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Astram Line
Astram Line
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Astram Line
(Hiroshima Rapid Transit Line 1)
A 7000 series train on the Astram Line in December 2019
Overview
OwnerHiroshima Rapid Transit
LocaleHiroshima
Termini
Stations22
Service
TypeRubber-tyred metro
Services1
Depot(s)Chōrakuji
History
Opened20 August 1994; 31 years ago (1994-08-20)
Technical
Line length18.4 km (11.4 mi)
Number of tracks2
ElectrificationConductor rail, 750 V DC
Route map

Hiroshima New Transit Line 1 (広島新交通1号線, Hiroshima Shin Kōtsū 1-gō-sen), also known as the Astram Line (アストラムライン, Asutoramurain), is a manually driven[1] people mover operated by Hiroshima Rapid Transit in Hiroshima, Japan. Astram opened on August 20, 1994, for the 1994 Asian Games in Hiroshima. The line connects central Hiroshima and Hiroshima Big Arch, which was the main stadium of the Asian Games.

On March 14, 2015, a new station, Shin-Hakushima, opened to create a second connection between the Astram Line and the JR lines.

History

[edit]

Plans to build a new transit system linking the city centre of Hiroshima with the suburban area to the northwest were first proposed in July 1977.[2]

The third-sector railway company Hiroshima Rapid Transit was founded in 1987, funded primarily by the city of Hiroshima.[2] Groundbreaking for the rapid transit line project began on February 28, 1989, and construction would continue over a five-year period.[citation needed] However, on March 14, 1991, 14 people were killed when a girder collapsed on a section of the line's elevated viaduct near the Kamiyasu station's construction site.[3] The line opened for revenue service on August 20, 1994.[2]

When the line originally opened in 1994, it had 21 stations, of which Ōmachi provided the line's only transfer with a JR West line (the Kabe Line). On March 14, 2015, Shin-Hakushima opened as an infill station between Hakushima and Jōhoku in order to provide a transfer point with the Sanyo Main Line.

In January 2025, the line announced fare increases of up to ¥30 per ride. This is the first fare increase (except for the addition of sales tax as sales tax laws changed) in the over 30 years since the line opened in 1994. These fare increases will take effect from October 2025.[4]

Stations

[edit]
Station Japanese Distance (km) Transfers Location
Between stations Total
Hondōri 本通 - 0.0 ■ Hiroden Ujina Line (at Hondori) Naka-ku
Kenchō-mae 県庁前 0.3 0.3
Jōhoku 城北 1.1 1.4
Shin-Hakushima 新白島 0.3 1.7
Hakushima 白島 0.4 2.1
Ushita 牛田 0.8 2.9 Higashi-ku
Fudōin-mae 不動院前 1.1 4.0
Gion-shinbashi-kita 祇園新橋北 1.0 5.0 Asaminami-ku
Nishihara 西原 1.0 6.0
Nakasuji 中筋 1.0 7.0
Furuichi 古市 0.8 7.8  
Ōmachi 大町 0.6 8.4  B  Kabe Line
Bishamondai 毘沙門台 1.2 9.6
Yasuhigashi 安東 1.0 10.6
Kamiyasu 上安 0.8 11.4
Takatori 高取 0.6 12.0  
Chōrakuji 長楽寺 0.7 12.7
Tomo 伴 1.2 13.9
Ōbara 大原 1.0 14.9  
Tomo-chūō 伴中央 1.1 16.0  
Ōzuka 大塚 1.6 17.6
Kōiki-kōen-mae 広域公園前 0.8 18.4

Rolling stock

[edit]
  • 6000 series 6-car EMUs (23 sets)
  • 7000 series 6-car EMUs (three sets with 11 sets on order)

As of 2021, services on the line are operated using a fleet of 23 six-car 6000 series trainsets (sets 01 to 23) and three six-car 7000 series (sets 31 to 33).[5]

The entire fleet of 24 1000 and 6000-series sets is scheduled to be replaced with a new fleet of six-car trains delivered in two batches.[6] The first of 11 new 7000 series sets was delivered in 2019.[7] The first 7000 series set was delivered in October 2019[8] and entered service in March 2020.[5] The lone 1000 series set have since been retired.[5]

6000 series

[edit]
6000 series set 19 in September 2012

The 6000 series trainsets (01 to 23) are formed as follows, with all cars motored.[9]

Designation Mc M M M M Mc
Numbering 61xx 62xx 63xx 64xx 65xx 66xx

Priority seating is provided in each car, and wheelchair spaces are provided in the end cars.[9]

7000 series

[edit]
7000 series set 31 in December 2019

The 7000 series trainsets (31 to 33) are formed as follows, with all cars motored.[5]

Designation Mc M M M M Mc
Numbering 71xx 72xx 73xx 74xx 75xx 76xx

Priority seating is provided in each car, and wheelchair spaces are provided in the end cars.[5]

Former rolling stock

[edit]

1000 series

[edit]

The 1000 series trainset (24) was formed as follows, with four of the six cars motored.[9]

Designation Tc M M M M Tc
Numbering 1124 1224 1324 1424 1524 1624

Priority seating was provided in each car, and wheelchair spaces were provided in the end cars.[9]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Astram Line

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from Grokipedia
The Astram Line is a rubber-tyred (AGT) system in , , functioning as a that connects the city center to suburban areas over an 18.4-kilometer route. It comprises 22 stations, including 1.9 kilometers of underground track in the central district and 16.5 kilometers of elevated track through the outskirts, with all underground stations equipped with for safety. The line runs from Hondōri Station in downtown , where it interchanges with the city's tram network, to Kōiki-kōen-mae Station near the Hiroshima Big Arch sports complex. Operated by Hiroshima Rapid Transit Co., Ltd., the Astram Line opened on August 20, 1994, specifically to support transportation needs for the hosted in . The system uses a manually driven but highly automated design with rubber tires on a guideway, enabling smooth and quiet operation while avoiding traditional rails. In March 2015, the line expanded with the addition of Shin-Hakushima Station to improve connectivity. As of 2025, the fleet has undergone renewal with the delivery of 24 new 7000-series trainsets by , enhancing capacity and reliability for daily commuters and visitors.

System Overview

Description and Purpose

The Astram Line is a rubber-tired (AGT) system operated by Hiroshima Rapid Transit Co., Ltd. (HRT), a third-sector company established in 1987 through a public-private involving the City of and other local entities. Spanning 18.4 km with 22 stations, the line links central at Hondōri station to the northwestern suburbs at Kōiki-kōen-mae station, near the Big Arch stadium. It was developed to alleviate road congestion in urban , facilitate suburban expansion in the Asa as part of new town initiatives, and support infrastructure needs for the , including access to the event's main venue. The system enhances Hiroshima's transport network by integrating with JR West's Sanyō Main Line at stations like Shin-Hakushima and with Hiroden streetcar lines via compatible IC card ticketing for multimodal travel. Daily ridership peaked at 65,612 passengers in , with pre-pandemic averages around 60,000, reflecting its role in daily commuting and event access before disruptions; as of 2024, it has recovered to record highs over 65,000 daily.

Technical Characteristics

The Astram Line employs rubber-tired vehicles operating on a dedicated guideway, providing smooth guidance and reduced compared to steel-wheeled systems. The guideway features a 1,700 mm gauge, wider than the standard 1,435 mm rail gauge, to improve stability during operation, particularly on curved sections and at higher speeds. The structure is built using girders for efficient construction and durability, with the total infrastructure cost at opening amounting to approximately ¥174 billion in 1994 values. Electrification is supplied via a 750 V DC third rail system, powering the vehicles for reliable performance across the route. The maximum operating speed is 70 km/h, while the average speed is 32 km/h, balancing with frequent stops at 22 stations. The line is fully double-tracked throughout its length, incorporating elevated and underground sections to navigate urban terrain. Operation is managed through a central control system with semi-automated features ( 2 level), where trains are driven by onboard operators but benefit from automatic train protection and signaling for safety and . As of 2025, the fleet has undergone renewal with the delivery of 24 new 7000-series trainsets by , enhancing capacity, reliability, and energy . Environmental considerations are integrated into the design, with rubber tires minimizing noise and vibration levels compared to conventional rail systems, making it suitable for residential areas. Additionally, the vehicles incorporate to recover energy during deceleration, enhancing overall energy efficiency.

Route and Infrastructure

Route Description

The Astram Line begins at Hondōri Station in central Hiroshima's Naka Ward, where it operates underground for an initial 1.9 km section through the densely developed urban core. This subterranean segment facilitates seamless integration into the city's busy downtown environment, connecting key commercial and administrative hubs. Emerging onto an elevated guideway, the line extends northwest for 16.5 km, traversing residential and commercial districts in Nishi Ward before reaching the suburban expanse of Asaminami Ward. The route navigates flat urban plains characteristic of Hiroshima's central , gradually ascending into slightly hilly toward the northwest outskirts. Throughout its path, the line passes in proximity to significant landmarks, including the in the initial urban stretch and various industrial zones in the mid-sections. Notable integration points include interchanges at Hondōri Station with the Hiroden tram network, Shin-Hakushima Station—opened in 2015—with the JR Sanyō Main Line, and Kōiki-kōen-mae Station adjacent to the Big Arch . The entire alignment incorporates earthquake-resistant engineering, reflecting stringent Japanese seismic standards to ensure operational resilience across its varied .

Stations

The Astram Line serves 22 stations over its 18.4 km route, with an average spacing of approximately 0.8 km between stops. The system includes four underground stations in central and 18 elevated stations transitioning to suburban areas. All stations are equipped with elevators and wheelchair-accessible toilets, ensuring full accessibility for passengers with disabilities. Upgrades in the enhanced these features across the network, including and designated wheelchair spaces on trains. The Hondōri terminus, located underground, benefits from climate-controlled environments for passenger comfort. Many elevated stations offer scenic views, such as those over the Motoyasu River near central segments. Facilities vary by location, with urban stations emphasizing interchanges and suburban ones providing and bus connections; daily ridership across the line averaged 65,683 passengers as of 2024, with higher volumes at key interchanges like Hondōri and Shin-Hakushima. The following table lists all stations in sequence from the Hondōri terminus, including distances, opening dates, transfers, and notable facilities.
Station NameDistance from Hondōri (km)Opening DateTransfersKey Facilities
Hondōri0.020 Aug 1994Hiroden Ujina and Main LinesElevators, accessible toilets; high footfall as central hub; no parking
Kenchō-mae0.320 Aug 1994Hiroden Main and Ujina LinesElevators, accessible toilets; urban access; no parking
Jōhoku1.420 Aug 1994NoneElevators, accessible toilets; residential links; no parking
Shin-Hakushima1.714 Mar 2015JR Sanyō Main LineElevators, accessible toilets, parking; key JR interchange; ~12,100 daily users
Hakushima2.120 Aug 1994NoneElevators, accessible toilets; views over Motoyasu River; no parking
Ushita2.920 Aug 1994NoneElevators, accessible toilets; local bus links; no parking
Fudōin-mae4.020 Aug 1994NoneElevators, accessible toilets; community access; no parking
Gion-shinbashi-kita5.020 Aug 1994NoneElevators, accessible toilets; elevated views; no parking
Nishihara6.020 Aug 1994NoneElevators, accessible toilets; suburban residential; limited parking
Nakasuji7.020 Aug 1994NoneElevators, accessible toilets; bus terminal nearby; limited parking
Furuichi7.820 Aug 1994NoneElevators, accessible toilets; local connections; no parking
Ōmachi8.420 Aug 1994JR Kabe LineElevators, accessible toilets; JR interchange; no parking
Bishamondai9.620 Aug 1994NoneElevators, accessible toilets; residential area; limited parking
Yasuhigashi10.620 Aug 1994NoneElevators, accessible toilets; suburban links; parking available
Kamiyasu11.420 Aug 1994NoneElevators, accessible toilets; community facilities; parking available
Takatori12.020 Aug 1994NoneElevators, accessible toilets; local access; parking available
Chōrakuji12.720 Aug 1994NoneElevators, accessible toilets; elevated structure; parking available
Tomo13.920 Aug 1994NoneElevators, accessible toilets; rural-suburban; parking available
Ōbara14.920 Aug 1994NoneElevators, accessible toilets; residential; parking available
Tomo-chūō16.020 Aug 1994NoneElevators, accessible toilets; central suburban hub; parking available
Ōzuka17.620 Aug 1994NoneElevators, accessible toilets; near venues; parking available
Kōiki-kōen-mae18.420 Aug 1994None; bus to sports venuesElevators, accessible toilets, extensive parking; terminal for events

History

Planning and Construction

The Astram Line was conceived as a medium-capacity system to supplement Hiroshima's existing and bus networks, with initial efforts dating back to the late 1970s amid broader urban transit improvements. Construction commenced in February 1987 as part of preparations for the hosted in , involving a combination of elevated viaducts, underground tunneling for the central 1.9 km section, and elements for the guideway. The project was developed through a joint venture involving the national government, , and the City of , with the Hiroshima Rapid Transit Co., Ltd. established in December 1987 to oversee operations. Major construction activities intensified from 1989 to 1994, encompassing the erection of elevated structures and the integration of rubber-tired guideway technology supplied by , which also handled initial fleet procurement of 22 six-car 6000-series trainsets. The total project cost was approximately 174 billion yen, covering design, infrastructure, and . A significant setback occurred on March 14, 1991, when a 63.4-meter, 60-ton steel box girder collapsed during installation near the future Kamiyasu Station site, falling 10 meters onto a busy prefectural and crushing 11 vehicles at a traffic signal. The , attributed to a failure in the hydraulic due to uneven load distribution and lack of preventive measures like fall-arrest wires, resulted in 14 fatalities (including five construction workers and nine civilians) and nine injuries, prompting nationwide safety reviews, structural investigations, and a several-month delay to the overall timeline.

Opening and Extensions

The Astram Line officially opened on August 20, 1994, coinciding with the hosting of the in , providing enhanced connectivity from the city center to key venues including the Hiroshima Big Arch stadium. The launch marked the completion of an 18.4 km rubber-tyred guided transit system, with 1.9 km underground through central and the remainder elevated, operated by Hiroshima Rapid Transit as a manually driven . Initial operations integrated the line with Hiroshima's broader public transport network, including the Hiroden streetcar system. In 2008, compatibility with prepaid IC cards such as PASPY was introduced, facilitating fare payments and transfers across streetcars, the Astram Line, and local buses. The original fleet consisted of 22 six-car 6000-series trainsets that entered service at opening, with an additional 6000-series trainset added in 1998 and a single prototype 1000-series trainset introduced in 1999; these remained in use until progressive replacement beginning in 2020. In 2015, the line underwent its first major extension with the opening of Shin-Hakushima station on March 14, creating a new 1.3 km branch from the existing Hakushima station and establishing a direct interchange with JR West's Sanyō Main Line and Kabe Line. This addition improved connectivity for commuters traveling between central and regional rail services, contributing to a subsequent rise in overall ridership and transfer volumes at the site. Following the opening, several safety and resilience upgrades were implemented, including reinforcements to infrastructure in response to lessons from the 1995 Great Hanshin Earthquake and the installation of full-height platform screen doors across all stations during the 2000s to enhance passenger security and prevent falls. These measures supported stable operations amid growing urban demand in Hiroshima.

Recent Developments

In September 2020, Hiroshima Rapid Transit placed an order with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries for 13 additional six-car 7000-series Automated Guideway Transit trainsets, comprising 78 cars, to supplement the initial 11 sets ordered in 2017 and bring the total fleet to 24 trainsets. These new trainsets, featuring lightweight aluminum construction for enhanced durability, recyclability, and energy efficiency, began entering service in March 2020 with the first batch and fully replaced the older 1000- and 6000-series rolling stock by early 2025. The final trainset was delivered on February 12, 2025, completing the fleet renewal program aimed at improving operational efficiency and reducing maintenance costs. On January 28, 2025, Hiroshima Rapid Transit announced its first fare increase since the line's opening in 1994, prompted by rising inflation, labor costs, and infrastructure maintenance expenses. Effective October 1, 2025, the base fare for distances up to 6 km rose from 190 yen to 220 yen, with increases of up to 30 yen for segments up to 12 km, 20 yen for 12-15 km, and 10 yen for 15-18 km; fares for longer distances remain unchanged. Commuter passes saw proportional adjustments, while some one-day tickets, such as the Astram Line One-Day Pass, decreased in price to encourage greater usage. The revised fares received approval from the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism's Chugoku Transport Bureau on May 22, 2025. As of late 2025, no major route extensions are planned for the Astram Line, though the completion of Station's redevelopment in August 2025 has improved overall regional connectivity by integrating tram services directly into the station complex.

Rolling Stock

Current Fleet

The current fleet of the Astram Line consists of 24 trainsets of the 7000-series, each comprising 6 cars with end cars measuring 8.61 m in length and intermediate cars 8.47 m, with a total passenger capacity of 264 per trainset (40 per end car including 15 seated; 46 per intermediate car including 20 seated). The aluminum body construction ensures a lightweight design at approximately 10.2 tons per car (61.2 tons per trainset), promoting recyclability and efficiency. Ordered in 2017 with an initial batch of 11 trainsets entering service in March 2020, the 7000-series achieved full delivery by February 2025. These trains operate at a top speed of 70 km/h (design; operational maximum 60 km/h), with an acceleration rate of 3.5 km/h/s and to optimize energy use. Notable features include LED lighting for energy-efficient illumination, for passenger comfort, dedicated spaces for , and automated diagnostic systems for reliability. Manufactured by at its Mihara Machinery Works, the series incorporates double-skin aluminum construction for enhanced durability. All 24 trainsets entered full service by mid-2025, fully replacing the previous fleet and providing energy savings through improved lightweight materials (approximately 5.5% lighter than predecessors) and regenerative systems.

Former Fleet

The former fleet of the Astram Line primarily consisted of the 6000 series and a single 1000 series set, which together formed 24 six-car trainsets that entered service starting with the line's opening in 1994 and operated until their complete phase-out by 2025. These vehicles were rubber-tired automated guideway transit (AGT) trains with steel bodies designed for the line's central guideway system, providing reliable service over approximately 30 years while accommodating growing ridership demands. The fleet's withdrawal was part of a comprehensive renewal program initiated in 2020 to introduce more efficient models, accelerating retirements to lower long-term maintenance expenses associated with aging infrastructure and control systems. The 6000 series formed the backbone of the original fleet, with 23 sets manufactured by Niigata Tekko (now Niigata Transys), , and between 1993 and 1998. Each set featured a for , longitudinal bench seating in a long-seat configuration, and a passenger capacity of 286 (including 114 seated). These trains, painted in a distinctive white-and-blue , handled all services from the 1994 inauguration through peak operations, achieving over 30 years of use before progressive retirements began in 2020 alongside the arrival of replacement . The final 6000 series set concluded operations on May 18, 2025, marking the end of the inaugural fleet type with a ceremonial last run. In contrast, the 1000 series represented a limited upgrade to the fleet, consisting of just one prototype six-car set introduced in 1999 to test advanced technologies. Built with a similar body and seating layout to the 6000 series but equipped with Electric VVVF inverter control using IGBT elements for smoother and more energy-efficient performance, it offered a marginally higher capacity of 288 passengers. This set, numbered 24 and featuring a white roof for distinction, operated alongside the 6000 series until its early retirement in June 2020 due to accelerating aging and the need for fleet standardization during the renewal. No full 1000 series set was preserved post-retirement, though select components from retired vehicles, including those from both series, have been made available for public sale as mementos.

Operations

Service Patterns and Automation

The Astram Line operates as a single full-line service connecting Hondōri Station in central to Kōiki-kōen-mae Station in the northwest suburbs, spanning 18.4 km with 22 stations. Trains run daily from approximately 5:39 a.m. to 11:36 p.m., providing consistent coverage across the route without partial or express patterns. This schedule supports commuter demand during morning and evening peaks while maintaining accessibility for off-peak travel. Service frequency varies by time of day and day of week to optimize capacity and . During weekday morning rush hours, trains depart every 2.5 minutes, achieving up to 24 trains per hour per direction. Off-peak weekday intervals extend to 10 minutes, while weekends and holidays see daytime headways of about 10 minutes, increasing to 15-20 minutes in the evenings. These patterns enable the line to handle peak loads effectively, with the rubber-tyred trains' design facilitating smooth acceleration and deceleration for reliable timing. The Astram Line employs a manned operation model, classified under semi-automated train control systems rather than fully unattended automation. It incorporates Automatic Train Protection (ATP), (ATO), and Automatic Train Supervision (ATS) technologies, originally developed by Kobelco for the system's guideway transit setup. Onboard sensors and central signaling manage speed, spacing, and route adherence, but operators remain present in for , particularly in the 1.9 km underground section where guidance is required. Dispatch oversight occurs from a central control facility, ensuring real-time monitoring and response to any irregularities. Maintenance activities are conducted overnight at the Chōrakuji depot, located adjacent to Chōrakuji Station near the line's midpoint. This facility houses the fleet for inspections, repairs, and storage outside operating hours, minimizing disruptions to daily service. Contingency procedures include manual overrides for rare system faults, though such interventions are infrequent due to the robust signaling infrastructure. The line's peak operational capacity supports 10,000 to 20,000 passengers per hour, leveraging the 24-train frequency and each six-car train's rated passenger capacity (up to approximately 400 during rush hours).

Fares and Ridership

The Astram Line employs a distance-based , with payments accepted via cash at automatic ticket vending machines or contactless national traffic IC cards such as , , and PASMO. Prior to the October 2025 revision, single-ride adult ranged from 190 yen for the shortest distances (up to 2 km) to 490 yen for the full 18.4 km line. Following the first fare adjustment since the line's 1994 opening, effective October 1, 2025, the minimum increased to 220 yen, with most sections up to 12 km seeing a 30 yen hike (e.g., 6-9 km from 320 yen to 350 yen), while the full-line remained at 490 yen to encourage longer trips. Child (for elementary school students) are calculated at half the adult rate, rounded up to the nearest 10 yen if under 10 yen, effectively providing around a 100 yen discount on short trips; children under 6 ride free when accompanied by a guardian (additional children pay the child ). All 22 stations feature contactless automatic gates compatible with IC cards, enabling seamless entry and exit. A one-day pass, valid for unlimited travel on the entire line, was priced at 950 yen for adults and 480 yen for children prior to the revision; post-October 2025, it was reduced to 900 yen (adults) and 450 yen (children) to promote usage. IC cards facilitate integration with JR West and (Hiroden) lines for transfers, allowing passengers to tap in and out across systems without needing separate tickets, though fares are calculated separately per operator. Annual ridership on the Astram Line averaged 23-24 million passengers in the years leading up to 2020. The led to a sharp decline, but recovery accelerated, with fiscal year 2024 (April 2024-March 2025) recording approximately 24 million passengers—a daily average of 65,683, marking a record high that surpassed pre-pandemic levels due to residential development along the route and eased restrictions. Ridership trends show steady suburban expansion, with a roughly 20% increase in usage from outer stations since major line developments in the mid-2010s, driven by and improved connectivity. Despite revenue growth, the operator faces an operating deficit of 333.6 million yen in fiscal 2024—largely covered by subsidies—marking five consecutive years of losses due to increased maintenance costs.

References

  1. https://www.urbanrail.net/as/jp/hiroshima/hiroshima.htm
  2. https://www.mhi.com/news/25021201.html
  3. https://www.jametro.or.jp/en/japan/hiroshima.html
  4. https://www.railwaygazette.com/data/hiroshima-kosoku-kotsu-astram-line/51213.article
  5. https://www.railway.supply/mitsubishi-completed-train-deliveries-for-the-automated-line-in-hiroshima/
  6. https://www.mhi.com/news/200910.html
  7. https://business.columbia.edu/sites/default/files-efs/imce-uploads/Research/Research_Papers/OP_73.HP_.Hiroshima_Kosoku_Kotsu_Corporation.pdf
  8. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0wCV7X2TLhg
  9. https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/15d42767f1ab1eb0581ca71b6e4a80bbe6277864
  10. https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12245858_03.pdf
  11. http://www.ejrcf.or.jp/jrtr/jrtr41/s40_kis.html
  12. https://www.astramline.co.jp/station/route.html
  13. https://www.japan-experience.com/plan-your-trip/to-know/traveling-japan/hiroshima-travel
  14. https://www.bae.se/kitayama/astram.htm
  15. https://www.astramline.co.jp/qa/
  16. https://newsdig.tbs.co.jp/articles/-/2046155
  17. https://statresearch.jp/traffic/train/stations/passengers_station_51_22.html
  18. https://www.mhi.com/news/191010.html
  19. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-03-15-mn-207-story.html
  20. https://www.shippai.org/fkd/en/hfen/HD1000001.pdf
  21. https://www.hiroden.co.jp/en/s-howtoride.html
  22. https://www.astramline.co.jp/Portals/0/tokusetu/6000_lastrun/
  23. https://gethiroshima.com/features/shin-hakushima-eki-station-under-construction/
  24. https://www.railwaygazette.com/monorail-and-peoplemover/hiroshima-agt-deliveries-completed/68350.article
  25. https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXZQOCC2831A0Y5A120C2000000/
  26. https://www.chugoku-np.co.jp/articles/-/589744
  27. https://www.tetsudo.com/news/3551/
  28. https://www.astramline.co.jp/Portals/0/pdf/news/20250522_jougen_ninka.pdf
  29. https://www.japan-guide.com/blog/schauwecker/250803.html
  30. https://www.weblio.jp/content/%E5%BA%83%E5%B3%B6%E9%AB%98%E9%80%9F%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A7000%E7%B3%BB%E9%9B%BB%E8%BB%8A
  31. https://ab-hiroshima.com/201910astram
  32. https://www.astramline.co.jp/Portals/0/pdf/news/250307_news_lastrun.pdf
  33. https://hachikihatrain.net/traindata/astramline/
  34. https://www.astramline.co.jp/company/outline.html
  35. https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXZQOCC255QC0V21C21A1000000/
  36. https://www.jcnnewswire.com/pressrelease/95964/3/MHI-Delivers-Final-7000-Series-AGT-Trainset-for-the-Astram-Line
  37. https://www.tetsudo.com/news/3510/
  38. https://www.astramline.co.jp/Portals/0/pdf/news/250307_news_lastrun.pdf?TabModule591=0
  39. http://61.126.44.89/HRT1000.pdf
  40. https://2nd-train.net/topics/article/28343/
  41. https://metroeasy.com/japan/astram-line-hiroshima/
  42. http://www.jtpa.or.jp/eng/contents/pdf/2_NTS2.pdf
  43. https://www.astramline.co.jp/ride-guidance/tabid147.html
  44. https://www.astramline.co.jp/Portals/0/pdf/ride-guidance/20240601_kyorihyou_ver2.pdf
  45. https://www.astramline.co.jp/ride-guidance/fare.html
  46. https://www.chugoku-np.co.jp/articles/-/674624
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