	Isolated jaw bones.	A pycnodont.^[22]
Rhynchodercetis	R. sp.	Agoult	Complete specimens.	A dercetid aulopiform.^[7]	Rhynchodercetis sp.
Saurorhamphus	S. sp.	Agoult	Complete specimens.	A eurypholid aulopiform.^[7]
Sorbinichthys	S. africanus	Agoult	Complete specimen.	A sorbinichthyid clupeomorph.	Sorbinichthys africanus Murray & Wilson, 2011
Teleostei indet.		Agoult	Complete specimen	An indeterminate teleost.^[5]
Thorectichthys	T. marocensis	Agoult	Complete specimens.	A paraclupeid clupeomorph.	Thorectichthys marocensis Murray & Wilson, 2013
Thorectichthys	T. rhadinus	Agoult	Complete specimens.	A paraclupeid clupeomorph.	Thorectichthys rhadinus Murray & Wilson, 2013

Reptiles

Genus	Species	Locality	Material	Notes
Brachauchenius	B. lucasi	Goulmima	Partial mandible	A pliosaur, the first record of this species outside North America.^[25]
Libonectes	L. morgani (=L. atlasense)	Goulmima	Articulated skull and post-cranial skeleton.	An elasmosaurid plesiosaur, the first record of this species outside North America.^[26]
Manemergus	M. anguirostris	Goulmima	Partially complete skeleton	A polycotylid plesiosaur.
Protostegidae indet.		Goulmima	Carapace, skull	Indeterminate protostegid turtles.^[3]
Tethysaurus	T. nopcsai	Goulmima	Hundreds of specimens of different age classes, some nearly complete^[27]	A tethysaurine mosasaur.
Thililua	T. longicollis	Goulmima	Complete skull, lower jaw, and articulated vertebrae	A polycotylid plesiosaur.
Polycotylidae indet.		Goulmima	Skull with mandible	An indeterminate polycotylid plesiosaur.^[26]
Squamata indet.		Agoult	Complete specimen	A small indeterminate terrestrial lizard, specimen now lost.^[7]

Mollusks

Based on Kennedy et al (2008) & Meister et al (2017):^[28]^[9]

Genus	Species	Locality	Material	Notes
Angulithes	A. mermeti	Douira, Goulmima & Tazzougert	Shells	A hercoglossid nautiloid.
Choffaticeras	C. segne	Goulmima		A pseudotissotid ammonite.
Choffaticeras	C. sinaiticum	Goulmima		A pseudotissotid ammonite.
Eutrephoceras	E. sp.	Douira & Taouz		A nautilid nautiloid.
Fagesia	F. peroni	Goulmima		A vasoceratid ammonite.
Fagesia	F. cf. tevesthensis	Goulmima		A vasoceratid ammonite.
Hoplitoides	H. mirabilis	Goulmima		A hoplitid ammonite.
Hoplitoides	H. gr. wortmanni	Goulmima		A hoplitid ammonite.
Mammites	M. nodosoides	Goulmima		An acanthoceratid ammonite.
Nannovascoceras	N. intermedium	Goulmima		A vasoceratid ammonite.
Neolobites	N. vibrayeanus	Agoult, Tazzougert, Taouz, Tizi Momrad		An engonoceratid ammonite.
Neoptychites	N. cephalotus	Goulmima		A vasoceratid ammonite.
Neoptychites	N. aff. hottingeri	Goulmima		A vasoceratid ammonite.
Romaniceras (Yubariceras)	R. (Y.) reymenti	Goulmima		An acanthoceratid ammonite.
Thomasites	T. rollandi	Goulmima		A vasoceratid ammonite.
Wrightoceras	W. munieri	Goulmima		A pseudotissotid ammonite.

Arthropods

Partially based on Garassino, Angeli & Pasini (2014):^[29]

Genus	Species	Locality	Material	Notes
Afroapseudes	A. cretacicus	Agoult		A tanaidacean crustacean.^[30]	Afroapseudes cretacicus Pasini, Vega & Garassino 2022
Amazighopsis	A. cretacea			An astacidean crustacean.^[31]
Corazzatocarcinus	C. cf. hadjoulae			A necrocarcinid crab.
Cretagalathea	C. exigua			A munidid squat lobster.
Cretapenaeus	C. berberus			A penaeid prawn.	Cretapenaeus berberus Garassino, Pasini & Dutheil, 2006
Galathea	G. sahariana			A galatheid squat lobster.	Galathea sahariana Garassino, De Angeli & Pasini, 2008
?Glyphea	G. garaasbaensis			A glypheid crustacean.	Glyphea garasbaaensis Garassino, De Angeli & Pasini, 2008
Mesolimulus	M. tafraoutensis		Two complete specimens	A horseshoe crab.^[32]
?Isoptera indet.			Complete specimen	A potential termite.^[33]
Marocarcinus	M. pasinii			A marocarcinid crab.
Muelleristhes	M. africanus		Complete specimen	A porcelain crab.^[29]
Palinuridae indet.			Complete specimen	A spiny lobster.^[34]
Phagophytichnus	P. ekowskii		Trace fossil	Feeding traces on a leaf.^[33]
Polyphaga indet.			Complete specimen	A polyphagan beetle.^[33]
Telamonocarcinus	T. cf. gambalatus			A dorippid crab.
Troponoma	T. constricta		Trace fossil	Trail made by a leafminer.^[6]
Unusuropode	U. castroi		Complete specimen	A sphaeromatid isopod, first record of this species outside Brazil.^[35]	Unusuropode castroi Duarte & Santos, 1962

Plants

Based primarily on Krassilov & Bacchia (2013):^[6]

Genus	Species	Locality	Material	Notes
Abietites^[6]	A. (Tritaenia) cf. linkii	Agoult	Needles	A conifer.
Barykovia^[6]	B. cf. tschuckotika		Leaf	A potentially fagalean angiosperm.
Cocculophyllum^[6]	C. cf. fucinerve		Leaf	A climbing angiosperm.
Coniopteris^[6]	C. cf. Dicksonia mamiyai		Leaflet.	A fern.
Dryophyllum^[6]	D. cf. subcretaceum		Leaf	A potentially fagalean angiosperm.
Frenelopsis^[6]	F. cf. teixeirae		Shoot	A cheirolepidiacean conifer.
Garasbahia^[6]	G. flexuosa		Branching shoot with leaves.	A cabombacean angiosperm.
Pseudotorellia^[6]	P. cf. ensiformis		Leaf	A ginkgoalean.
Sulcatocladus^[6]	S. cf. robustus		Shoot	A conifer.
Welwitschiophyllum^[6]^[36]	W. sp.		Leaf	A possible welsitschialean.^[36]

References

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^ Kennedy, W.; Gale, A.; Ward, D.; Underwood, C. (2008). "Early Turonian ammonites from Goulmima, southern Morocco". Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre. 78. ISSN 0374-6291.
^ ^a ^b Garassino, A.; De Angeli, A.; Pasini, G. (2014). "A new porcellanid genus (Crustacea, Decapoda) to accommodate the Late Cretaceous Paragalathea africana Garassino, De Angeli & Pasini, 2008 from southeast Morocco" (PDF). Atti della Società italiana di Scienze naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia naturale di Milano. 149 (I): 37–67.
^ Pasini, Giovanni; Vega, Francisco J.; Garassino, Alessandro; Pasini, Giovanni; Vega, Francisco J.; Garassino, Alessandro (2022). "A new genus and species of Tanaidacea (Crustacea, Apseudomorpha) from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) of Gara Sbaa, southeastern Morocco". Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana. 74 (2): A290622. doi:10.18268/bsgm2022v74n2a290622. ISSN 1405-3322.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
^ Garassino, Alessandro; Pasini, Giovanni (2018-02-05). "Amazighopsidae, a new family of decapod macruran astacideans from the late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) of Gara Sbaa, Southeastern Morocco". Natural History Sciences. 5 (1). doi:10.4081/nhs.2018.358. ISSN 2385-0922.
^ Lamsdell, James C.; Tashman, Jessica N.; Pasini, Giovanni; Garassino, Alessandro (2020-02-01). "A new limulid (Chelicerata, Xiphosurida) from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian–Turonian) of Gara Sbaa, southeast Morocco". Cretaceous Research. 106: 104230. Bibcode:2020CrRes.10604230L. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.104230. ISSN 0195-6671.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c Engel, Michael S.; McKellar, Ryan C.; Gibb, Stacey; Chatterton, Brian D. E. (2012-06-01). "A new Cenomanian–Turonian (Late Cretaceous) insect assemblage from southeastern Morocco". Cretaceous Research. 35: 88–93. Bibcode:2012CrRes..35...88E. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.11.022. ISSN 0195-6671.
^ Pasini, Giovanni; Garassino, Alessandro (2020-08-28). "A spiny lobster (Decapoda, Achelata) from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian–Turonian) of Gara Sbaa, southeastern Morocco". Palaeodiversity. 13 (1): 83. doi:10.18476/pale.v13.a8. ISSN 1867-6294.
^ Corbacho, Joan; Morrison, Scott; Alonso, Máximo (December 2018). "First Mention of Unusuropode castroi Duarte & Santos, 1962 (Crustacea: Isopoda) in the Upper Cretaceous of Gara es Sbâa Lagerstätte, South-Eastern Morocco". Earth Sciences Research Journal. 7 (6): 288–292.
^ ^a ^b Roberts, Emily A.; Martill, David M.; Loveridge, Robert F. (2020-02-01). "Phytogeographical implications of the probable occurrence of the gnetalean plant Welwitschiophyllum in the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Africa". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 131 (1): 1–7. Bibcode:2020PrGA..131....1R. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2019.10.002. ISSN 0016-7878.

[1] Ettachfini, El Mostafa; Andreu, Bernard (2004-04-01). "Le Cénomanien et le Turonien de la Plate-forme Préafricaine du Maroc". Cretaceous Research. 25 (2): 277–302. Bibcode:2004CrRes..25..277E. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2004.01.001. ISSN 0195-6671.

[ibrahim2020-2] Ibrahim, N.; Sereno, P.C.; Varricchio, D.J.; Martill, D.M.; Dutheil, D.B.; Unwin, D.M.; Baidder, L.; Larsson, H.C.E.; Zouhri, S.; Kaoukaya, A. (2020). "Geology and paleontology of the Upper Cretaceous Kem Kem Group of eastern Morocco". ZooKeys (928): 1–216. Bibcode:2020ZooK..928....1I. doi:10.3897/zookeys.928.47517. PMC 7188693. PMID 32362741.

[:10-3] Cavin, L.; Tong, H.; Boudad, L.; Meister, C.; Piuz, A.; Tabouelle, J.; Aarab, M.; Amiot, R.; Buffetaut, E.; Dyke, G.; Hua, S.; Le Loeuff, J. (2010-07-01). "Vertebrate assemblages from the early Late Cretaceous of southeastern Morocco: An overview". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 57 (5): 391–412. Bibcode:2010JAfES..57..391C. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2009.12.007. ISSN 1464-343X.

[4] Ibrahim, Nizar; Sereno, Paul C.; Varricchio, David J.; Martill, David M.; Dutheil, Didier B.; Unwin, David M.; Baidder, Lahssen; Larsson, Hans C.E.; Zouhri, Samir; Kaoukaya, Abdelhadi (2020-04-21). "Geology and paleontology of the Upper Cretaceous Kem Kem Group of eastern Morocco". ZooKeys (928): 1–216. Bibcode:2020ZooK..928....1I. doi:10.3897/zookeys.928.47517. ISSN 1313-2989. PMC 7188693. PMID 32362741.

[:3-5] Murray, Allison M.; Wilson, Mark V. H.; Gibb, Stacey; Chatterton, Brian D. E. (2013). "Additions to the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian/Turonian) actinopterygian fauna from the Agoult locality, Akrabou Formation, Morocco, and comments on the palaeoenvironment". Mesozoic Fishes 5 – Global Diversity and Evolution. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. pp. 525–548. ISBN 978-3-89937-159-8.

[:2-6] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Krassilov, V.; Bacchia, F. (2013-03-01). "New Cenomanian florule and a leaf mine from southeastern Morocco: Palaeoecological and climatological inferences". Cretaceous Research. 40: 218–226. Bibcode:2013CrRes..40..218K. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.07.005. ISSN 0195-6671.

[:4-7] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Martill, David M.; Ibrahim, Nizar; Brito, Paulo M.; Baider, Lahssen; Zhouri, Samir; Loveridge, Robert; Naish, Darren; Hing, Richard (2011-08-01). "A new Plattenkalk Konservat Lagerstätte in the Upper Cretaceous of Gara Sbaa, south-eastern Morocco". Cretaceous Research. 32 (4): 433–446. Bibcode:2011CrRes..32..433M. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.01.005. ISSN 0195-6671.

[:0-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Cooper, Samuel L. A.; Gunn, James; Brito, Paulo M.; Zouhri, Samir; Martill, David M. (2023-11-01). "A new fully marine, short-snouted lepisosteid gar from the Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) of North Africa". Cretaceous Research. 151: 105650. Bibcode:2023CrRes.15105650C. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105650. ISSN 0195-6671.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)

[:11-9] Meister, Christian; Piuz, André; Cavin, Lionel; Boudad, Larbi; Bacchia, Flavio; Ettachfini, El M.; Benyoucef, M. (2017). "Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) ammonites from southern Morocco and south western Algeria". Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 10 (1). Bibcode:2017ArJG...10....1M. doi:10.1007/s12517-016-2714-1. ISSN 1866-7511.

[10] Amalfitano, Jacopo; Giusberti, Luca; Fornaciari, Eliana; Carnevale, Giorgio (2020-04-03). "UPPER CENOMANIAN FISHES FROM THE BONARELLI LEVEL (OAE2) OF NORTHEASTERN ITALY". Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia. 126 (2). doi:10.13130/2039-4942/13224. ISSN 2039-4942.

[11] Villalobos-Segura, Eduardo; Underwood, Charlie J.; Ward, David J.; Claeson, Kerin M. (2019-11-02). "The first three-dimensional fossils of Cretaceous sclerorhynchid sawfish: Asflapristis cristadentis gen. et sp. nov., and implications for the phylogenetic relations of the Sclerorhynchoidei (Chondrichthyes)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 17 (21): 1847–1870. Bibcode:2019JSPal..17.1847V. doi:10.1080/14772019.2019.1578832. ISSN 1477-2019.

[12] Amadori, Manuel; Kindlimann, René; Fornaciari, Eliana; Giusberti, Luca; Kriwet, Jürgen (2022-03-01). "A new cuspidate ptychodontid shark (Chondrichthyes; Elasmobranchii), from the Upper Cretaceous of Morocco with comments on tooth functionalities and replacement patterns". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 187: 104440. Bibcode:2022JAfES.18704440A. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2021.104440. ISSN 1464-343X. PMC 7612291. PMID 35111270.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)

[13] Claeson, Kerin M.; Underwood, Charlie J.; Ward, David J. (2013). "† Tingitanius tenuimandibulus, a new platyrhinid batoid from the Turonian (Cretaceous) of Morocco and the cretaceous radiation of the Platyrhinidae". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 33 (5): 1019–1036. Bibcode:2013JVPal..33.1019C. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.767266. ISSN 0272-4634.

[:5-14] Murray, Alison M.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2014). "Four new basal acanthomorph fishes from the Late Cretaceous of Morocco". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (1): 34–48. Bibcode:2014JVPal..34...34M. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.791693. ISSN 0272-4634.

[15] Murray, Alison M.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2009). "A New Late Cretaceous Macrosemiid Fish (Neopterygii, Halecostomi) from Morocco, with Temporal and Geographical Range Extensions for the Family". Palaeontology. 52 (2): 429–440. Bibcode:2009Palgy..52..429M. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00851.x. ISSN 0031-0239.

[16] Taverne, Louis; Luigi, Capasso (2021). "Osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Agoultpycnodus aldrovandii gen. and sp. nov., a new pycnodont fish genus (Pycnodontidae) from the marine Upper Cretaceous of Morocco" (PDF). Geo-Eco-Trop. 45 (3): 487–495.

[17] Wilson, Mark; Murray, Alison; Grande, Terry (2017-08-01). "New Genera and Species of Fossil Marine Amioid Fishes (Actinopterygii, Holostei) from the Late Cretaceous Agoult locality in Southeastern Morocco". Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 77th Annual Meeting Program and Abstracts.

[18] Vernygora, Oksana; Murray, Alison M. (2016-01-02). "A new species of Armigatus (Clupeomorpha, Ellimmichthyiformes) from the Late Cretaceous of Morocco, and its phylogenetic relationships". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (1): e1031342. Bibcode:2016JVPal..36E1342V. doi:10.1080/02724634.2015.1031342. ISSN 0272-4634.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)

[19] Cavin, Lionel; Forey, Peter L.; Giersch, Samuel (2013). "Osteology of Eubiodectes libanicus (Pictet & Humbert, ) and some other ichthyodectiformes (Teleostei): phylogenetic implications". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 11 (2): 115–177. Bibcode:2013JSPal..11..115C. doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.691559. ISSN 1477-2019.

[20] Veysey, Alexander J.; Brito, Paulo M.; Martill, David M. (2020-10-01). "A new crossognathiform fish (Actinopterygii, Teleostei) from the Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) of southern Morocco with hypertrophied fins". Cretaceous Research. 114: 104207. Bibcode:2020CrRes.11404207V. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.104207. ISSN 0195-6671.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)

[21] Cavin, Lionel (1999-11-15). "A new clupavidae (teleostei, ostariophysi) from the Cenomanian of Daoura (Morocco)". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences - Series IIA - Earth and Planetary Science. 329 (9): 689–695. Bibcode:1999CRASE.329..689C. doi:10.1016/S1251-8050(00)87647-8. ISSN 1251-8050.

[:6-22] Cooper, Samuel L. A.; Martill, David M. (2020-12-01). "Pycnodont fishes (Actinopterygii, Pycnodontiformes) from the Upper Cretaceous (lower Turonian) Akrabou Formation of Asfla, Morocco". Cretaceous Research. 116: 104607. Bibcode:2020CrRes.11604607C. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104607. ISSN 0195-6671. PMC 7442934. PMID 32863512.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)

[23] Capasso, L. (2023). "Nursallia fenestrata n. sp. (Actinopterygii: Pycnodontiformes) dal Turoniano inferiore della Formazione di Akrabou, Marocco sudorientale". Thalassia Salentina. 45: 41–56. doi:10.1285/i15910725v45p41.

[24] Brito, Paulo M.; Vullo, Romain (2023-08-01). "A new species of Pleuropholis (Teleostei: Pleuropholidae) from the Upper Cretaceous Akrabou Formation of southeastern Morocco, with comments on the evolutionary history of the genus". Cretaceous Research. 148: 105500. Bibcode:2023CrRes.14805500B. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105500. ISSN 0195-6671.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)

[25] Angst, D.; Bardet, N. (2016). "A new record of the pliosaur Brachauchenius lucasi Williston, 1903 (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) of Turonian (Late Cretaceous) age, Morocco". Geological Magazine. 153 (3): 449–459. Bibcode:2016GeoM..153..449A. doi:10.1017/S0016756815000321. ISSN 0016-7568.

[:8-26] Allemand, Rémi; Bardet, Nathalie; Houssaye, Alexandra; Vincent, Peggy (2018-02-01). "New plesiosaurian specimens (Reptilia, Plesiosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) of Goulmima (Southern Morocco)". Cretaceous Research. 82: 83–98. Bibcode:2018CrRes..82...83A. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2017.09.017. ISSN 0195-6671.

[:9-27] Gale, A. S.; Kennedy, W. J.; Martill, D. (2017). "Mosasauroid predation on an ammonite – Pseudaspidoceras – from the Early Turonian of south-eastern Morocco". Acta Geologica Polonica. 67 (1): 31–46. Bibcode:2017AcGeP..67...31G. doi:10.1515/agp-2017-0003. ISSN 0001-5709.

[28] Kennedy, W.; Gale, A.; Ward, D.; Underwood, C. (2008). "Early Turonian ammonites from Goulmima, southern Morocco". Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre. 78. ISSN 0374-6291.

[:7-29] Garassino, A.; De Angeli, A.; Pasini, G. (2014). "A new porcellanid genus (Crustacea, Decapoda) to accommodate the Late Cretaceous Paragalathea africana Garassino, De Angeli & Pasini, 2008 from southeast Morocco" (PDF). Atti della Società italiana di Scienze naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia naturale di Milano. 149 (I): 37–67.

[30] Pasini, Giovanni; Vega, Francisco J.; Garassino, Alessandro; Pasini, Giovanni; Vega, Francisco J.; Garassino, Alessandro (2022). "A new genus and species of Tanaidacea (Crustacea, Apseudomorpha) from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) of Gara Sbaa, southeastern Morocco". Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana. 74 (2): A290622. doi:10.18268/bsgm2022v74n2a290622. ISSN 1405-3322.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)

[31] Garassino, Alessandro; Pasini, Giovanni (2018-02-05). "Amazighopsidae, a new family of decapod macruran astacideans from the late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) of Gara Sbaa, Southeastern Morocco". Natural History Sciences. 5 (1). doi:10.4081/nhs.2018.358. ISSN 2385-0922.

[32] Lamsdell, James C.; Tashman, Jessica N.; Pasini, Giovanni; Garassino, Alessandro (2020-02-01). "A new limulid (Chelicerata, Xiphosurida) from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian–Turonian) of Gara Sbaa, southeast Morocco". Cretaceous Research. 106: 104230. Bibcode:2020CrRes.10604230L. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.104230. ISSN 0195-6671.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)

[:1-33] Engel, Michael S.; McKellar, Ryan C.; Gibb, Stacey; Chatterton, Brian D. E. (2012-06-01). "A new Cenomanian–Turonian (Late Cretaceous) insect assemblage from southeastern Morocco". Cretaceous Research. 35: 88–93. Bibcode:2012CrRes..35...88E. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2011.11.022. ISSN 0195-6671.

[34] Pasini, Giovanni; Garassino, Alessandro (2020-08-28). "A spiny lobster (Decapoda, Achelata) from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian–Turonian) of Gara Sbaa, southeastern Morocco". Palaeodiversity. 13 (1): 83. doi:10.18476/pale.v13.a8. ISSN 1867-6294.

[35] Corbacho, Joan; Morrison, Scott; Alonso, Máximo (December 2018). "First Mention of Unusuropode castroi Duarte & Santos, 1962 (Crustacea: Isopoda) in the Upper Cretaceous of Gara es Sbâa Lagerstätte, South-Eastern Morocco". Earth Sciences Research Journal. 7 (6): 288–292.

[:12-36] Roberts, Emily A.; Martill, David M.; Loveridge, Robert F. (2020-02-01). "Phytogeographical implications of the probable occurrence of the gnetalean plant Welwitschiophyllum in the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Africa". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 131 (1): 1–7. Bibcode:2020PrGA..131....1R. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2019.10.002. ISSN 0016-7878.

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