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Applied Biosystems
Applied Biosystems
Applied Biosystems
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Applied Biosystems is one of various brands under the Life Technologies brand of Thermo Fisher Scientific corporation. The brand is focused on integrated systems for genetic analysis, which include computerized machines and the consumables used within them (such as reagents).

Key Information

In 2008, a merger between Applied Biosystems and Invitrogen was finalized, creating Life Technologies. The latter was acquired by Thermo Fisher Scientific in 2014. Prior to 2008, the Applied Biosystems brand was owned by various entities in a corporate group parented by PerkinElmer. The roots of Applied Biosystems trace back to GeneCo (Genetic Systems Company), a pioneer biotechnology company founded in 1981 in Foster City, California.[1] Through the 1980s and early 1990s, Applied Biosystems, Inc. operated independently and manufactured biochemicals and automated genetic engineering and diagnostic research instruments, including the principal brand of DNA sequencing machine used by the Human Genome Project consortium centers. Applied Biosystems' close ties to the consortium project led to the idea for the founding of Celera Genomics in 1998 as one of several independent competitors to the consortium.[2]

In 1993 Applied Biosystems, Inc., was delisted from the NASDAQ when it was acquired by the old company known then as Perkin-Elmer. As the PE Applied Biosystems Division under that parent in 1998, it became consolidated with other acquisitions as the primary PE Biosystems Division.[3] In 1999 its parent company reorganized and changed its name to PE Corporation,[4] and the PE Biosystems Group (formerly again became publicly traded, as a tracking stock of its parent, along with its sister tracking stock company, Celera Genomics. In 2000 the parent became Applera Corporation. The Applied Biosystems name also returned that year, in the name change of the tracking stock from PE Biosystems Group to Applera Corporation-Applied Biosystems Group, an S&P 500 company, which remains as a publicly traded operating group within Applera Corp., along with its sibling operating group, Applera Corporation-Celera Group. Applera derives its name from the combination of its two component groups' names, Appl(iedCel)era[5] In November 2008, a merger between Applied Biosystems and Invitrogen[6] was finalized "creating a global leader in biotechnology reagents and systems". The new company was called Life Technologies.

History

[edit]
Company History
Year Company name
1981 Genetic Systems Company (GeneCo)
1982 Applied Biosystems, Inc. (ABI)
1993 Applied Biosystems, Perkin-Elmer
1996 PE Applied Biosystems
1998 PE Biosystems
2000 Applied Biosystems Group, Applera Corp
2002 Applied Biosystems
2008 Life Technologies
2014 Thermo Fisher Scientific

In 1981, the company was founded by two scientist/engineers from Hewlett Packard, Sam Eletr and André Marion based on technology developed by Leroy Hood and Marvin H. Caruthers.[1]

In 1982, Applied Biosystems released its first commercial instrument, the Model 470A Protein Sequencer. The machine enabled scientists to determine the order of amino acids within a purified protein, which in turn correlated with the protein's function. With 40 employees, the company, reported first-time revenue of US$402,000.[1]

In 1983, the company was led by its president and Chairman of the Board, Sam Eletr and Chief Operating Officer Andre Marion, the company doubled its number of employees to 80, and its stock went public on the NASDAQ exchange under the symbol ABIO, with revenues of US$5.9 million. A new product was a fluorescent molecular tag for immunodiagnostic assays.[1]

The company released its second commercial instrument, the Model 380A DNA Synthesizer, which made oligonucleotides, short DNA strands, for polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing, and gene identification. The two sequencer and synthesizer products allowed molecular biologists to clone genes by building oligonucleotides with the desired protein's DNA sequence.[1]

Automated DNA sequencing began at the California Institute of Technology, using fluorescent dyes, with Rights to the technology granted to Applied Biosystems.[1] At CIT, Dr. Leroy Hood and Dr. Lloyd Smith, together pioneered those first DNA sequencing machines.[2]

In 1984, Applied Biosystems sales revenue tripled to over US$18 million, with a second yearly profit, and with over 200 employees. Services included synthesizing custom DNA and protein fragments, and the sequencing of protein samples submitted from customers. The third major instrument made by Applied, the Model 430A Peptide Synthesizer, was introduced.[1]

In 1985, Applied Biosystems sales revenue grew nearly 70% to over US$35 million, with a third yearly profit. Two new products included the Model 380B DNA Synthesizer and the 381A DNA Synthesizer. That year the company went international for the first time, when it established a wholly owned subsidiary in Great Britain to save shipping costs on chemical sales, which overall by then accounted for 17% of sales.[1]

Also in 1985, Applied Biosystems acquired Brownlee Labs, a manufacturer of columns and pumps for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) systems, after its founder, Robert Brownlee was diagnosed with AIDS-related complex in 1984.[7] Brownlee's technology brought the new on-line 120A PTH Amino Acid Analyzer.[1]

However, Brownlee then began a new company, which was viewed by Applied as a competitor. In 1989 Applied and Brownlee settled in a lawsuit over the conflict.[8] As late as 1990, Brownlee publicly discussed what had been his contributions in the rocky relationship with Applied, before he died early the next year.[9]

In 1986, Andre Marion became president and Chief Executive Officer. Sales revenue increased by 45% to nearly US$52 million. The company introduced six new products, totalling eleven automated instruments. The release of the Model 370A DNA Sequencing System, using fluorescent tags, revolutionized gene discovery. The Model 340A Nucleic Acid Extractor became used in medical labs to isolate DNA from bacteria, blood, and tissue.[1]

In 1987, Sam Eletr resigned for health reasons. Revenues increase by 63% to nearly US$85 million, with 788 employees, and another six new instruments. Applied Biosystems acquired the Kratos Division of Spectros International PLC.[1]

By 1988, the product line had increased to over 25 different automated instruments, over 400 liquid chromatography columns and components, and about 320 chemicals, biochemicals, and consumables. Sales revenue grew to over US$132 million, with almost 1000 employees in eight countries. In that year for the first time, genetic science reached the milestone of being able to identify individuals by their DNA.[1]

In 1989, sales revenue reached nearly $160 million. Applied Biosystems maintained 15 offices in 9 different countries, and introduced four new products. The company developed enzyme-based reagent kits made by Promega Corporation, and in the new field of bioinformatics, licensed with TRW Inc. Also, joint marketing began with Perkin-Elmer Corporation and Cetus Corporation (formerly of instruments and reagents for DNA replication, the fastest growing segment in biotechnology.[1]

In 1990, instrument sales underwent a cyclical slowdown, as the economy entered the 1990–91 recession. For the first year, Applied revenues did not grow, and came in at less than $159 million, with 1,334 employees. New company developments included new instrumentation for robotics and detection of DNA fragments using the company's fluorescent labelling.[1]

Also in 1990, the U.S. government approved financing to support the Human Genome Project. Dr. James D. Watson, who founded the consortium, forecast that the project could be completed in 15 years from its 1990 starting date, at a cost of cost US$3 billion.[2] Over the next couple years, Japan began a project to sequence the rice genome, and other laboratories initiated programs to sequence the mouse, fruit fly, and yeast genomes.[1]

In 1991, Applied sales revenue grew slightly, to almost $164 million, with consumables and service contracts up by 24% to account for 47% of total sales, and DNA sequencer and DNA synthesis instruments having record sales. Forty-five new consumable products and six new instruments were introduced.[1]

In 1992, sales revenue grew by more than 11% to over $182 million, with Europe representing 25% of revenue, and Asia and the Pacific Rim accounting for 26%. The company formed a new subsidiary, Lynx Therapeutics, Inc., to focus on antisense DNA research in the area of therapeutics for chronic myelogenous leukemia, melanoma, colorectal cancer, and AIDS.[1]

Perkin-Elmer

[edit]

In February 1993 Applied Biosystems was acquired by Perkin-Elmer,[3] and became the Applied Biosystems Division, as part of the Life Sciences markets segment of that company. Andre Marion, who had been Applied Biosystems's Chairman, President and CEO, became a Senior Vice President of Perkin-Elmer, and President of the Applied Biosystems Division. That year the company was the world's leading manufacturer of instruments and reagents for polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It marketed PCR reagents kits in alliance with Hoffman-La Roche Inc.[3]

In 1994, Perkin-Elmer reported net revenues of over $1 billion, of which Life Sciences accounted for 42% of the business. The company has 5,954 employees.[3] A brand-new highly competitive genomics industry had formed for the development of new pharmaceuticals, based on the work of the Human Genome Project. Companies such as Sequana Therapeutics in San Diego, Human Genome Sciences in Maryland, Myriad Genetics in Utah, INCYTE Pharmaceuticals (later Incyte Genomics) in California, and Millennium Pharmaceuticals relied on the Applied Biosystems Division, which made thermal cyclers and automated sequencers for these new genomics companies.[1]

In 1995, upon Andre Marion retirement, Mike Hunkapiller became President of PE Applied Biosystems Division which sold its 30,000th thermal cycler. To meet Human Genome Project goals, Perkin-Elmer developed mapping kits with markers every 10 million bases along each chromosome. Also that year, DNA fingerprinting using PCR became accepted in court as reliable forensic evidence.[1]

In 1996, Perkin-Elmer acquired Tropix, Inc., a chemiluminescence company, for its life sciences division.[10][11]

PE Applied Biosystems

[edit]

In September 1995, Tony L. White from Baxter International Inc. became president and Chief Executive Officer of Perkin-Elmer.[12] In 1996 the company was reorganized into two separate operating divisions, Analytical Instruments and PE Applied Biosystems. The PE Applied Biosystems division accounted for half of Perkin-Elmer's total revenue, with net revenues up by 26%.[1]

In 1997, revenues reached almost US$1.3 billion, of which PE Applied Biosystems was US$653 million.[13] The company acquired GenScope, Inc., and Linkage Genetics, Inc. The Linkage Genetics unit was combined with Zoogen to form PE AgGen, focused on genetic analysis services for plant and animal breeding. The PE Applied Biosystems division partnered with Hyseq, Inc., for work on the new DNA chip technology, and also worked with Tecan U.S., Inc., on combinatorial chemistry automation systems, and also with Molecular Informatics, Inc. on genetic data management and analysis automated systems.[1]

PE Biosystems

[edit]

In 1998, PE Applied Biosystems became PE Biosystems, and the division's revenues reached US$921.8 million. In January 1998 Perkin-Elmer acquired PerSeptive Biosystems (formerly of Framingham, Massachusetts.[14] It was a leader in the bio-instrumentation field where it made biomolecule purification systems for protein analysis.[15][16] Noubar Afeyan, Ph.D., had been the founder, Chairman, and CEO of PerSeptive, and with the Perkin-Elmer successor company he set up the later tracking stock for Celera.

In 1998, Perkin-Elmer formed the PE Biosystems division, by consolidating Applied Biosystems, PerSeptive Biosystems, Tropix and PE Informatics.[14] Informatics was formed from the Perkin-Elmer combination of two other acquisitions, Molecular Informatics and Nelson Analytical Systems, with existing units of Perkin-Elmer.

While planning the next new generation of machines, PE Biosystems' president, Michael W. Hunkapiller, calculated that it would be possible for their own private industry to decode the human genome before the academic consortium could complete it, by using the resources of a single, industrial-scale center, even though it would require starting from scratch.[2] It was a bold prediction, given that the consortium target date set by Dr. Watson back in 1990 had been the forward year of 2005, only seven years away, and with the consortium already half the way to the completion target date.

Also, it meant that Dr. Hunkapiller's idea would require competing against his own customers, to all of whom Applied Biosystems sold its sequencing machines and their chemical reagents. However, he calculated that it would also mean doubling the market for that equipment.[2]

Hunkapiller brought in Dr. J. Craig Venter to direct the project. Tony White, president of the Perkin-Elmer Corporation backed Hunkapiller on the venture. They organized the new company to accomplish the task. In May 1998, Celera Genomics was formed, to rapidly accelerate the human DNA sequencing process.[14] Dr. Venter boldly declared to the media that he would complete the genome decoding by 2001.[17][18] That bold announcement prompted the academic consortium to accelerate their own deadline by a couple years, to 2003.[2]

Also in 1998, PE Biosystems partnered with Hitachi, Ltd. to develop electrophoresis-based genetic analysis systems, which resulted in their chief new genomics instrument, the ABI PRISM 3700 DNA Analyzer, which advanced the Human Genome sequencing project by nearly five years ahead of schedule. The partnerships sold hundreds of the 3700 analyzers to Celera, and also to others worldwide.[1][17]

The new machine cost US$300,000 each, but was a major leap beyond its predecessor, the 377, and was fully automated, allowing genetic decoding to run around the clock with little supervision. According to Venter, the machine was so revolutionary that it could decode in a single day the same amount of genetic material that most DNA labs could produce in a year.[18]

The public consortium also bought one of the PE Biosystems 3700 sequencers, and had plans to buy 200 more. The machine proved to be so fast that by late March 1999 the consortium announced that it had revised its timeline, and would release by the Spring of 2000 a "first draft sequence" for 80% of the human genome.[18]

At year end 1998, the PE Biosystems Group's sales reached US$940 million.[14]

PE Corporation

[edit]

In 1999, to focus on the new genomics, Perkin-Elmer Corporation was renamed PE Corporation,[4] and sold its old Analytical Instruments division to EG&G, Inc., which also acquired the Perkin-Elmer name. PE Biosystems remained with PE Corp., and became PE Biosystems Group, with 3,500 employees and net revenues of over $1.2 billion.[19] New instruments were developed and sold for forensic human identification, protein identification and characterization, metabolite pathway identification, and lead compound identification from combinatorial libraries.[1]

On April 27, 1999,[18] the shareholders of Perkin-Elmer Corporation approved the reorganization of Perkin-Elmer into PE Corporation, a pure-play life science company.[20] Each share of the Perkin-Elmer stock (PKN) was to be exchanged for one share and for +1⁄2 of a share respectively of the two new common share tracking stocks for the two component Life Sciences groups, PE Biosystems Group and Celera Genomics Group.[17][21]

On April 28, 1999, the two replacement tracking stocks for the new PE Corporation were issued to shareholders.[18][20] Dr. Michael W. Hunkapiller remained as a Senior Vice President of PE Corporation, and as president of PE Biosystems.[17]

On May 6, 1999, the recapitalization of the company resulted in issuance of the two new classes of common stock, called PE Corporation-PE Biosystems Group Common Stock and PE Corporation-Celera Genomics Group Common Stock.[19] On that date, trading began in both new stocks on the New York Stock Exchange, to great excitement.[18]

On June 17, 1999, the Board of PE Corporation announced a two-for-one split of PE Biosystems Group Common Stock.[19]

By June 2000, the genomics segment of the technology bubble was peaking. Celera Genomics (CRA) and PE Biosystems (PEB) were among five genetics pioneers leading at that time, along with Incyte Genomics, Human Genome Sciences, and Millennium Pharmaceuticals. All five of those stocks by then had exceeded a price above $100 per share in the market, before ultimately crashing back down.[22]

Applera

[edit]

On November 30, 2000, PE Corporation changed its name to Applera, combining the two partial names Applied and Celera into one, with 5,000 employees.[5] PE Biosystems Group was renamed once again to Applied Biosystems Group, and changed its ticker symbol from PEB to ABI. Its net revenues rose to almost US$1.4 billion.[23] Celera that year made milestone headlines when it announced that it had completed the sequencing and first assembly of the two largest genomes in history, that of the fruit fly, and of the human.[24]

In 2001, the Applied Biosystems division of Applera reached revenues of US$1.6 billion,[25] and developed a new workstation instrument specifically for the new field of proteomics, which had become Celera's new core business focus, as it shifted away from gene discovery. The instrument analyzed 1,000 protein samples per hour.[1]

On April 22, 2002, the Celera Genomics Group announced its decision to shift the role of marketing data from its genetic database over to its sister company, the Applied Biosystems Group. Celera would instead develop pharmaceutical drugs. Applied Biosystems was a better fit for the database, because Applied already had the huge sales force in place for the marketing of its instruments. Plans were to expand those sales and those of the database into an electronic commerce system.[26]

In 2002, Applied Biosystems reached revenues of US$1.6 billion for the year, and took control from Celera of the support of Celera Discovery System (CDS), a data tool to answer specific genomic and proteomic queries, involving the new genetic data field of tens of thousands of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the human genome. The company developed another new tool, which combined the first ever union of triple quadrupole and ion trap technologies, in proteomics research.[27]

The database itself would remain with Celera, because of shareholder approval complications. Celera would retain responsibility for its maintenance and support to existing customers, and would receive royalties from Applied Biosystems.[27]

In 2003, Catherine Burzik joined Applied's management, from Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics.[28] Applied developed a new tool which measured antibody/antigen binding in real-time kinetic analysis of up to 400 binding interactions simultaneously.[1]

In 2004, Mike Hunkapiller retired and Cathy Burzik replaced him as President of Applied Biosystems.[29] Applera collaborated with General Electric, Abbott Laboratories, Seattle Genetics, and Merck in diagnostics development. Applied Biosystmes also teamed with Northrop Grumman and Cepheid of Sunnyvale, California, to detect Bacillus anthracis during the anthrax contamination case of the U.S. Postal Service.[1]

In 2005, the company released new tools for small molecule quantitation in pharmaceutical drug development. In Mexico, Applied Biosystems collaborated with the National Institute of Genomic Medicine of Mexico (Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genomica or INMEGEN), and established an Applied Biosystems Sequencing and Genotyping Unit at INMEGEN.[30]

In 2006, Applied Biosystems acquired the Research Products Division of Ambion, a supplier of RNA-based reagents and products.[31][32] That year, with the Influenza A Subtype H5N1 "avian flu" strain scare, the company launched a global initiative to identify and track such infectious diseases.[1]

In 2006, Applied Biosystems also acquired Agencourt Personal Genomics,[33] located in Beverly, MA, to commercialize Agencourt's SOLiD sequencing system.

In 2007, ABI Solid Sequencing, a next-gen DNA sequencing platform, was announced. Mark Stevenson was appointed president and Chief Operating Officer of Applied Biosystems.[34]

In November 2008, Applied Biosystems merged with Invitrogen, forming Life Technologies,[6] which was acquired by Thermo Fisher Scientific in 2014.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Applied Biosystems

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Applied Biosystems is an American specializing in integrated systems for genetic , including instruments, consumables, reagents, and software primarily used in , (PCR), and quantitative PCR (qPCR) applications. Founded in 1981 as GeneCo (Genetic Systems Company) in , by scientists Sam Eletr and André Marion, the company initially focused on developing biochemical instruments and diagnostic research tools for . Acquired by in 1993 and later spun off as a publicly traded entity in 2000 under the name Applera Corporation's Applied Biosystems group, it merged with in 2008 to form , which was subsequently acquired by in 2014 for $13.6 billion, integrating it as a key within the company's life sciences solutions portfolio. The company's early innovations revolutionized by automating labor-intensive processes, such as the release of its first commercial instrument, the Model 470A automated protein sequencer, in 1982, which enabled efficient determination of sequences in proteins for . A pivotal milestone came in 1986 with the introduction of the ABI 370, the world's first fully automated DNA sequencer based on technology, which significantly accelerated genetic analysis and became a cornerstone for large-scale projects like the (HGP). During the HGP (1990–2003), Applied Biosystems' capillary electrophoresis-based sequencers, including the ABI PRISM models, processed the majority of the sequencing reads, contributing to the project's completion ahead of schedule and under budget by enabling high-throughput data generation. Subsequent advancements included the development of probe-based real-time PCR assays in the 1990s, which allowed for precise quantification of and detection, and the ABI 3730 series sequencers in the early 2000s that supported the draft human genome assembly. As of 2025, under Thermo Fisher Scientific, Applied Biosystems continues to drive precision medicine and genomics research with a portfolio of over 20,000 products, including the QuantStudio qPCR systems for absolute quantification, SeqStudio genetic analyzers for Sanger sequencing, integrated solutions for next-generation sequencing (NGS) workflows, and recent launches such as the MagMAX HMW DNA Kit (2025) and TaqMan QSY2 probes (2024). These tools are widely used in applications ranging from clinical diagnostics and forensic analysis to agricultural biotechnology and cancer research, with notable impacts in identifying genetic markers for over 4,000 human diseases and supporting global initiatives like the 1000 Genomes Project. The brand's emphasis on user-friendly software, such as cloud-based data analysis platforms, sustainable instrument designs, and recent partnerships like the 2025 collaboration with OpenAI for AI-accelerated life science breakthroughs, underscores its ongoing commitment to accessible, reproducible scientific advancements.

Company Overview

Founding and Early Milestones

Applied Biosystems was founded in May 1981 in , by Sam Eletr and André Marion, two engineers formerly with , initially under the name GeneCo before being renamed Applied Biosystems to reflect its focus on developing automated instruments and reagents for protein and analysis. The company's early efforts centered on commercializing technologies for biomolecular , addressing the growing needs of the emerging sector. In August 1982, Applied Biosystems launched its first commercial product, the Model 470A Protein Sequencer, a benchtop instrument that automated the process to identify sequences in proteins, significantly speeding up what had previously been a labor-intensive manual procedure. This was followed in 1983 by the Model 380A DNA Synthesizer, which enabled the automated synthesis of —short DNA strands essential for experiments such as gene cloning and probe design. That same year, the company went public with an initial offering on the exchange under the symbol ABIO, raising funds to support in automated biomolecular instrumentation; revenues reached $5.9 million, up from $402,000 in fiscal 1982. By 1984, sales had tripled to over $18 million, and the company achieved its second annual profit, with employee numbers surpassing 200 amid surging demand from biotech firms for efficient sequencing and synthesis tools. Revenues continued to grow nearly 70% in 1985 to more than $35 million, marking the third consecutive profitable year and solidifying Applied Biosystems' foundational role in .

Current Ownership and Operations

Applied Biosystems operates as a core brand within the Life Sciences Solutions segment of Inc., following the 2008 merger of its parent company with to form Corporation, and 's subsequent $13.6 billion acquisition of in 2014. This integration positioned Applied Biosystems as a key provider of genetic tools under 's global umbrella, which reported total revenues of $42.88 billion in 2024. Headquartered in Waltham, Massachusetts—Thermo Fisher Scientific's corporate base—Applied Biosystems maintains major research and development and manufacturing operations in Foster City, California, with additional facilities spanning Europe, Asia, and the Americas to support international distribution and service. The brand's operational scope centers on delivering end-to-end genetic analysis solutions, serving sectors including academic and applied research, clinical diagnostics, biopharmaceutical development, forensics, and agribusiness. Applied Biosystems contributes to the segment's quarterly revenues of $2.59 billion in Q3 2025. Recent initiatives emphasize advancements in digital PCR and next-generation sequencing workflows, alongside sustainable manufacturing efforts such as the 2025 launch of PCR Plastics Sustain Series, which reduces carbon footprints while upholding performance standards.

Historical Development

Independence and Initial Growth (1981–1993)

Following its in June 1983 at $18 per share, Applied Biosystems operated as an independent listed on under the symbol ABIO, enabling it to fund expansion through equity markets during the burgeoning sector. Michael W. Hunkapiller joined the company in 1983 as a key executive, eventually rising to become its president and CEO, guiding strategic direction amid rapid technological advancements. The corporate structure emphasized innovation in automated , with a focus on scaling manufacturing and distribution to meet growing demand from institutions. The company targeted academic laboratories and emerging firms, achieving significant market penetration in automated by capturing a dominant position as the undisputed leader in the field by the early 1990s. This success stemmed from early products like the Model 470A automated protein sequencer, launched in 1982, which addressed labor-intensive manual processes. Financially, Applied Biosystems turned profitable in 1984, with revenues tripling to $21 million that year from prior levels and surging nearly 70% to over $35 million in 1985, driven by sales of sequencing and synthesis instruments. By 1992, annual revenues had grown to $183 million, reflecting robust demand and operational efficiencies. Strategic investments in analysis tools capitalized on the 1980s boom, marked by increased funding for genetic research and the rise of applications. A pivotal move was the 1986 launch of the Model 370A DNA sequencer, which automated fluorescent detection for higher-throughput analysis and solidified the company's pivot toward DNA technologies. However, challenges persisted, including persistent competition from cost-effective manual sequencing methods that remained prevalent in resource-limited labs, as well as early disputes, such as the 1991 against Cruachem Ltd. over reagents for DNA synthesizers. These hurdles tested the company's resolve but underscored its commitment to protecting innovations central to .

Acquisition by Perkin-Elmer and Expansion (1993–2000)

In October 1992, Perkin-Elmer Corporation announced its acquisition of Applied Biosystems Inc. for $330 million in a stock-swap deal, exchanging 0.678 shares of its for each share of Applied Biosystems; the merger was completed in February 1993, forming the PE Applied Biosystems division as a focused on life sciences . This transaction combined Perkin-Elmer's established expertise in analytical with Applied Biosystems' specialized tools for research, such as DNA synthesizers and sequencers, enabling the new entity to manage Perkin-Elmer's broader life sciences operations. The integration strategy emphasized synergies in product development and market expansion, with Applied Biosystems retaining its name initially while overseeing PCR technologies and targeting growth in applications like forensics, paternity testing, agriculture, and environmental analysis. Following the 1991 acquisition of the Taq polymerase patents by Roche from Cetus, PE Applied Biosystems continued the pre-existing partnership with Roche for Taq DNA polymerase, facilitating its role in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) market and enhancing its portfolio of genetic analysis tools. This move, combined with Perkin-Elmer's distribution networks, supported joint efforts in R&D to advance automated sequencing and amplification systems, driving diversification beyond core DNA synthesis. By 1998, the division underwent restructuring and was renamed PE Biosystems to reflect its consolidation of life sciences acquisitions, including PerSeptive Biosystems, while separating from Perkin-Elmer's traditional analytical business to prioritize growth. This evolution positioned PE Biosystems as a dedicated life sciences unit, culminating in Perkin-Elmer's 1999 reorganization into PE Corporation to further isolate and expand its biotech operations. Revenue milestones underscored the expansion's impact: the combined entity reported $1.1 billion in total revenues for 1992, with PE Applied Biosystems contributing $653 million by 1997 and reaching $922 million in 1998 through PCR and sequencing demand. By fiscal 2000, the group's revenues grew 21.6% year-over-year to approximately $1.2 billion, reflecting a exceeding 25% in biotech segments from 1993 to 2000, fueled by licensing synergies and .

Spin-off as Applera Corporation (2000–2008)

In 1999, Perkin-Elmer Corporation announced plans to separate its life sciences division from its analytical instruments business, selling the latter to EG&G Inc. while reorganizing the former into PE Corporation as a focused entity on genomics and biotechnology tools. This restructuring culminated in the formation of Applera Corporation in 2000, when PE Corporation changed its name to Applera and adopted a dual-class tracking stock structure; shares traded under the symbols ABI for the Applied Biosystems Group and CEL (initially CRA) for the Celera Genomics Group, allowing investors to track the performance of each business unit separately while maintaining unified corporate governance. Under the leadership of Tony L. White, who served as Applera's Chairman, President, and CEO since 1995, the company emphasized advancements following the integration of Celera Genomics, which had been established in to accelerate the through private-sector sequencing efforts. In 2001, Applera deepened its commitment to these initiatives by shifting Celera's focus from large-scale sequencing to leveraging genomic data for and diagnostics, aligning with broader post-sequencing goals. White's strategy positioned Applera as a key enabler in the revolution, with Applied Biosystems providing instrumentation and reagents to support Celera's data-driven applications. Applera achieved peak revenues of approximately $1.6 billion from the Applied Biosystems Group in fiscal , driven by demand for genetic analysis tools amid the boom. However, the completion of the draft in 2001 triggered a post-genome bubble burst, leading to reduced for and sharp declines in Celera's information services revenue as subscription contracts expired. These challenges contributed to overall financial pressures, with Celera reporting net losses exceeding $200 million in fiscal 2002, and by , the low trading prices of the CEL tracking stock raised concerns about potential delisting from the due to non-compliance with minimum price requirements. To address these headwinds, Applera pivoted toward applied markets such as forensics, environmental testing, and clinical diagnostics, where demand remained stable outside the volatile research sector. In 2003, the company implemented a major plan for the Applied Biosystems Group, incurring pre-tax charges of $33.8 million for severance benefits affecting approximately 400 employees, asset impairments, and facility closures to streamline operations and cut costs amid economic uncertainty. Applera faced ongoing legal scrutiny related to its , including a filed in August 2001 alleging misleading disclosures in the Celera stock offering during the recapitalization. By 2007, the company reached a settlement in shareholder litigation challenging aspects of the dual-class tracking stock arrangement established in the 1999-2000 reorganization, resolving claims that it disadvantaged certain investors without admitting liability.

Merger with Invitrogen and Thermo Fisher Integration (2008–Present)

In 2008, Corporation acquired Applied Biosystems Inc. for approximately $6.7 billion in a merger that combined the two companies to form Corporation, with Applied Biosystems serving as the primary instrumentation arm focused on genetic analysis tools. The transaction, announced in June and completed on November 21, 2008, aimed to create synergies in life sciences by integrating 's reagents and consumables expertise with Applied Biosystems' sequencing and PCR technologies, resulting in a combined entity with annual revenues of about $3.4 billion and an emphasis on end-to-end workflows for and applied markets. Under , operations expanded to streamline product portfolios and enhance customer integration, with the company maintaining its public status on the under the ticker LIFE following the merger of the two publicly traded entities. The focus shifted toward unified solutions for and , leveraging Applied Biosystems' instruments alongside Invitrogen's reagents to support applications in and diagnostics, while achieving operational efficiencies that contributed to revenue growth in subsequent years. In 2013, Thermo Fisher Scientific announced its acquisition of Life Technologies for $13.6 billion in cash, a deal completed in early 2014 that integrated the latter's portfolio into Thermo Fisher's broader life sciences offerings. The acquisition, finalized on February 4, , absorbed Life Technologies into a new reporting segment called Life Sciences Solutions and positioned Applied Biosystems as a brand within Thermo Fisher, emphasizing its role in high-throughput genetic analysis instruments. This consolidation enhanced Thermo Fisher's capabilities in and clinical applications, with Applied Biosystems' technologies forming a core component of the expanded ecosystem. Following the 2014 integration, Applied Biosystems advanced into cloud-based tools, such as the Applied Biosystems qPCR Analysis Modules introduced on the Thermo Fisher platform in 2015, enabling remote secondary data processing and integration for real-time PCR workflows. The brand also supported global regulatory approvals for next-generation sequencing (NGS) applications in clinical settings, including expansions of the Oncomine Dx Target Test, which received FDA companion diagnostic approvals starting in 2017 and further clearances in over 20 countries by 2025 for targeted therapies in . Additionally, Thermo Fisher's 2023 Corporate Social Responsibility Report highlighted sustainability efforts in the , including expanded programs to assess environmental impacts across suppliers supporting Applied Biosystems' . As of 2025, Applied Biosystems continues to drive innovation under without any major divestitures, contributing to the parent company's annual revenue exceeding $40 billion, primarily through the Life Sciences Solutions segment that encompasses its genetic analysis instruments and related technologies. Recent developments include ongoing enhancements in multi-omics tools and strategic investments in U.S. capacity, reinforcing Applied Biosystems' integration into Thermo Fisher's global operations focused on accelerating scientific breakthroughs.

Products and Technologies

Genetic Analysis Instruments

Applied Biosystems offers a range of genetic analysis instruments designed for PCR amplification, , and quantitative , enabling precise genetic research and diagnostics. These tools, integrated into Thermo Fisher's portfolio following the 2008 merger, support workflows from basic thermal cycling to high-throughput and fragment . Key systems emphasize user-friendly interfaces, reliable performance, and compatibility with standardized consumables for applications in research , clinical diagnostics, and forensic . Thermal cyclers form the foundation of PCR-based genetic analysis, with the serving as a core instrument in the lineup. Introduced in the , the VeritiPro features a 96-well format with 0.2 mL alloy blocks and gradient capabilities that allow for precise temperature optimization during PCR protocol development, achieving maximum block ramp rates of 6.0°C/sec. This enables efficient amplification of DNA targets across diverse experimental conditions, such as allele-specific PCR for . Its advanced temperature control and connectivity options, including remote monitoring, enhance reproducibility in research and diagnostic labs. For DNA sequencing, Applied Biosystems provides capillary electrophoresis-based systems, including the ABI PRISM 3730xl DNA Analyzer from the 2000s and the more recent SeqStudio Flex Genetic Analyzer. The 3730xl, a high-throughput platform with 96 capillaries, supports read lengths up to 1,000 bases and processes up to 1.9 million bases per day, making it suitable for large-scale sequencing projects in and detection. In contrast, the SeqStudio Flex, launched in the 2020s, offers flexible throughput with 8- or 24-capillary configurations and 8-dye capability, accommodating up to four 96- or 384-well plates for and fragment analysis, with a daily throughput of approximately 750 samples in forensic applications. These systems deliver gold-standard accuracy for clinical diagnostics, such as variant confirmation and identification. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) platforms from Applied Biosystems enable sensitive detection and quantification of nucleic acids. The QuantStudio series, exemplified by the QuantStudio 5 Real-Time PCR System, supports 384-well blocks for high-density reactions and achieves a limit of detection below 1 copy per reaction, facilitating applications in analysis and detection. Its optical system spans excitation from 450–680 nm and detection from 500–730 nm, allowing multiplexing of up to five targets with minimal cross-talk. This versatility supports scalable workflows in research and diagnostic screening for infectious diseases. Complementing qPCR, digital PCR systems provide absolute quantification without standard curves. The QuantStudio 3D Digital PCR System employs partition-based technology using chips with 20,000 wells to compartmentalize samples, enabling precise counting of target molecules for applications like in clinical diagnostics and rare detection in forensics. Although discontinued in 2023, it remains a notable tool in legacy setups for absolute quantification. Its successor, the QuantStudio Absolute Q Digital PCR System, provides enhanced partition-based absolute quantification using nanoliter wells. Earlier instruments like the Model 370 automated DNA sequencer laid the groundwork for these advancements by introducing fluorescent detection in the 1980s.

Reagents and Consumables

Applied Biosystems provides a range of reagents and consumables optimized for use with its genetic analysis systems, including chemical formulations for amplification, sequencing, and detection, as well as disposable components to ensure reliable performance in PCR and qPCR workflows. These products are engineered for high specificity, sensitivity, and compatibility, supporting applications from gene expression analysis to forensic identification. Recent additions include the MagMAX HMW DNA Kit (launched August 2025) for streamlined manual and automated high molecular weight DNA extraction from various sample types. PCR reagents from Applied Biosystems include TaqMan assays, which are probe-based systems comprising target-specific primers, probes labeled with reporter dyes and quenchers, and master mixes for real-time PCR detection. These assays leverage the 5' activity of to cleave the probe during amplification, enabling quantitative detection of DNA or targets with high specificity through minor groove binder (MGB) non-fluorescent quencher (NFQ) technology that enhances probe binding affinity. assays are designed for near 100% efficiency and are widely used for , , and detection, offering reproducible results across diverse sample types. For , the BigDye Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit utilizes dye-labeled dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs) in a cycle sequencing reaction, allowing the production of fluorescently terminated DNA fragments for capillary electrophoresis-based readouts. This kit is compatible with templates including plasmids up to 15 kb and supports high-quality sequencing reads typically up to 1000 bases, suitable for various templates, including plasmids and PCR products. It includes ready reaction mix, sequencing buffer, primers, and control DNA, facilitating robust performance in routine and high-throughput sequencing applications. Consumables such as MicroAmp optical tubes and plates are low-binding vessels designed for PCR and qPCR, available in formats including 0.2 mL individual tubes, 8-tube strips, and 96- or 384-well plates with optical clear bottoms for detection. These components minimize sample loss and while promoting uniform transfer, making them suitable for automated workflows and compatible with systems like the QuantStudio series. Specialized reagent lines include forensic STR kits like the GlobalFiler PCR Amplification Kit, which amplifies 24 loci for human identification, incorporating 10 mini-STR markers under 220 bp and one locus partially exceeding 400 bp to enhance recovery from degraded samples. For reproductive health, panels such as the Ion ReproSeq PGS Kits and PGD-SEQ kits provide reagents for preimplantation , including library preparation and whole-genome amplification components for detecting (PGT-A) and monogenic disorders (PGT-M) in embryos. Additionally, the SwiftArrayStudio Analyzer (launched November 2025) supports advanced multi-omics research workflows. All Applied Biosystems reagents and consumables are produced in facilities certified to ISO 13485 and ISO 9001 standards, with forensic-grade products meeting ISO 18385 for low human DNA contamination. Shelf lives typically extend up to 36 months under recommended storage conditions, such as -20°C for enzymes and mixes, ensuring stability and performance consistency.

Innovations and Contributions

Breakthroughs in DNA Sequencing and Synthesis

Applied Biosystems pioneered automated DNA synthesis with the introduction of the Model 380A DNA Synthesizer in 1983, which utilized phosphoramidite chemistry to produce oligonucleotides efficiently. This instrument automated a four-step cycle per nucleotide addition: detritylation to remove the protecting group, coupling of the phosphoramidite monomer, capping of unreacted chains to prevent elongation errors, and oxidation to stabilize the phosphite triester linkage. The process achieved coupling efficiencies exceeding 99% per step, enabling the reliable synthesis of DNA strands up to 100 bases long in a matter of hours rather than days of manual labor. In DNA sequencing, Applied Biosystems advanced Sanger sequencing through the Model 370A, launched in 1986 as the first commercial fluorescent-based automated sequencer. This instrument employed four spectrally distinct fluorescent dyes attached to dideoxynucleotides, allowing simultaneous detection of all four bases via laser excitation and a charge-coupled device camera, which eliminated the need for radioactive labeling and gel lane separations. By automating fragment separation and base calling on slab gels, the Model 370A reduced sequencing time for 500 bases from weeks of manual processing to a few hours per run, dramatically increasing throughput for genomic research. Applied Biosystems further revolutionized PCR amplification with the GeneAmp PCR System 9600 in the early 1990s, designed for high-throughput applications using 96-well formats and thin-walled reaction tubes. This system leveraged the thermostability of Taq DNA polymerase, which remains active at denaturation temperatures up to 95°C, enabling repeated cycles without enzyme replenishment. Optimized ramp rates and hold times achieved cycle durations under 2 minutes, supporting rapid amplification of target DNA sequences and facilitating the scale-up of PCR for large-scale genetic studies. A major leap in quantitative PCR came with TaqMan technology, introduced by Applied Biosystems in 1996, which integrated fluorogenic probes for real-time monitoring of amplification. These probes featured a reporter fluorophore at the 5' end and a quencher at the 3' end, relying on fluorescence resonance energy transfer () to suppress signal until the probe hybridizes to the target and is cleaved by the 5' nuclease activity of during extension. The resulting increase in normalized reporter signal (ΔRn) allowed precise quantification of starting template concentrations across a of at least 10^5-fold, enabling absolute and relative analysis without post-PCR processing. Applied Biosystems amassed numerous patents, underscoring its dominance in biomolecular automation, including key licensing agreements for foundational technologies like the PCR process covered by U.S. Patent 4,683,195. This patent, originally assigned to Cetus Corporation, described the method for amplifying specific nucleic acid sequences through repeated cycles of denaturation, annealing, and extension, which Applied Biosystems commercialized via instruments and reagents to drive widespread adoption in molecular biology.

Role in Major Scientific Projects

Applied Biosystems' instruments played a pivotal role in the (1990–2003), with the ABI 3700 DNA Analyzer generating the majority of the sequence data used by both public and private efforts, including Celera Genomics, which contributed significantly to the draft sequence. This capillary electrophoresis-based sequencer enabled high-throughput processing essential for assembling the 3-billion-base-pair human genome, accelerating breakthroughs in and . In 1994, ABI sequencers facilitated the discovery of the BRCA1 gene, the first identified genetic factor linked to hereditary breast and , by enabling precise mutation analysis in affected families. This advancement allowed researchers to map and sequence the gene, leading to improved hereditary risk screening and targeted therapies for . Applied Biosystems technologies have been integral to forensic applications, including the identification of victims from the , 2001, attacks through of challenging samples. Their STR amplification kits, such as AmpFlSTR, were among the primary tools for generating profiles compatible with the (CODIS), supporting global criminal investigations and missing persons cases. During the in the 2020s, assays from Applied Biosystems enabled rapid detection, with kits receiving FDA and supporting high-volume testing worldwide. These real-time RT-PCR assays targeted multiple viral genes for reliable diagnostics, facilitating millions of tests and responses. In agricultural , Applied Biosystems tools supported crop improvement efforts, such as the 2009 sequencing of the using Sanger methods, which revealed key for enhancing yield and resilience in this staple crop. In 2024, Applied Biosystems introduced the Axiom BloodGenomiX array, a solution for analyzing over 600,000 markers in blood-related traits, aiding research in , , and genetic disease associations.

Corporate Impact

Market Influence and Revenue Milestones

Applied Biosystems rapidly ascended to market dominance in automated DNA sequencing during the 1990s, establishing a monopoly through its pioneering instruments like the ABI 370, which revolutionized genomic research by enabling high-throughput analysis. This leadership position persisted into the early 2000s, with the company capturing the majority of the commercial market for Sanger sequencing technology amid the Human Genome Project's demands. By the 2020s, as part of Thermo Fisher Scientific, Applied Biosystems maintained a strong foothold in quantitative PCR (qPCR), holding approximately 30-34% of the global qPCR instruments market share, driven by its reliable systems for gene expression and pathogen detection. The company's revenue trajectory reflected its expanding influence, reaching roughly $1.6 billion annually by 2001 following robust quarterly performance, such as $411 million in the second quarter of 2000 alone. Pre-merger with in 2008, Applied Biosystems peaked at $2.36 billion in fiscal 2008 revenues, underscoring its scale in genetic analysis tools and consumables. Post-integration into , these operations contributed to the Life Sciences Solutions segment, which generated approximately $9.6 billion in annual revenue as of 2024, representing a key pillar of the parent's $42.9 billion total sales. In the competitive landscape, Applied Biosystems retained leadership in and qPCR niches against rivals like Illumina, which dominated next-generation sequencing but relied on complementary technologies for targeted applications. This positioning bolstered Thermo Fisher's overall , with the Life Sciences Solutions segment—encompassing Applied Biosystems' portfolio—accounting for about 24% of the company's $205 billion market cap in 2023, based on revenue proportionality. The economic impact extended beyond direct sales, as Applied Biosystems' innovations in PCR and sequencing enabled broader biotech industry expansion, contributing to a sector valued at over $3 trillion in U.S. economic output by 2024 through advancements in and diagnostics. Licensing from PCR-related patents further amplified this, generating significant royalties that supported widespread adoption in and clinical settings. Recent performance highlighted sustained momentum, with the Life Sciences Solutions segment declining 3.4% during 2024 amid market challenges, though averaged 4-5% in key quarters, fueled by rising demand for clinical next-generation sequencing in and infectious disease testing. This uptick aligned with broader segment of 4-5%, positioning the company for continued expansion amid evolving regulatory and therapeutic needs.

Acquisitions and Strategic Partnerships

In 1991, Hoffmann-La Roche acquired the patent rights to (PCR) technology, including , from for $300 million in cash plus potential royalties, establishing a foundational partnership that enabled Applied Biosystems (then under Perkin-Elmer) to commercialize PCR reagents and instruments through an exclusive marketing alliance. This deal positioned Applied Biosystems as the primary distributor of PCR kits and thermal cyclers under 's licensing framework, with Roche collecting royalties on sales that supported ongoing innovation in genetic analysis tools. In 2001, Applera Corporation—the parent company of Applied Biosystems—formed Celera Diagnostics as a with Celera Genomics, integrating high-throughput sequencing data and bioinformatics from Celera with Applied Biosystems' instrumentation to advance applied and diagnostics applications. This collaboration leveraged Celera's genomic datasets alongside Applied Biosystems' sequencing platforms, fostering synergies in target discovery and validation for pharmaceutical research. The 2008 merger of Applied Biosystems with , valued at $6.7 billion, created and integrated Invitrogen's expertise in cell analysis tools, such as fluorescence-based imaging and reagents, with Applied Biosystems' genetic analysis portfolio to enable more comprehensive workflows in molecular and cellular research. This union expanded capabilities in areas like protein detection and , driving operational synergies estimated at $80 million in the first year. Following the acquisition of by for $13.6 billion, Applied Biosystems gained access to Thermo Fisher's established technologies, incorporating advanced and tools into its genetic sequencing ecosystem for integrated multi-omics solutions. This integration enhanced analytical precision in and clinical diagnostics by combining with high-resolution mass spec instrumentation. In July 2024, completed the $3.1 billion acquisition of Olink, a company, further strengthening the Life Sciences Solutions portfolio by integrating Olink's proximity extension assay technology with ' genetic analysis tools to advance multi-omics and precision applications. Through these strategic moves, evolved from a provider of standalone genetic instruments to a key component of end-to-end scientific workflows, significantly broadening its technological reach and market position within 's life sciences division.

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