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Block Island Sound
Block Island Sound
Block Island Sound
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Block Island Sound, shown shaded in pink, between the coast of Rhode Island and Block Island.

Block Island Sound is a marine sound in the open Atlantic Ocean, approximately 10 miles (16 km) wide, separating Block Island from the coast of mainland Rhode Island. On the west, it extends to Montauk Point on the eastern tip of Long Island, as well as Plum Island, Gardiners Island, and Fishers Island, all in the state of New York.[1][2]

Geographically, Block Island Sound extends west to Long Island Sound, Napeague Bay, and Gardiners Bay and east to Rhode Island Sound. The Block Island Sound forms part of the Intracoastal Waterway.

Three United States Navy warships have been named after the sound. See USS Block Island.

References

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Block Island Sound

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Block Island Sound is a strait in the open , approximately 10 miles (16 km) wide, that separates from the southern coasts of and eastern , New York. It forms part of the eastern approach to , connecting the to inland waterways like Fishers Island Sound and Gardiners Bay. Bounded to the north by the coasts of (from Point Judith) and (including Fishers Island); to the south by ; to the west by the eastern tip of (Montauk Point); and open to the east toward [Rhode Island Sound](/page/Rhode Island_Sound), the sound spans roughly 20 miles in length with depths averaging 40 meters (131 feet) and accommodating deep-draft vessel traffic through channels like Montauk Channel, which has a controlling depth of 38 feet. Geologically shaped by Pleistocene glaciation, the sound features submerged highlands, moraines, and glacial drift deposits, with a seafloor composed of marine sands, gravels, and boulders that support diverse benthic habitats. Ecologically significant, it hosts rich including such as North Atlantic right whales, loggerhead sea turtles, and various fish assemblages like silver and summer , while serving as a critical migratory corridor and ground. The sound is also notable for the , the first commercial offshore wind facility in the United States, operational since 2016 and located about 3.8 miles southeast of , generating 30 megawatts of . Navigational challenges include strong tidal currents up to 1.9 knots and frequent fog, but it remains a vital route for maritime and recreation in southern .

Geography

Location and Extent

Block Island Sound is a strait in the open located off the southern coast of , approximately 10 miles (16 km) wide, separating from the southern coasts of and eastern , New York. It lies at roughly 41°10'N latitude, forming part of the coastal waters between and New York. As a semi-enclosed , it serves as a key maritime passage in the region. The sound's boundaries are defined as follows: to the north by the Rhode Island coastline and ; to the south by ; to the east by a line extending from the easterly point of , to the southeasterly point of ; and to the west by The Race and Plum Gut, narrow straits linking to . This eastern demarcation separates it from the broader . Extending westward, the sound connects to via The Race, and further to Napeague Bay and Gardiners Bay through shallower passages southwest of . It extends from its eastern boundary near Point Judith to these western extensions, functioning as a transitional zone between the sheltered and the open .

Bathymetry and Hydrology

Block Island Sound has a mean depth of approximately 40 meters, with features divided into two distinct sectors. The eastern sector consists of a broad, flat plain with gradual southeastward slopes and low relief, averaging about 33.5 meters in depth, while the western sector exhibits higher relief characterized by submerged valleys, ridges, and steeper gradients, with mean depths around 51.5 meters and local depressions reaching up to 91.5 meters. The seafloor substrates reflect these topographic differences, featuring sandy flats and silty-sand deposits in the eastern sector, contrasted by rocky outcrops, boulders, and basement rock exposures in the western sector, particularly along east-northeast to south-southeast alignments. Hydrologically, the sound is dominated by semidiurnal tidal currents, with speeds reaching up to 5 knots in constricted areas like The Race and averaging about 0.5 knots near , facilitating water exchange with the Atlantic Ocean via broad channels and with via narrow passages. Freshwater inflow from adjacent rivers exerts minimal influence, rendering the sound more oceanic than estuarine in character. Water properties exhibit pronounced seasonal variations, with winter conditions featuring well-mixed waters at temperatures of 1–3°C and relatively uniform . In summer, a develops, resulting in surface temperatures around 20°C and bottom temperatures near 10°C, accompanied by salinity gradients ranging from about 29‰ at the surface near The Race to 33‰ near , with overall seasonal salinity fluctuations of approximately 1‰.

Geology

Formation and History

Block Island Sound originated during the Pleistocene epoch as a product of the Laurentide Ice Sheet's advance and subsequent retreat across southern New England. Approximately 20,000 to 28,000 years ago, the ice sheet reached its maximum extent, depositing extensive glacial drift, including terminal moraines such as the Ronkonkoma and Harbor Hill systems, which form the foundational topography of Block Island and the surrounding coastal shelf. These moraines, composed of till and outwash sediments, delineate the sound's basin boundaries and influenced the initial configuration of the region as the glacier advanced southward. The Quaternary geological history of the sound is revealed through high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles, which document stratigraphic layers of glacial overlain by post-glacial marine sediments. began around 15,500 years (BP), with the Narragansett Lobe and other ice margins retreating northward, leaving behind glaciolacustrine deposits from proglacial lakes that occupied the emerging sound basin. By approximately 10,000 BP, the ice had fully retreated, marking the transition to a marine environment as and early sedimentation filled pre-existing glacial topography. These profiles also highlight ice-margin fluctuations during the late Wisconsinan stage, with end moraines like the Beacon Hill and Corn Neck features shaping Block Island's subsurface structure. Post-glacial sea-level rise profoundly altered the sound's configuration over the ensuing millennia, driven by eustatic changes from the melting Laurentide and ice sheets at rates of 2–5 meters per century. This transgression reworked glacial and transitional sediments, eroding valleys and depositing estuarine and marine layers, with a net rise of about 120 meters since the . In the recent , sea levels have stabilized with a subtler rise of around 10 meters over the past 5,000 years, further defining the sound's current through wave and tidal action. Key timeline events include the formation of glacial lakes around 17,000 , initial around 15,500 , and the establishment of the modern basin by 10,000 .

Sediments and Bathymetric Features

Block Island Sound exhibits distinct bathymetric variations, with the western sector characterized by high-relief terrain including reefs, steep drop-offs, and channels that reach depths exceeding 58 meters, while the eastern sector features a relatively flat seafloor with gradual slopes less than 1 degree and depths generally under 35 meters. Notable features in the western sector include large sand waves with over 4 meters of relief and barchanoid megaripples, as well as prominent reefs such as Race Rock Reef, which contributes to the area's rugged underwater shaped by strong tidal flows. These bathymetric patterns were mapped using multibeam data from NOAA surveys and high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles collected by the USGS between 1981 and 1990. Sediments in Block Island Sound are predominantly composed of and , particularly in the eastern where coarse to medium sands form rippled beds and gravelly mixtures armor bathymetric highs associated with glacial moraines. In contrast, deeper western areas contain muddier deposits, including fine-grained muddy sands with up to 20% mud content in depositional basins, reflecting lower energy environments. Boulders, often glacial erratics several meters in and covered with bryozoans or other sessile , are scattered across both sectors, especially on eastern highs off and near Point Judith in the west, where they overlie reworked glacial drift. Thin shell beds and bioturbated layers are also common in deeper sands, adding to the heterogeneous seafloor mosaic. The distribution of these sediments is strongly influenced by tidal currents, which exceed 1 meter per second in constricted western passages like The Race, promoting and deposition of coarser materials such as and boulders on highs while scouring depressions that expose Pleistocene surfaces. In the eastern sector, weaker currents allow for finer sand accumulation in flat areas, with sand waves and megaripples indicating active . This dynamic interplay maintains the sound's sedimentary framework, with coarser sediments dominating high-energy zones and muddier fines settling in protected deeper basins.

History

Early Exploration and Settlement

The Manissean people, a subgroup related to the Narragansett, were the first known inhabitants of and utilized the surrounding for and seasonal prior to the 1600s. Archaeological , including stone sinkers weighing 0.5 to 2 pounds used for deep-water , indicates their reliance on marine resources such as fish, clams, oysters, and scallops from Great Pond and the sound's coastal areas. Their population on the island is estimated at around 1,000, including women and children, before European contact, with settlements concentrated near productive fishing grounds. European exploration of Block Island Sound began in the early 16th century, with Italian navigator Giovanni da Verrazzano sighting Block Island in 1524 during his voyage along the North American coast. Verrazzano described the island as hilly and densely forested, noting signs of habitation from coastal fires visible from his ship. In 1614, Dutch explorer Adriaen Block further charted the sound during an expedition sponsored by the Dutch East India Company, likely landing on the island and trading with the Manisseans; he named it Block Island after himself, marking the first detailed European mapping of the waterway. These explorations facilitated Dutch claims to the region as part of New Netherland in the early 17th century, with trading posts established along the sound for fur and marine exchanges, though English interests from the Massachusetts Bay Colony soon contested these through retaliatory actions, such as the 1636 expedition following the Manissean killing of English trader John Oldham. Permanent European settlement occurred in 1661, when 16 families from the Massachusetts towns of Braintree and purchased the island for £400 from Massachusetts proprietors, including John Endicott, and arrived by ship in , landing at what is now known as . Led by figures such as Simon Ray, , and Thomas Terry, the settlers surveyed the land into 17 shares—one reserved for ministerial support—and established a basic democratic governance structure by 1662. Initially focused on agriculture and livestock grazing on areas like Corn Neck, the community faced challenges from the lack of a natural harbor, prompting early petitions to authorities in 1665 for improvements. By 1664, following the of 1663, Block Island Sound and the island formally became part of the Colony of and Providence Plantations, resolving overlapping Massachusetts claims. In the early 1700s, Block Island Sound played a central role in the settlers' emerging economy, serving as a conduit for routes connecting the to ports in Newport, Providence, New London, and Stonington. Fishing became established by 1702, with local boats targeting and bass in the sound and adjacent waters, while produced surplus corn, oats, poultry, and dairy for export. activities also developed around the during this period, targeting humpback whales sighted in the sound, though initially viewed as hazardous; these efforts contributed to the production of , a key commodity in colonial maritime , alongside privateering ventures during Anglo-French conflicts that utilized the sound's strategic position. By , the island's population had grown to about 200, supporting these activities despite periodic threats from pirates and invaders.

Maritime Navigation and Shipwrecks

Block Island Sound has served as a vital maritime passageway linking to the open since the early , facilitating trade and travel along the northeastern U.S. coast. However, through the sound has long been perilous due to extensive shoals, treacherous currents, frequent , and sudden storms, which have endangered vessels since colonial times. To mitigate these hazards, the U.S. government constructed key lighthouses on , including the North Light, first established in 1829 to mark the northern entrance to the sound and warn mariners of nearby dangers. Subsequent structures were lost to the sea and fire; the current granite tower was built in 1867 and relocated inland in 1993 amid severe . Complementing it, the Southeast Light was commissioned and first lit on February 1, 1875, to guide ships along the island's hazardous southeastern shoreline, where abrupt shoaling posed significant risks to approaching vessels. The sound's navigational challenges have resulted in numerous shipwrecks, with hundreds documented in the region owing to collisions with reefs, grounding on shoals, and losses in . One of the most infamous incidents involved the Princess Augusta, a Dutch immigrant ship carrying over 240 passengers from to , which ran aground at Sandy Point on during a on December 26, 1738; , contaminated water, and storms had already claimed many lives, and conflicting accounts describe either heroic rescues by locals or looting and arson by islanders and crew. Another notable wreck was the three-masted schooner A.P. Emerson from , which foundered on September 25, 1898, likely due to the sound's unpredictable currents and shoals. In the steamship era of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, disasters continued, exemplified by the February 11, 1907, collision between the passenger steamer Larchmont and the schooner Harry Knowlton in dense fog, which sank the Larchmont and claimed nearly 200 lives in . During , the was sunk by U.S. naval forces on May 6, 1945, near the sound's entrance off Point Judith, marking a significant military-related loss in the area. Modern advancements in charting have improved safety, with the conducting comprehensive hydrographic surveys of since 2005 using multibeam and other technologies, remapping over 95% of the area to update nautical charts and identify submerged hazards. These efforts build on earlier 19th- and 20th-century developments, including enhanced fog signals at lighthouses and the establishment of aids to amid rising steamship traffic. The cultural legacy of these maritime tragedies endures, particularly through the of the "," a spectral flaming ship said to appear off around Christmastime, inspired by the 1738 wreck and immortalized in John Greenleaf Whittier's 1867 poem "The Wreck of the ," which evokes the screams of survivor Mary Vanderline and perpetuates tales of ghostly hauntings tied to the sound's stormy history.

Ecology

Marine Habitats and Biodiversity

Block Island Sound encompasses a diverse array of marine habitats, primarily benthic zones characterized by sandy and muddy bottoms that support communities of macroinvertebrates such as amphipods, polychaetes, and bivalves. These substrates form extensive plains and sheets, interspersed with gravel pavements and glacial moraine features that add structural complexity, fostering habitat for infaunal and epifaunal organisms. Pelagic waters, influenced by tidal mixing and seasonal stratification, provide open-water environments for schooling fish and planktonic life stages. Rocky reefs and boulder fields, remnants of glacial deposits, serve as refugia for crustaceans including rock crabs (Cancer irroratus) and shrimp species like northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis). The sound's biodiversity reflects its position at the biogeographic transition between Acadian and Virginian provinces, supporting a mix of cold- and warm-temperate species. Fish assemblages are dominated by elasmobranchs and demersal species, with spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) comprising 41% of biomass, little skate (Leucoraja erinacea) 14.3%, and winter skate (Leucoraja ocellata) 8.4%, alongside ocean pout (Zoarces americanus) at 5%. Thirty-six marine mammal species inhabit or migrate through the area, including 30 cetaceans such as bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), Atlantic white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus acutus), and the endangered North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis), as well as five pinniped species like harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and gray seals (Halichoerus grypus). Four sea turtle species occur seasonally: loggerhead (Caretta caretta), green (Chelonia mydas), Kemp's ridley (Lepidochelys kempii), and leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea). Invertebrate communities feature bryozoans and a variety of macrofauna, including tube-building amphipods like Ampelisca agassizii and bivalves such as Nucula proxima. Seasonal dynamics shape species distributions, with migratory fish and cetaceans peaking in summer as warmer waters attract pelagic species like bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) and (Paralichthys dentatus), while winter sees concentrations of skates and demersal fish such as (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) in shallower, colder areas. Sea turtles are most abundant from summer to early fall, foraging on and crustaceans. Studies by the (URI) and the (NOAA) have documented these patterns through long-term surveys, including URI's Ocean Special Area Management Plan (SAMP) assessments of benthic and pelagic communities and NOAA's Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NEFSC) trawl surveys tracking fish distributions from the 1960s onward. Pre-construction baseline data from 2008–2014 highlight higher in complex habitats like moraines compared to uniform sands, informing understandings of natural variability.

Environmental Impacts and Conservation

Block Island Sound faces several anthropogenic environmental impacts that threaten its coastal and marine ecosystems. Sea-level rise, accelerated by , has intensified along the sound's shores, particularly affecting Block Island's bluffs and beaches, where historical and dune removal exacerbate shoreline retreat. runoff from agricultural and urban sources contributes to degraded in the sound, promoting algal blooms. During the construction of the , pile driving generated significant underwater noise and seabed vibrations, potentially disturbing marine life within several kilometers, though these effects were temporary and localized. Studies by the indicate no long-term negative environmental effects from the wind farm's operational phase, with turbine sounds undetectable beyond the immediate vicinity. Conservation efforts in are guided by the Ocean Special Area Management Plan (Ocean SAMP), a comprehensive framework developed by the Rhode Island Coastal Resources Management Council to protect marine resources across approximately 1,467 square miles, including portions of the sound. The National Wildlife Refuge, managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, safeguards adjacent coastal habitats that extend into near-shore waters of the sound, supporting dune, beach, and ecosystems through restoration projects funded by federal grants. monitoring, such as for the , involves passive acoustic systems deployed by the Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management and NOAA Fisheries to detect vocalizations and mitigate vessel strikes in the sound's coastal waters. As of 2025, the Rhode Island Division of Marine Fisheries conducts passive acoustic monitoring in to track presence and reduce vessel strike risks. Human-induced has enhanced sea-level rise rates in Block Island Sound since around 1800, driven by factors like , with modern acceleration outpacing late background levels and contributing to estuarine imbalances. Post-2016 surveys around the , including trawl assessments and acoustic monitoring, have documented stable or improved fish populations, with enhanced abundance of species like near turbine structures, suggesting artificial reef effects without broader ecological disruption.

Human Use

Fishing and Commercial Activities

Block Island Sound has long served as a vital area for commercial fishing activities in the region. Historically, whaling was a significant pursuit in Rhode Island waters during the 1700s and 1800s, with ports like Warren leading the state's industry as whalemen ventured into nearby sounds including Block Island Sound to hunt species such as right whales and sperm whales. Today, the Sound remains a key ground for commercial fisheries targeting lobsters, sea scallops, and summer flounder, among other species. Lobster fishing, primarily using pots and traps, has been a mainstay, with average annual landings valued at $19.1 million from 1999 to 2008; as of 2024, the Southern New England stock is overfished, but not subject to overfishing. Sea scallops are harvested via dredges, contributing an average of $4.8 million annually in the same period, with the resource classified as not overfished. Summer flounder, caught using otter trawls and gillnets, is another targeted species, with fishing concentrated south and southeast of Block Island; according to the 2023 stock assessment, it is not overfished but subject to overfishing. These activities are managed under federal quotas set by NOAA Fisheries through the Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council and the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission, ensuring sustainable harvest levels. Recreational fishing thrives in Block Island Sound, drawing anglers for species like and , particularly during seasonal migrations. fishing peaks in summer and fall, with charters operating from and nearby ports such as Point Judith offering trips focused on trophy-sized fish using light tackle and live baits. are commonly targeted alongside , comprising a significant portion of catches in party and charter boat operations. supports numerous party and charter boats that conduct thousands of trips annually, with Block Island Sound as a prime destination. Surveys of recreational anglers indicate strong positive perceptions of the Sound as a high-quality area, with many viewing it as enhanced by local features like the acting as an . The fisheries of Block Island Sound contribute substantially to Rhode Island's , bolstering a industry valued at $81.7 million in ex-vessel commercial landings in 2023. This sector generates broader impacts, including support for thousands of jobs, with seasonal peaks in summer driven by both commercial harvests and recreational spending estimated at $160 million annually as of 2023. Key ports like Point Judith handle major landings, with historical data showing $135 million in value from 1999 to 2008 for species from the Sound. Regulations govern these activities to promote sustainability, including size limits and closed seasons enforced by NOAA and state agencies. For , the minimum commercial size is 14 inches total length, with state-specific quotas like Rhode Island's annual allocation managed through closures when limits are reached. Lobster fishing requires commercial permits and prohibits possession of egg-bearing or V-notched individuals, with carapace length minimums of 3.25 inches in inshore areas like the Sound. Sea scallops have a minimum shell height of 3.5 inches for commercial harvest. faces recreational bag limits of 3 fish per day at a 16.5-inch minimum size, alongside commercial quotas and seasonal closures from to June in federal waters. These measures, part of broader fishery management plans under the Magnuson-Stevens Act, apply coastwide but include transit provisions for vessels in areas like the Transit Zone.

Offshore Wind Energy and Infrastructure

The (BIWF), the first commercial offshore wind project in the United States, consists of five GE Haliade 150-6 MW turbines with a total capacity of 30 MW, located approximately 3 miles southeast of in Rhode Island state waters within . Developed by Deepwater Wind and completed in December 2016 after acquisition by Ørsted, the project features an undersea transmission cable connecting the turbines to Block Island's grid and a second cable extending 21 miles to the mainland at , marking the nation's first offshore grid interconnection. Construction employed jacket foundations anchored by steel pipe piles driven into the seabed using impact hammers with soft-start protocols to ramp up noise gradually and reduce marine disruption during installation. The total project cost approximately $300 million, including turbines, foundations, and cabling, with installation supported by barges staging from the Port of Providence. Post-construction monitoring has revealed the turbine structures functioning as artificial reefs, attracting fish species such as , which increased by up to an in abundance around the foundations due to enhanced habitat complexity and colonization. acoustic assessments during construction and operation detected no significant negative effects on marine mammals, with operational noise levels about 60 dB lower than construction peaks and below thresholds for behavioral disturbance or injury. The farm generates enough power to supply up to 17,000 homes annually while covering 90% of Block Island's electricity needs, displacing diesel generation and reducing CO2 emissions by 40,000 tons per year, thereby fostering energy independence and creating over 300 jobs. As a pioneering demonstration, the BIWF has informed U.S. offshore wind development, with future offshore wind developments near including the 704 MW Revolution Wind project, located approximately 15 miles south of the coast in federal waters. As of November 2025, the project is under construction, with 52 turbines installed, and expected to be operational in 2026, powering over 350,000 homes. Block Island Sound functions as a primary east-west corridor for coastal shipping, connecting Rhode Island Sound to through the hazardous passage known as The Race, where strong tidal currents can reach up to 4.3 knots. Deep-draft vessels, including tugs and barges, follow recommended routes outlined in NOAA Chart 13205, which details the sound and its approaches at a scale of 1:80,000, emphasizing soundings in feet and key hazards like reefs and shoals. Navigational aids include numerous buoys, such as the lighted bell buoy at Block Island North Reef and Southwest Ledge Lighted Whistle Buoy 2, which mark dangerous areas, alongside historic lighthouses like Race Rock Light, constructed in 1878 on a to protect vessels from the perilous Race Rock Reef at the sound's eastern boundary. Commercial traffic in the sound includes regular ferry services to , with traditional and high-speed vessels departing from Point Judith and Newport in , providing year-round access that takes approximately 55 minutes to one hour depending on the route and vessel type. ships navigate carefully to avoid shallow reefs and shifting sands, adhering to speed restrictions of 10 knots for vessels over 65 feet in length during the seasonal management period from November 1 to April 30. Under law, pilotage is compulsory for foreign-flag vessels and U.S. vessels engaged in foreign trade navigating , defined as waters from the traffic lane eastward to The Race; licensed pilots, who must complete an apprentice program including at least 15 round trips, board at stations such as Brenton Reef or Point Judith, ensuring safe passage for vessels up to unlimited tonnage under full branch licenses. Recreational use of the sound centers on boating and sailing, with the area hosting prominent events like Block Island Race Week, an annual five-day regatta organized by the Storm Trysail Club that features buoy racing, distance courses, and the Around the Island Race, drawing hundreds of participants over weekend. Whale-watching tours depart from nearby ports like Point Judith, offering opportunities to observe dolphins, seals, and occasionally humpback or minke whales during the peak season from June to September, when sightings are most common in waters. attracts enthusiasts to the sound's wrecks and reefs, including the German U-853, sunk in 1945 and resting intact at 121 feet with accessible hull breaches, as well as the "Smudge Wrecks"—a cluster of seven coal-laden steamers from 1907 explored for their historical significance and marine growth. Safety in the sound has improved with the adoption of modern technologies such as GPS and , which enable precise tracking and collision avoidance amid the sound's variable currents and fog-prone conditions, contributing to a decline in major maritime casualties compared to earlier eras. The U.S. monitors the area, responding to incidents like vessel collisions, with most reported events involving recreational boats and resulting in minor damage or injuries rather than total losses.

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  58. https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/black-sea-bass/recreational
  59. https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/bulletin/framework-adjustment-14-summer-flounder-scup-and-black-sea-bass-fishery-management
  60. https://tethys.pnnl.gov/wind-project-sites/block-island-wind-farm
  61. https://www.power-technology.com/projects/block-island-wind-farm/
  62. https://www.nrel.gov/news/detail/features/2017/americas-wind-energy-future-looks-seaward
  63. https://www.gza.com/projects/block-island-offshore-wind-farm
  64. https://csg-erc.org/first-in-the-nation-offshore-wind-farm-comes-online-in-rhode-island/
  65. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/mcf2.10265
  66. https://espis.boem.gov/final%20reports/BOEM_2019-029.pdf
  67. https://revolution-wind.com/
  68. https://www.4coffshore.com/windfarms/united-states/revolution-wind-united-states-us2s.html
  69. https://www.oceangrafix.com/chart/detail/13205-Block-Island-Sound-and-Approaches
  70. https://www.lighthousefriends.com/light.asp?ID=741
  71. https://www.blockislandferry.com/
  72. https://dem.ri.gov/sites/g/files/xkgbur861/files/pubs/regs/regs/coastal/pilot13.pdf
  73. https://stormtrysail.org/regattas/blockislandraceweek/
  74. https://atlanticwhales.com/rhode-island-whale-watching/
  75. https://njscuba.net/dive-sites/new-york-dive-sites/long-island-east-chart/u-853/
  76. https://bostonsearovers.com/the-path-of-the-black-diamond-exploring-the-smudge-wrecks-of-block-island-sound/
  77. https://www.dco.uscg.mil/Our-Organization/Assistant-Commandant-for-Prevention-Policy-CG-5P/Inspections-Compliance-CG-5PC-/Office-of-Investigations-Casualty-Analysis/Marine-Casualty-Reports/
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