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Ejin Banner
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Key Information
| Ejin Banner | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 额济纳旗 | ||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 額濟納旗 | ||||||
| |||||||
| Mongolian name | |||||||
| Mongolian Cyrillic | Эзнээ хошуу | ||||||
| Mongolian script | ᠡᠵᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ | ||||||
| |||||||
Ejin (Mongolian: ᠡᠵᠡᠨᠡ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ; Chinese: 额济纳旗) is a banner in the far west of Inner Mongolia, China. It is under the administration of Alxa League and is the westernmost county-level division of Inner Mongolia, bordering Gansu province to the west and Mongolia's Bayankhongor and Govi-Altai Provinces. Its seat is located at Dalaihob Town. To the west, it shares a border with Subei Mongol Autonomous County of Jiuquan, Gansu.
Demographics
[edit]History
[edit]The area was historically the hunting grounds of the Xiongnu, before being acquired by the Han dynasty in BC 121. The ruins of the ancient city of Khara-Khoto, founded by the Western Xia, are located in Ejin.
Ejin was incorporated into the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan in 1226. During the Yuan dynasty, the area was home to nomadic Mongol populations. It was later incorporated into the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). Under the Republic of China, the area was under the jurisdiction of Ningxia province. The area fell under the control of the Communist Party in September 1949. Subsequently, it was placed successively under government commissions in Jiuquan, Zhangye, and Ningxia province.
On June 1, 1956, Ejin became part of the Bayannur League of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center was constructed at around the same time. On May 1, 1980, it became part of the Alxa League. Since the Chinese economic reforms in the 1980s, Ejin rapidly developed its economy. By the early 21st century it became one of the fastest-growing counties in the country measured by GDP.[citation needed]
Geography
[edit]Ejin Banner is the westernmost banner of Inner Mongolia. It is located in the Gobi Desert and borders Mongolia in the north, Gansu Province in the southwest, and Alxa Right Banner in the southeast.
Ejin Banner is geographically vast—approximately the size of South Korea, it covers an area larger than each of the provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang.
Ejin Banner takes its name from the Ejin River, also known as the Ruo Shui, which flows from the Qilian Mountains of Gansu, and whose two distributaries terminate in Juyan Lake Basin within Ejin Banner. Most of the banner's population resides in this river's valley.
Climate
[edit]| Climate data for Ejin Banner, elevation 939 m (3,081 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1991–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 9.6 (49.3) |
17.3 (63.1) |
25.0 (77.0) |
34.9 (94.8) |
38.2 (100.8) |
41.2 (106.2) |
43.7 (110.7) |
41.3 (106.3) |
38.9 (102.0) |
31.0 (87.8) |
19.8 (67.6) |
9.8 (49.6) |
43.7 (110.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −3.2 (26.2) |
3.2 (37.8) |
11.5 (52.7) |
20.6 (69.1) |
27.2 (81.0) |
32.8 (91.0) |
35.1 (95.2) |
32.8 (91.0) |
26.5 (79.7) |
17.4 (63.3) |
6.8 (44.2) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
17.4 (63.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −10.4 (13.3) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
3.7 (38.7) |
12.8 (55.0) |
19.7 (67.5) |
25.6 (78.1) |
28.0 (82.4) |
25.5 (77.9) |
18.6 (65.5) |
9.2 (48.6) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
−8.7 (16.3) |
9.9 (49.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −16.3 (2.7) |
−11.2 (11.8) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
5.3 (41.5) |
11.7 (53.1) |
17.8 (64.0) |
20.7 (69.3) |
18.4 (65.1) |
11.6 (52.9) |
2.7 (36.9) |
−6.2 (20.8) |
−14.2 (6.4) |
3.1 (37.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −29.1 (−20.4) |
−27.0 (−16.6) |
−17.5 (0.5) |
−9.5 (14.9) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
8.3 (46.9) |
11.7 (53.1) |
7.3 (45.1) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
−11.3 (11.7) |
−21.6 (−6.9) |
−32.6 (−26.7) |
−32.6 (−26.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 0.4 (0.02) |
0.2 (0.01) |
1.8 (0.07) |
2.2 (0.09) |
2.1 (0.08) |
4.9 (0.19) |
9.1 (0.36) |
9.6 (0.38) |
5.3 (0.21) |
3.3 (0.13) |
0.3 (0.01) |
0.4 (0.02) |
39.6 (1.57) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 4.9 | 3.7 | 2.0 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 19.7 |
| Average snowy days | 1.5 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 1.6 | 5.9 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 48 | 34 | 26 | 21 | 20 | 25 | 31 | 32 | 31 | 33 | 40 | 48 | 32 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 223.7 | 227.5 | 268.5 | 293.0 | 328.8 | 323.8 | 323.2 | 310.4 | 295.5 | 280.0 | 225.1 | 213.4 | 3,312.9 |
| Percentage possible sunshine | 75 | 75 | 72 | 72 | 73 | 71 | 71 | 74 | 80 | 83 | 78 | 76 | 75 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration[3][4] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Guaizihu, Ejin Banner, elevation 960 m (3,150 ft), (1991–2020 normals) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −3.4 (25.9) |
2.9 (37.2) |
11.3 (52.3) |
20.6 (69.1) |
27.4 (81.3) |
32.9 (91.2) |
35.3 (95.5) |
33.0 (91.4) |
26.6 (79.9) |
17.4 (63.3) |
6.9 (44.4) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
17.4 (63.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −10.7 (12.7) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
3.3 (37.9) |
12.8 (55.0) |
20.0 (68.0) |
26.0 (78.8) |
28.4 (83.1) |
26.0 (78.8) |
19.0 (66.2) |
9.5 (49.1) |
−0.3 (31.5) |
−8.7 (16.3) |
10.0 (50.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −16.4 (2.5) |
−11.5 (11.3) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
5.3 (41.5) |
12.1 (53.8) |
18.2 (64.8) |
21.1 (70.0) |
18.8 (65.8) |
12.2 (54.0) |
3.0 (37.4) |
−5.9 (21.4) |
−14.1 (6.6) |
3.3 (37.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 0.6 (0.02) |
0.5 (0.02) |
1.6 (0.06) |
2.5 (0.10) |
3.1 (0.12) |
6.7 (0.26) |
13.3 (0.52) |
11.6 (0.46) |
7.7 (0.30) |
2.3 (0.09) |
0.6 (0.02) |
0.6 (0.02) |
51.1 (1.99) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 2.5 | 4.1 | 3.2 | 2.6 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 19 |
| Average snowy days | 1.4 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 5.9 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 49 | 35 | 26 | 19 | 19 | 23 | 30 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 39 | 49 | 32 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 231.6 | 232.0 | 271.8 | 295.0 | 330.5 | 327.2 | 324.6 | 313.6 | 291.8 | 283.7 | 236.4 | 224.6 | 3,362.8 |
| Percentage possible sunshine | 78 | 77 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 72 | 71 | 74 | 79 | 84 | 81 | 79 | 76 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration[3][4] | |||||||||||||
Administrative divisions
[edit]Ejin Banner is divided into 2 subdistricts, 4 towns and 6 sums.
| Name | Simplified Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Mongolian (Hudum Script) | Mongolian (Cyrillic) | Administrative division code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subdistricts | |||||
| Hangkong Subdistrict | 航空街道 | Hángkōng Jiēdào | ᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢ ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ | Агаарын аялал зээл гудамж | 152923001 |
| Dongfeng Subdistrict | 东风街道 | Dōngfēng Jiēdào | ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩ ᠹᠧᠩ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢ ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ | Дүн фен зээл гудамж | 152923002 |
| Towns | |||||
| Dalai Hob Town | 达来呼布镇 | Dáláihūbù Zhèn | ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢᠬᠥ᠋ᠪ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ | Далайн-хөв балгас | 152923100 |
| Dongfeng Town | 东风镇 | Dōngfēng Zhèn | ᠳ᠋ᠦᠩ ᠹᠧᠩ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ | Дүн фен балгас | 152923101 |
| Har Burgdin Ul Town | 哈日布日格德音乌拉镇 | Hārìbùrìgédéyīnwūlā Zhèn | ᠬᠠᠷᠠ ᠪᠦᠷᠭᠦᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ | Хар бүргэдийн уул балгас | 152923102 |
| Ceke Town | 策克镇 | Cèkè Zhèn | ᠴᠡᠺᠡ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ | Цээ балгас | 152923103 |
| Sums | |||||
| Saihan Toroi Sum | 赛汉陶来苏木 | Sàihàntáolái Sūmù | ᠰᠠᠢᠬᠠᠨᠲᠣᠣᠷᠠᠢ ᠰᠤᠮᠤ | Сайхантуурай сум | 152923200 |
| Mazongshan Sum | 马鬃山苏木 | Mǎzōngshān Sūmù | ᠮᠠᠽᠦ᠋ᠩᠱᠠᠨ ᠰᠤᠮᠤ | Мазуншан сум | 152923201 |
| Sub Nur Sum | 苏泊淖尔苏木 | Sūbónào'ěr Sūmù | ᠰᠤᠪᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠰᠤᠮᠤ | Сувнуур сум | 152923202 |
| Bayan Toroi Sum | 巴彦陶来苏木 | Bāyàntáolái Sūmù | ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠨᠲᠣᠣᠷᠠᠢ ᠰᠤᠮᠤ | Баянтоорой сум | 152923203 |
| Ungt Gol Sum | 温图高勒苏木 | Wēntúgāolè Sūmù | ᠦᠩᠲᠦᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠰᠤᠮᠤ | Өнд-гол сум | 152923204 |
| Bayan Tohoi Sum | 巴音陶海苏木 | Bāyīntáohǎi Sūmù | ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠨᠲᠣᠬᠣᠢ ᠰᠤᠮᠤ | Баянтохой сум | 152923205 |
Transportation
[edit]Ejin Banner is served by the Ejin Banner Taolai Airport.
Train transportation is provided by Jiayuguan–Ceke and the Linhe–Ceke railways, which are primarily used to haul coal that has been trucked from Nariin Sukhait mining complex in Mongolia to Ceke and is loaded on trains at the coal terminals there. Passenger service exists on this railway; as of 2015 there is daily passenger service between Ejin and the regional capital Hohhot, which takes approximately 16 hours.[5]
There is also a railway south to both sites (northern and southern) of Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, which are also located within Ejin Banner.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Inner Mongolia: Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties
- ^ 内蒙古自治区第七次全国人口普查领导小组办公室、内蒙古自治区统计局. "内蒙古人口普查年鉴-2020".
- ^ a b 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- ^ a b 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- ^ Ejin station schedule (in Chinese)
External links
[edit]- Ejin Banner Government Website (in Chinese)
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Geographic | |
| Other | |
Ejin Banner
View on Grokipediafrom Grokipedia
Geography and Climate
Geography
Ejin Banner is the westernmost administrative banner in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, administered under Alxa League, and spans a vast expanse in the northwestern part of China. It shares its northern border with Mongolia and its western and southwestern boundaries with Gansu Province, while adjoining Alxa Right Banner to the southeast. This remote positioning places it at the intersection of the Mongolian Plateau and the Altai Mountains, contributing to its isolation and expansive territorial reach.[9] The banner covers an area of 114,600 square kilometers, making it one of the largest county-level divisions in China and slightly larger than South Korea, which underscores its immense scale. This vast territory results in an extremely low population density of approximately 0.3 people per square kilometer, largely attributable to the challenging desert geography that limits human settlement and agricultural viability. The landscape is dominated by the Gobi Desert, with significant portions encompassing the Alxa Desert, characterized by expansive sand dunes, gravel plains, and hyper-arid expanses that define its environmental harshness.[9][2][10] Hydrologically, Ejin Banner is shaped by the Ejin River, also known as the Ruo Shui or "weak water" in ancient texts, which originates from the northern slopes of the Qilian Mountains in Gansu Province and flows eastward for about 630 kilometers into the banner. The river forms a terminal inland drainage system, emptying into the Juyan Lake Basin, where it branches into distributaries that feed seasonal terminal lakes such as Gaxun Nur and Sogo Nur; these lakes often experience significant fluctuations, including periods of drying due to limited inflow and high evaporation in the arid setting. Elevations across the banner range from 898 to 1,598 meters, with an average of around 900 to 1,000 meters; notable sites include the town of Ejin at approximately 939 meters and Guaizihu at 960 meters, reflecting the relatively flat to gently undulating topography of the basin.[11][12] A distinctive natural feature is the Juyanze Poplar Forest, a riparian ecosystem along the Ejin River delta in the Juyan Lake Basin, renowned for its ancient Populus euphratica trees, some over 1,000 years old, which thrive in the otherwise barren desert environment as one of the world's three major remaining reserves of this resilient species. This forest represents a rare oasis amid the surrounding dunes and arid lands, highlighting the banner's unique blend of desert extremity and localized biodiversity.[13]Climate
Ejin Banner exhibits a cold desert climate (Köppen BWk), marked by extreme aridity and pronounced temperature fluctuations between day and night, as well as across seasons. This classification reflects the region's position in the Gobi Desert, where low moisture levels dominate atmospheric conditions. Data from the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) monitoring stations in Ejin and Guaizihu indicate that the annual mean temperature for 1991–2020 is 8.5°C, with annual precipitation averaging just 38 mm, predominantly occurring during the summer months. Temperature extremes underscore the harshness, reaching a record low of -32.6°C in winter and a high of 40.1°C in summer.[14][15] Seasonal patterns further highlight the variability: summers are hot and dry, with July's average temperature at 24.5°C, while winters are frigid and occasionally snowy, featuring a January average of -11.2°C. Relative humidity remains low year-round at an average of 40%, contributing to persistent dryness, alongside frequent high winds and dust storms that exacerbate aridity. These conditions, sourced from CMA records for 1991–2020, limit ecological productivity.[15] The scant rainfall, consistently below 50 mm annually, restricts vegetation cover to sparse desert-adapted species, with any oases dependent on inflows from the Hei River system for sustenance. This climatic regime shapes the barren landscape, emphasizing the challenges of water scarcity in sustaining life.[15]History
Pre-20th Century
The region encompassing modern Ejin Banner served as nomadic hunting grounds for the Xiongnu confederation prior to the 2nd century BC, where these steppe pastoralists utilized the area's oases and river valleys for seasonal migrations and resource exploitation.[11] In 121 BC, during the Han–Xiongnu Wars, Emperor Wu of Han dispatched General Huo Qubing to conquer the Hexi Corridor and adjacent western territories, defeating Xiongnu forces and securing control over key routes. This acquisition enabled the Han dynasty to establish military outposts along the Ejin River, facilitating Silk Road trade by protecting caravans and promoting exchanges of goods such as silk for western horses.[16] By the 13th century, the area integrated into the Mongol Empire following Genghis Khan's campaigns against the Western Xia kingdom in 1226–1227, which culminated in the submission and eventual destruction of Xi Xia strongholds. Under the subsequent Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), Ejin Banner's territories functioned as a strategic western frontier, serving as a base for Mongol administration and military operations amid the empire's vast expansions.[17][11] During the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), conflicts with Mongol tribes limited central control over the region, with ongoing raids and border skirmishes preventing stable governance. The Qing dynasty (1644–1912) achieved greater consolidation by incorporating the area into the Alxa banners system, organizing local Mongol populations under allied leagues while promoting Tibetan Buddhism through the establishment of monasteries that blended Mongol shamanistic traditions with lamaist practices. A prominent historical site in Ejin Banner is the ruins of Khara-Khoto, known as the "Black City," founded in 1032 as a fortified capital of the Tangut Western Xia dynasty and expanded as a key Silk Road entrepôt. The city featured massive earthen walls up to 30 feet high enclosing an area of about 1 square mile, with inner structures including Buddhist temples, stupas, and a central palace complex that housed administrative and religious functions. Archaeological excavations, notably by Pyotr Kozlov in 1908–1909, uncovered thousands of Tangut-language manuscripts, printed books, wooden statues, and murals depicting Buddhist iconography, alongside everyday artifacts like pottery and tools, highlighting the city's role in cultural preservation. Abandoned around 1372 after Ming forces diverted the Ejin River—its primary water source—leading to desiccation and uninhabitability, the site remained buried under desert sands until modern rediscovery.[18][19][20] The Silk Road's passage through Ejin Banner fostered significant cultural exchanges, particularly the spread of Buddhism from Central Asia, evident in Khara-Khoto's temple complexes that integrated Tangut, Tibetan, and Han elements. Trade networks facilitated commerce in jade from Khotan, hardy steppe horses for Chinese armies, and locally extracted salt, enriching the region's multicultural fabric and influencing artistic and religious developments across imperial China.20th Century and Beyond
During the Republic of China era from 1912 to 1949, Ejin Banner was primarily under the administrative jurisdiction of Ningxia Province, with later adjustments leading to its placement under Gansu Province in the early 1950s, following the reorganization of Inner Mongolia into special administrative areas, with the region experiencing limited development due to its remote border location and the disruptions caused by civil wars and warlord conflicts.[21] Following the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War, Ejin Banner was liberated in September 1949 and formally established as an administrative banner in 1950, marking its initial integration into the emerging socialist framework of the People's Republic of China. In 1954, amid administrative reorganizations, Ejin Banner was transferred to Gansu Province under the Jiuquan administrative region. On June 1, 1956, Ejin Banner was transferred from Gansu to the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and assigned to Bayannur League for administrative purposes, reflecting ongoing adjustments to regional structures in Inner Mongolia. This arrangement shifted again on May 1, 1980, when Ejin Banner was transferred to Alxa League to better align with local ethnic and geographic realities.[22][21][23] A significant transformation occurred in 1958 amid China's push for national defense industrialization, when the banner underwent three relocations to facilitate the construction of Dongfeng Aerospace City, which encompassed the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center; these moves displaced local populations and relocated the administrative center eastward to its current site, prioritizing strategic aerospace needs over traditional pastoral settlements.[22] The post-1978 economic reforms under Deng Xiaoping catalyzed a shift in Ejin Banner from a predominantly pastoral economy reliant on herding and limited agriculture to one incorporating modern infrastructure and diversified development, driven by national policies emphasizing opening up and market mechanisms. This period saw accelerated growth in transportation and urban facilities, contributing to a population increase, reaching 35,756 by the 2020 census, with urban residents comprising more than 70 percent of the total, as improved connectivity and public services attracted settlement and economic activity.[22][24] Key social initiatives in the late 20th and early 21st centuries included targeted poverty alleviation programs, particularly after 2000, which leveraged the banner's unique desert poplar forests for ecotourism development to foster sustainable livelihoods. These efforts, supported by ecological restoration projects such as the 2018 Euphrates Poplar initiative, enabled over 4,000 former impoverished farmers and herdsmen to transition into tourism-related employment, boosting household incomes by an average of 13,637 yuan annually for 63 affected households by 2019 and helping the region eliminate extreme poverty through regulated forest protection and visitor-driven revenue exceeding 7.6 billion yuan in 2019 alone.[25]Demographics
Population Trends
Ejin Banner's population has remained notably small and sparse, reflecting its vast desert landscape and arid conditions. According to the Seventh National Population Census of China conducted in 2020, the banner's constant resident population stood at 35,756, marking an increase of 3,346 people from the 32,410 recorded in the 2010 census, for a total growth of 10.32% over the decade.[26] This translates to an annual average growth rate of 0.99%, driven primarily by inflows of Han Chinese migrants seeking opportunities in administration, agriculture, and infrastructure development.[26] With a land area of 114,606 square kilometers, the population density is approximately 0.31 inhabitants per square kilometer, one of the lowest in China and underscoring the challenges of settlement in this remote Gobi region.[9] Historically, the banner's demographics were shaped by its nomadic heritage. Prior to 1949, the area featured extreme sparsity, with a small population of Mongol herders practicing seasonal migration across the deserts and oases, estimated in the low thousands based on regional accounts of Alxa League's early 20th-century conditions.[27] Post-1949, under the People's Republic, the population expanded from around 21,607 in the 2000 census to the current figure, fueled by state-led Han migration programs and economic incentives that encouraged settlement in oasis corridors along the Heihe River. This growth pattern highlights a shift from traditional nomadism to more sedentary communities, though the overall scale remains limited compared to other Inner Mongolian banners. In terms of distribution, approximately 85.18% of the population resides in urban areas, with 30,456 people in towns and only 5,300 in rural settings as of 2020—a reversal from 2010 trends where urban dwellers increased by 10,479 while rural numbers declined by 1,833.[28] Settlement is heavily concentrated in Dalaihob Town, the administrative seat, and fertile oasis zones that support limited agriculture and herding, while vast desert expanses remain uninhabited. The age structure shows a median age of around 35 years, with 70.29% of residents aged 15-59, indicative of a working-age majority suited to the banner's labor-intensive sectors.[29] Gender distribution reveals a slight male majority, at 52.7% (18,852 males versus 16,904 females), attributed to male-dominated labor migration for construction and transportation projects.[24] As of 2022, the registered household population was approximately 19,454, lower than the 2020 census constant resident figure, likely reflecting the impact of temporary migrants.[30]Ethnic Groups
According to the Seventh National Population Census conducted in 2020, Ejin Banner's resident population is ethnically diverse but predominantly Han Chinese, comprising 81.06% of the total, followed by Mongols at 16.58%, with other ethnic minorities accounting for the remaining 2.36%.[26] The Mongol population in Ejin Banner primarily consists of descendants of the Alxa Mongols, who trace their roots to Oirat subgroups such as the Khoshut and Torgut tribes historically settled in the region. These communities continue to uphold a traditional pastoral herding lifestyle, particularly in rural sums (townships), where livestock rearing remains central to their daily activities amid the arid grasslands and desert fringes. Mongolian dialects, influenced by Oirat linguistic traditions, are spoken within these groups, preserving cultural continuity despite broader regional shifts.[31] Han Chinese residents largely stem from migrations encouraged after the 1950s, as part of broader development initiatives in Inner Mongolia that promoted settlement for agricultural expansion, industrial projects, and infrastructure in the banner's towns and urban centers. This influx has led to Han concentrations in administrative and economic hubs, contrasting with the more dispersed pastoral Mongol settlements. Cultural integration in Ejin Banner is evident through bilingual policies, where signage in public spaces, including traffic and official notices, commonly features both Chinese and Mongolian scripts to accommodate the multi-ethnic population. Traditional festivals like Naadam, featuring wrestling, horse racing, and archery, serve as key events fostering community bonds, while Inner Mongolia's autonomous regional framework provides protections for minority languages, religions, and customs. Smaller ethnic groups, such as the Hui—who maintain Muslim practices and have historically engaged in trade—and traces of Tibetan cultural influences from adjacent provinces, add to the banner's ethnic tapestry, though they represent a minor proportion overall.[32][33][34]Administration
Local Government
Ejin Banner is an administrative banner (qi) under the jurisdiction of Alxa League in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China, established in the early 1950s following the founding of the People's Republic of China. The seat of the banner government is located in Dalaihubu Town.[35] As a border banner, it shares a 507-kilometer frontier with Mongolia, placing it among the autonomous region's 19 key supported ethnic minority border counties.[36] The banner's leadership is headed by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Banner Committee Secretary, currently Wang Limin, who oversees party affairs and major policy directions.[36] The Banner Governor, Bu He, serves as the head of the People's Government, managing executive functions such as daily administration and implementation of development plans.[37] The current leadership term, aligned with national and regional cycles, emphasizes sustainable development, including ecological protection and green economic transitions in line with the 14th Five-Year Plan.[38] Local policies closely align with national priorities, such as advancing ecological civilization through desertification control and biodiversity conservation in the banner's arid environment.[25] Poverty alleviation efforts culminated in the banner achieving comprehensive脱贫 status by 2018, with subsequent focus on preventing relapse through rural revitalization programs.[39] The 2023 general public budget revenue was approximately 370 million CNY, supporting initiatives in environmental management and community welfare.[40] The banner government exercises functions including enacting local regulations on land use and environmental protection via its Standing Committee of the People's Congress.[41] It also coordinates with Alxa League authorities on border security and defense matters, given the strategic location.[36] Elections for the Ejin Banner People's Congress ensure representation with quotas for the Mongol ethnic group, reflecting the autonomous region's ethnic policy requirements.[42]Administrative Divisions
Ejin Banner is divided into 12 township-level administrative divisions: two subdistricts, four towns, and six sums. These divisions reflect the banner's mix of urban, semi-urban, and rural pastoral areas, with subdistricts serving as urban centers, towns handling mixed administrative and economic functions, and sums focusing on nomadic and herding communities in remote desert and grassland regions.[8][43] The two subdistricts are Dongfeng Subdistrict (东风街道) and Hangkong Subdistrict (航空街道), both located in more developed areas supporting residential and service-oriented activities.[8] The four towns include Dalaihubu Town (达来呼布镇), which serves as the administrative seat of Ejin Banner with a resident population of approximately 26,800 as of recent records; Dongfeng Town (东风镇); Hariburigedeyinwula Town (哈日布日格德音乌拉镇); and Ceke Town (策克镇), established in 2021 from territory previously under Subonuor Sum and situated near the Ceke Port of Entry on the border with Mongolia, facilitating cross-border trade and transportation.[44][45] The six sums are Saihantaolai Sum (赛汉陶来苏木), Mazongshan Sum (马鬃山苏木), Subonuor Sum (苏泊淖尔苏木), Bayantaolai Sum (巴彦陶来苏木), Wengtugaole Sum (温图高勒苏木), and Bayantohai Sum (巴彦托海苏木), which primarily encompass vast arid and pastoral lands where traditional herding practices predominate and population densities remain low.[8] These divisions have undergone adjustments since the 1980s, including the banner's integration into Alxa League in 1980 and more recent elevations like the creation of Ceke Town to better manage border-related development.[45]Economy
Key Industries
Ejin Banner's economy has increasingly relied on its tertiary sector, shaped by the region's arid desert environment, limited arable land, and growing tourism. In 2023, the banner's gross domestic product (GDP) reached 4.29 billion CNY, reflecting a 5.3 percent year-on-year increase, with per capita disposable incomes of 52,628 CNY in urban areas and 32,783 CNY in rural pastoral areas.[40] Water scarcity poses ongoing challenges, constraining expansion in water-intensive activities and necessitating sustainable practices like drip irrigation powered by solar energy to combat desertification.[46] Agriculture and herding contribute 8.25 percent to GDP through limited oasis farming and livestock rearing. Irrigation from distant sources, such as the Yellow River, supports cultivation of grains and melons in fertile pockets along river courses, while nomadic herding focuses on sheep and camels adapted to the Gobi Desert conditions.[47][48] These activities added 0.35 billion CNY in value in 2023, bolstered by ecological restoration efforts that have transformed barren areas into productive oases.[47][49][40] The mining and energy sectors, accounting for a significant portion of the secondary industry at 24.17 percent of GDP, position Ejin Banner as a logistics hub for coal transport via regional railways, facilitating shipments from nearby Alxa deposits to support broader industrial needs.[40] Potential exists in rare earth elements within the Alxa League, alongside emerging renewable energy projects; by late 2023, wind farms in the banner, including a 20 MW installation near Ceke Port, contributed to the area's growing clean energy capacity, with total regional wind output aiding the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center's power needs.[50][51] Iron mining, as seen in the Biyushan deposit, adds to resource extraction, though operations emphasize environmental safeguards.[52] Small-scale industry, also under the secondary sector's 1.04 billion CNY contribution in 2023, involves processing local products like wool from herding and basic food items from oasis farms, marking growth from a historically lower share post-1980s reforms that integrated banner economies into national development.[40] Post-2010 poverty reduction initiatives have emphasized eco-friendly mining techniques and herding cooperatives, promoting sustainable livelihoods through ecological migration and grassland restoration to alleviate water and land pressures while enhancing income stability for pastoral communities.[48][53]Tourism
Tourism in Ejin Banner has emerged as a vital economic driver since the early 2000s, leveraging the region's unique desert ecosystems and historical sites to promote ecotourism and cultural heritage experiences. The banner's remote location in the Alxa League, Inner Mongolia, draws visitors seeking natural wonders amid the Gobi Desert, with a focus on sustainable practices to preserve fragile environments. In 2023, the Populus Euphratica Forest scenic area alone welcomed 589,800 visitors during the National Day holiday, generating 298 million yuan in revenue.[54] This peak-season influx highlights the sector's potential, though annual figures fluctuate due to seasonal access and weather constraints. Key attractions include the Juyanze Populus Euphratica Forest, one of the world's largest such woodlands spanning 300 square kilometers, renowned for its golden foliage in autumn that creates striking contrasts against the desert sands. Visitors explore eight scenic spots, such as the Second Bridge for reflective water views and the Fourth Bridge featuring the iconic "Hero Tree," a resilient ancient specimen symbolizing endurance. Nearby, the Khara-Khoto ruins, known as the Black City, offer insights into the Xixia Dynasty's frontier history through excavated remnants like a 12-meter bowl-covered tower and an ancient church amid the dunes. Juyan Lake serves as a serene oasis for birdwatching, with diverse species amid reeds and grasslands, historically significant as a Silk Road waypoint. The Strange Forest, 27 kilometers from the town center, showcases wind-eroded, blackened trunks of deceased Populus euphratica trees, evoking legends of ancient battles and providing dramatic sunset vistas. At the Ceke Port International Cultural Tourism Area, spanning 27,990 square meters, exhibits in Yuan Dynasty-style conjoined yurts highlight border culture and Mongolia-China interactions, allowing visitors to experience customs near the international boundary.[55][56] The tourism season peaks in autumn from late September to mid-November, when the Populus euphratica leaves turn golden, coinciding with the annual Populus Euphratica Festival in early October; other sites like Juyan Lake and Khara-Khoto are accessible from May to October. Infrastructure supports this with ecolodges and homestays operated by local cooperatives, while border areas such as Ceke Port require special permits for entry. Access relies on seasonal roads from nearby cities like Jiayuguan, often necessitating guided tours due to the harsh terrain and limited public transport.[55][4] Tourism has significantly contributed to poverty alleviation, employing over 4,000 former farmers and herders in roles like homestay management, camel rides, and vehicle rentals, boosting household incomes in previously impoverished communities. By the end of 2019, 63 registered poor households (146 people) saw their average annual earnings rise by 13,637 yuan through tourism involvement. Sustainable measures, including ecological restoration around attractions, aim to balance visitor growth with desert conservation, employing about 20% of locals in the sector and fostering long-term development. Visitor numbers have expanded from around 100,000 in 2010 to hundreds of thousands annually by the 2020s, underscoring tourism's role in diversifying the economy beyond traditional industries.[25]Transportation
Railways
The rail network in Ejin Banner primarily consists of two key lines: the Jiayuguan–Ceke Railway and the Linhe–Ceke Railway, both serving freight and limited passenger operations. The Jiayuguan–Ceke Railway, spanning approximately 460 kilometers, connects Jiayuguan in Gansu Province to Ceke on the China-Mongolia border within Ejin Banner; it was constructed between 2004 and 2007 primarily to transport iron ore and coal for the Jiuquan Iron and Steel Group, facilitating industrial logistics in the region.[57] The Linhe–Ceke Railway, extending 707 kilometers from Linhe in Bayannur City to Ceke, opened for freight in December 2009 and passenger service in November 2010, running through desert terrain to support bulk commodity movement.[57] These railways play a critical role in coal export logistics, with Ceke serving as a major border crossing point for shipments from Mongolian mines like Nariin Sukhait. In 2024, Ceke Port handled over 24 million metric tons of cargo, predominantly coal, marking a new record high.[58] The network also supports regional connectivity, including logistics for the nearby Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, though primarily focused on resource transport. Key stations include Ceke Railway Station at the border, handling international freight transfers, and Ejin Banner Railway Station in Dalaihob Town, the primary hub for passenger services. Both lines are electrified, aligning with China's broader railway modernization efforts post-2010, and ongoing upgrades aim to enhance capacity for potential high-speed integration.[59] Construction of the Shivee Khuren–Ceke cross-border railway, a 7.1 km link connecting to the existing lines, began in May 2023 to further boost coal exports and trade with Mongolia.[60]Airport and Roads
Ejin Banner Taolai Airport (IATA: EJN), located in Dalaihob Town approximately 10 km from the town center, serves as the region's primary aviation hub and opened on December 17, 2013, as part of Inner Mongolia's expansion of regional airports.[61] The facility primarily accommodates domestic flights operated by airlines such as Joy Air, including regular services from Alxa Left Banner Airport (Bayanhot) and seasonal routes from major cities like Hohhot, Xi'an, and Beijing, which see increased frequency during tourism peaks in autumn for visits to the Populus euphratica forests.[62][63] With limited infrastructure, the airport handled 21,549 passengers in 2019, reflecting its role in supporting seasonal tourism rather than year-round high-volume travel, and lacks public bus connections, relying on taxis or private vehicles for ground transport.[64] The road network in Ejin Banner spans the vast Gobi Desert terrain, supplemented by seasonal desert tracks for access to remote attractions. Key infrastructure includes the G7 Beijing–Ürümqi Expressway, which traverses the banner and facilitates east-west connectivity, linking to Jiayuguan about 400 km to the southwest via provincial highways taking around 6 hours by car.[65] Border access to Mongolia is provided through Ceke Port, the only international highway crossing in Alxa League, upgraded to an 8-lane facility in 2013 to handle growing cross-border trade.[66] Maintenance of these roads faces significant challenges from frequent sandstorms in the Gobi region, which can lead to temporary closures and require ongoing sand-clearing efforts. In response to rising tourism demands, investments in the 2020s have focused on upgrades, including enhanced scenic routes and service facilities as part of Inner Mongolia's broader transportation improvement plan. In 2025, Alxa League benefited from 700 km of new scenic roads around key attractions and development of the Tengger Desert off-road route to improve access to 97% of 3A+ scenic spots.[67] Connectivity within the banner relies on long-distance buses from Alxa Left Banner (12 hours, two daily services) and Jiuquan (7.5 hours, four daily), while self-drive options for attractions like the Populus euphratica forests necessitate permits and often 4WD vehicles due to rugged terrain. Looking ahead, planned expressway extensions, such as links to Ceke Port under the 2022 national highway development plan, aim to bolster trade and tourism access.[68]References
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/[science](/page/Science)/article/pii/S157495412500336X
- https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q992936