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Harlem River Drive marker
Harlem River Drive
369th Harlem Hellfighters Drive
Map
Harlem River Drive highlighted in red
Route information
Maintained by NYSDOT
Length4.20 mi[1][2] (6.76 km)
Existed1964[citation needed]–present
RestrictionsNo commercial vehicles
Major junctions
South end FDR Drive / RFK Bridge in East Harlem
Major intersections I-95 / US 1 in Highbridge Park
North endDyckman Street / 10th Avenue in Inwood
Location
CountryUnited States
StateNew York
CountiesNew York
Highway system

Harlem River Drive is a 4.20-mile (6.76 km) controlled-access parkway in the New York City borough of Manhattan. It runs along the west bank of the Harlem River from the Triborough Bridge in East Harlem to 10th Avenue in Inwood, where the parkway ends and the road continues northwest as Dyckman Street. South of the Triborough Bridge, the parkway continues toward lower Manhattan as FDR Drive. All of Harlem River Drive is designated New York State Route 907P (NY 907P), an unsigned reference route.

The parkway north of 165th Street was originally part of the Harlem River Speedway, a horse carriage roadway opened in 1898. The rest of the parkway from 125th to 165th Street opened to traffic in stages from 1951 to 1962. The parkway's ceremonial designation, 369th Harlem Hellfighters Drive, is in honor of the 369th Infantry Regiment, also known as the Harlem Hellfighters.

Route description

[edit]
Northbound view of the Harlem River Drive at the Macombs Dam Bridge
The northern terminus of Harlem River Drive at Dyckman Street and Tenth Avenue in Inwood

Harlem River Drive begins at exit 17 of the FDR Drive in the East Harlem section of Manhattan. The parkway crosses under 125th Street alongside the Harlem River, where exit 18 leads off the northbound lanes to the Willis Avenue Bridge before bending to the northwest. exit 19 leads off the southbound lanes to 125th Street. Harlem River Drive proceeds northwest, crosses under the Third Avenue Bridge, reaching exit 21 northbound, a junction for 135th Street. Southbound, exit 20 connects to Park Avenue. Continuing northward, Harlem River Drive continues north under the Madison Avenue Bridge. Southbound, Harlem River Drive meets exit 22, a junction to 142nd Street and Fifth Avenue.[3]

Crossing under 145th Street, Harlem River Drive passes east of the 145th Street subway station on the IRT Lenox Avenue Line (3 train). It then passes directly east of the Lenox Yard and the Harlem – 148th Street station. Harlem River Drive crosses under the Macombs Dam Bridge, 155th Street, and Seventh Avenue before crossing northbound exit 23, a left exit to Frederick Douglass Boulevard. Then, the parkway runs east of the Polo Grounds site and merges with the southbound exit 23, an exit to Frederick Douglass Boulevard and the Harlem River Driveway, which runs south to 155th Street. Shortly after, Harlem River Drive enters exit 24, a four-lane viaduct that rises from the parkway to connect to the George Washington Bridge via I-95 and US 1 along the Trans-Manhattan Expressway, as well to Amsterdam Avenue in Washington Heights.[3]

Harlem River Drive continues northeast as a four-lane parkway. Crossing under the Alexander Hamilton Bridge, Harlem River Drive crosses through Highbridge Park before turning away from the Harlem River in Inwood. The four-lane arterial continues north through Manhattan, entering a junction with Dyckman Street and Tenth Avenue, which is the northern end of Harlem River Drive.[3]

History

[edit]
Harlem River Speedway in 1903

The Drive originated as the Harlem River Speedway,[4] which started construction in 1894[5] and opened in July 1898.[6] Originally, the Speedway was exclusively for the use of horse-drawn carriages and those on horseback; bicyclists were specifically excluded, as were sulkies and drays. The Speedway ran from West 155th Street to Dyckman Street, and soon became a tourist destination, where visitors watched carriage races and boat races on the river. Rich New Yorkers used the Speedway to train their horses and size up those of their friends and competitors.[4][7] In 1919, motorists were allowed on the Speedway, but for normal driving purposes.[7][8] The route was paved in 1922, and officially renamed the Harlem River Driveway.[7][9]

In 1939, Manhattan Borough President Stanley M. Isaacs unveiled plans to build Harlem River Drive,[10] which was planned as a four-lane road linking the Harlem River Speedway and East River (now FDR) Drive north of East 125th Street.[4] The initial section of the drive would stretch from 125th to 165th Streets, near where it merged into the speedway.[11] Traffic from the Triborough Bridge and the several Harlem River bridges joining the Major Deegan Expressway in the Bronx would feed into the drive.[10] Harlem River Drive would also contain playgrounds and parks along its route, similar to those on East River Drive,[11] There would be a service road abutting the drive's west side.[10] Sections of the old speedway in the path of the highway would incorporated into the new highway.[12] There would also be new ramps from the speedway section to the then-newly built George Washington Bridge.[13]

The cost of Harlem River Drive was originally estimated at over $18 million, of which $11 million was used to build the highway itself and nearly $7 million in acquired lands.[12] However, there were some disagreements during the planning of the new highway, and by 1946, the cost had increased to $26 million.[14]

The modern Harlem River Drive was completed in segments during the 1950s and early 1960s.[4] The segment connecting the Speedway to Eighth Avenue, which ended at 159th Street, was completed in 1951.[15][16] The highway from 125th Street and First Avenue to 132nd Street and Park Avenue opened in 1958, connecting three of the Harlem River bridges.[17] Another section between 142nd and 161st Streets opened in 1960,[18] and an extension south to 132nd Street opened two years later, closing the gap between the two sections.[19] In 1964, shortly after the drive's completion, the entire drive was widened to six lanes.[20]

In 2003, the New York State Department of Transportation ceremonially designated the parkway as the "369th Harlem Hellfighters Drive" in honor of the all-black regiment that fought to defend France during World War I.[21]

In April 2010, the Manhattan Waterfront Greenway runs between the river and the drive, from 155th to Dyckman Streets, in a portion of Highbridge Park which had been abandoned and fenced off approximately half a century.[22]

As part of the reconstruction of the Willis Avenue Bridge, its ramps with the road were rebuilt.[citation needed]

Exit list

[edit]

Exit numbers continue sequentially from those of FDR Drive. The entire route is in the New York City borough of Manhattan. 

Locationmi
[1][23][2]		kmExitDestinationsNotes
East Harlem0.000.00–
 FDR Drive south – Battery Park		Continuation south
17


 RFK Bridge (NY 900G south) to I-278 / Grand Central Parkway east – Bruckner Expressway		Also serves Randall's Island
0.10.1618

 Willis Avenue Bridge to I-87 north (Major Deegan Expressway)		Northbound exit only; former NY 1A
0.1–
0.5		0.16–
0.80		192nd Avenue / East 125th StreetSouthbound left exit
0.50.80–Third Avenue BridgeSouthbound entrance only; former NY 1A
0.610.9820Park Avenue / East 132nd StreetSouthbound exit and entrance
0.771.2421East 135th Street / Madison Avenue BridgeNorthbound exit only
0.90–
1.40		1.45–
2.25		225th Avenue / West 142nd StreetNo northbound exit
Washington Heights2.13.423Frederick Douglass Boulevard / West 155th StreetNorthbound left exit and southbound entrance
2.64.2Frederick Douglass Boulevard to West 155th StreetSouthbound exit and northbound entrance; access via Harlem River Driveway
Highbridge Park2.84.524

 I-95 south / US 1 south / Amsterdam Avenue / West 179th Street – George Washington Bridge		Northbound left exit and southbound left entrance; exit 2 on I-95
Inwood4.206.76–Dyckman Street / 10th AvenueNorthern terminus; at-grade intersection
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Harlem River Drive

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Harlem River Drive is a north–south controlled-access parkway in the Upper Manhattan neighborhoods of Harlem, Hamilton Heights, and Washington Heights in New York City, designated as New York State reference route 907P. It also has the ceremonial designation of 369th Harlem Hellfighters Drive. Stretching approximately 4.2 miles along the west bank of the Harlem River, it functions as the northern extension of the FDR Drive, providing a direct link from the RFK Bridge (Triborough Bridge) at its southern end to the Henry Hudson Parkway and Amsterdam Avenue near Dyckman Street and 10th Avenue at its northern terminus. As a limited-access roadway restricted to passenger vehicles, it features six lanes, multiple interchanges, and scenic views of the Harlem River and adjacent parks, facilitating efficient north–south travel while integrating with Manhattan's broader parkway network. The roadway originated in the late as the Harlem River Speedway, a 2.5-mile dirt track built between 155th Street and (then extending to 208th Street) specifically for elite equestrian activities and horse-drawn , attracting affluent visitors with its riverside scenery and excluding bicycles and other vehicles to maintain exclusivity. Land for the speedway was acquired by the city through condemnation starting in 1873, marking it as New York City's first major highway project, and it opened to the public in July 1898, amid controversy over its use of public funds for a wealthy clientele. By 1919, it began accommodating automobiles, and in 1922, the surface was paved and opened to general traffic, extending southward to 125th Street. In the mid-20th century, urban planner Robert Moses spearheaded its modernization as part of a larger vision to connect Manhattan's parkways and bridges, with construction beginning in 1940 and culminating in a fully six-lane divided highway by 1964 at a cost of $38 million; this included a southward extension to Second Avenue in East Harlem completed in 1946. The project incorporated remnants of the original speedway and addressed the 1895 Harlem Ship Canal, which had straightened the river and isolated Marble Hill from Manhattan. Today, Harlem River Drive remains a vital artery for local and regional traffic, passing landmarks like the High Bridge and the former Polo Grounds site, while its parkway status preserves elements of its historic landscaped character amid ongoing urban development pressures.

Overview and Designation

Physical Characteristics

Harlem River Drive is a controlled-access spanning 4.20 miles (6.76 km) in a north-south direction along the west bank of the in , . It features six 12-foot-wide lanes divided by a , designed exclusively for passenger vehicles with no access permitted for commercial trucks or buses to preserve its character and prevent structural damage from heavier loads. The roadway incorporates several elevated sections and to navigate the terrain and provide from local streets, including a notable southbound between 155th and 168th Streets that elevates above adjacent areas. These structures run in close proximity to the , offering unobstructed views of the water and neighboring communities such as to the east and Washington Heights to the west. Maintenance and reconstruction of Harlem River Drive are managed by the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT), which oversees structural improvements and safety enhancements along the route. Since 2010, the parkway has been integrated into the , a network of pedestrian and cycling paths that connects to waterfront parks and esplanades adjacent to the drive, enhancing recreational access while complementing its vehicular infrastructure. As of August 2025, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has proposed a $907 million project along a 1.5-mile section of the drive to enhance flood protection against storm surges and sea-level rise.

Naming and Route Number

Harlem River Drive is designated as New York State Route 907P (NY 907P), an unsigned reference route maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation, which is not integrated into the primary Interstate or U.S. Highway numbering systems. This designation applies to the entire 4.2-mile length of the parkway, reflecting its status as a state-controlled facility without posted route signage. In 2003, the New York State Department of Transportation adopted a ceremonial name for the parkway, designating it as the 369th Harlem Hellfighters Drive to honor the 369th Infantry Regiment, an African American unit renowned as the Harlem Hellfighters for their service in World War I. This honorary title recognizes the regiment's historical significance and its ties to Harlem, though the official name remains Harlem River Drive for navigational and legal purposes. As part of the New York State Parkway system, Harlem River Drive prohibits commercial trucks and buses to preserve its scenic and recreational character, a restriction codified in state regulations under the Codes, Rules, and Regulations of the State of New York. The New York City Department of Transportation enforces this ban through signage, such as "all trucks must exit" markers, and issues fines starting at $138 for violations, with additional penalties including points on drivers' licenses and potential vehicle impoundment for repeat offenders. Exceptions are limited to permitted local deliveries or emergency vehicles. Within the broader parkway network, Harlem River Drive serves as a key connector, linking the at its southern end to the via approaches near and the , facilitating north-south travel along Manhattan's west bank while adhering to the system's non-commercial access standards.

Route Description

Southern Section

The Harlem River Drive's southern section commences at the junction with Exit 17 of the and the approach ramps to the RFK (Triborough) Bridge in , marking the parkway's southern terminus. From this point, the route proceeds northward along the west bank of the , transitioning from the denser urban fabric of the into a more elevated and landscaped corridor designed to skirt the waterfront while accommodating industrial access. As it advances through , the drive passes through predominantly industrial zones adjacent to the Willis Avenue Bridge and near 125th Street, where it facilitates connections to local arterials including 1st Avenue and Second Avenue. These areas reflect the historical emphasis on supporting freight and manufacturing activities along the shoreline, with the parkway's alignment allowing for service roads and direct ties to nearby warehouses and facilities. The section incorporates notable elevation changes, featuring long viaducts that elevate the roadway over extensive rail yards, including those of the Metro-North Railroad's Oak Point Yard. A prominent example is the 127th Street Viaduct, a seven-span structure that raises the drive above entrance ramps and provides clearance for underlying rail operations, ensuring smooth passage near the Third Avenue Bridge, which spans the just to the east. Geographically, this southern stretch offers key visual features, such as unobstructed panoramas of across the , enhanced by the southbound lanes' positioning on a dedicated that maintains river-level proximity for northbound traffic. These vistas highlight the waterway's role as a natural boundary between and , with the parkway's design integrating scenic elements amid its utilitarian path through the industrial landscape.

Northern Section

The northern section of Harlem River Drive, ceremonially known as the 369th Harlem Hellfighters Drive since 2003, continues north from the 125th Street interchange through the Washington Heights neighborhood of , running parallel to the west bank of the amid a mix of residential areas and parklands. This segment features six 12-foot-wide lanes divided by landscaped medians, providing a controlled-access environment that borders densely populated urban residential zones to the west and offers scenic views of the river to the east. As it progresses, the drive passes adjacent to Highbridge Park, a 130-acre expanse of natural and recreational space that includes forested hills and overlooks the river, enhancing the area's green adjacency for nearby communities. Further north, the route approaches the 145th Street Bridge, a historic and cyclist span connecting to , before nearing the , which carries Interstate 95 and across the . At this point, Exit 24 provides dedicated ramps to the , facilitating connections to and the broader Interstate 95 corridor for northbound and southbound traffic. The parkway's design includes viaducts that elevate sections over the rail yard, maintaining and unobstructed river views for southbound lanes while passing through the bridge-heavy northern landscape. The northern section terminates at an interchange with and 10th Avenue in the Inwood neighborhood, situated near the 's sharp bend where it joins the Spuyten Duyvil Creek and flows toward the . In 2010, the addition of the Harlem River Greenway introduced pedestrian and paths along this stretch from 131st to 145th Streets, creating multi-use esplanades with benches, native plantings, and waterfront access that integrate the with surrounding residential and recreational areas. As a designated , this section prohibits tractor-trailers and most commercial trucks to preserve its scenic and residential character.

History

Origins and Early Development

The Harlem River Speedway was authorized by the New York State Legislature in 1893 as a dedicated roadway for equestrian activities, with construction commencing the following year under the oversight of the New York City Department of Parks. Designed by landscape architect Calvert Vaux, the speedway featured a picturesque dirt path approximately 2.5 miles long, extending from West 155th Street to near Dyckman Street along the Harlem River's west bank, complete with landscaped entrances and a turnabout for smooth navigation. This design emphasized scenic views and gentle curves to provide an escape from Manhattan's dense urban streets, serving primarily as a venue for affluent New Yorkers to engage in horse-drawn carriage racing and leisurely drives. The project, costing over $5 million, reflected the Gilded Age's focus on elite recreation, restricting access to high-class vehicles to maintain exclusivity and safety during events. The speedway officially opened to the public in July 1898, quickly becoming a popular site for competitive trotting races and social outings among the city's , drawing crowds to watch elaborate carriages and harnessed horses along the riverfront. However, by the early , its popularity waned as the rise of automobiles shifted recreational and transportation preferences, leading to underutilization of the horse-only facility amid growing urban motor traffic. In response, the roadway was opened to pleasure automobiles in 1919 while still permitting equestrian use, marking a transitional phase in its purpose. By 1922, the path was fully paved with asphalt and redesignated the Harlem River Driveway, fully repurposed for general vehicular traffic to accommodate the era's expanding automotive needs. During the and , city planners began envisioning the former speedway's integration into a comprehensive network to address Manhattan's mounting traffic demands. Under Parks Commissioner starting in 1934, proposals emerged to expand the Harlem River Drive into a six-lane controlled-access route, linking it directly to the in the north, the , and the Drive (later ) in the south, as part of a broader vision for interconnected scenic highways. These early concepts, formalized by 1940, aimed to transform the aging driveway into a vital for regional travel while preserving some park-like qualities along the waterfront.

Construction and Expansion

Planning for the Harlem River Drive began in the late 1930s as part of broader efforts to enhance Manhattan's highway network, with initial proposals outlined in 1940 by Robert Moses, then Parks Commissioner, to create a six-lane parkway linking the Henry Hudson Parkway, George Washington Bridge, and East River Drive. These plans were delayed by World War II, shifting focus to postwar reconstruction, and detailed designs for the route from 125th Street northward to the old Harlem River Speedway alignment were finalized by 1944. The project incorporated segments of the former speedway, transforming the historic carriage path into a modern divided highway while preserving its elevated and scenic elements. Construction commenced in 1947 under the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority, led by , with the initial segment from the Triborough Bridge to about 135th Street opening in stages starting in 1951, providing a half-mile elevated link to the existing speedway path. The full route, spanning 4.2 miles as a six-lane divided facility with 12-foot-wide lanes and viaducts for , progressed northward through the , with northbound lanes at river level and southbound on an elevated viaduct to offer views of the . The parkway opened to traffic in segments between 125th and 165th Streets from 1951 to 1962, culminating in full completion in early 1964 at a total cost of $38 million, including $11.7 million for and $5.8 million for land acquisition, exceeding the initial $20 million estimate due to overruns and scope expansions. Key engineering projects during this era included integration with Interstate 95 via the Trans-Manhattan Expressway and , completed between 1960 and 1963 to facilitate seamless connections to the 's lower deck. In the southern section, the Willis Avenue Bridge over the was fully reconstructed as part of a $612 million initiative by the , replacing the 1901 structure with a new swing span, approach ramps, and pedestrian/bicycle accommodations, opening to traffic on October 2, 2010. Recent expansions have emphasized multimodal access and . The , a 32-mile circumnavigating path, saw completion of early segments along the in by 2010, providing dedicated bike and pedestrian routes parallel to the drive for improved waterfront connectivity. Post-Hurricane Sandy in 2012, which caused temporary closures along the drive due to flooding, resiliency efforts advanced in the 2020s, including proposed $907 million federal floodwall protections along a stretch of to safeguard against future storm surges and tidal flooding up to a 500-year event. Groundbreaking for the $353 million Harlem River Greenway extension in 2025 further integrates seven acres of new parkland, separate cyclist and pedestrian paths, and enhanced seawalls adjacent to the drive, funded in part by state environmental bonds.

Interchanges and Access

Exit List

The Harlem River Drive, designated as New York State Reference Route 907P by the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT), features a series of numbered exits continuing sequentially from the FDR Drive, ranging from Exit 17 at the southern terminus to Exit 24 near the northern end. These exits provide access to local streets and major bridges in Manhattan, with configurations varying by direction to accommodate the parkway's alignment along the Harlem River. The exit numbering reflects the pre-2000s sequential system maintained by NYSDOT for this urban parkway, without mileage-based renumbering. The following table summarizes the exits, including approximate mileposts observed along the route (measured from the start of the FDR Drive for continuity), destinations served in each direction, and key ramp details or local connections.
ExitMilepostNorthbound DestinationsSouthbound DestinationsNotes
179.5I-278 / Robert F. Kennedy Bridge / Bruckner Expressway / Grand Central ParkwayI-278 / Robert F. Kennedy Bridge / Bruckner Expressway / Grand Central ParkwayFull cloverleaf interchange; toll plaza present; connects to FDR Drive southbound.
189.7To I-87 / Willis Avenue Bridge / Major Deegan ExpresswayNoneRight exit ramp; provides access to Third Avenue and Bronx river crossings.
199.8East 125th Street2nd Avenue / East 125th StreetRight exit (NB); all trucks allowed southbound; local connection to Harlem neighborhood via 125th Street.
2010.3NonePark Avenue / East 132nd StreetRight exit ramp; connects to East Harlem residential areas.
2110.4East 135th Street / Madison Avenue BridgeNoneRight exit; bridge access to Bronx; local tie-in to 135th Street grid.
2210.8None5th Avenue / West 142nd StreetRight exit; serves Central Harlem via major avenues.
2311.78th Avenue / West 155th StreetFrederick Douglass Boulevard / West 155th StreetLeft exit (NB); right exit (SB); connects to Amsterdam Avenue northbound via local streets; elevated structure.
2412.4I-95 South / George Washington Bridge / Amsterdam Avenue / West 179th StreetNoneLeft exit; partial interchange linking to Trans-Manhattan Expressway and upper Manhattan.
Near the northern terminus at approximately mile 13.7, the parkway transitions to at-grade access with unnumbered intersections at (NY 9A) and 10th Avenue, allowing direct connections to Inwood and Fort George without numbered ramps.

Major Connections

connects at its southern terminus to the (FDR) Drive and the (RFK) Bridge, designated as (I-278), providing direct access from to and the Bronx via the bridge's spans over the and . This linkage integrates the parkway into the broader expressway system, allowing seamless travel for commuters heading eastward from without navigating local streets. Mid-route, the parkway features key bridges that enhance cross-river connectivity to the Bronx. The Willis Avenue Bridge carries northbound traffic from the parkway to Willis Avenue in the Bronx, supporting industrial and residential access in Mott Haven. Further north, the 145th Street Bridge, which crosses over the Harlem River Drive, connects West 145th Street in Manhattan to East 149th Street in the Bronx, providing access via local streets to Yankee Stadium and surrounding areas in the Concourse neighborhood. At the northern end, Harlem River Drive connects to Interstate 95 (I-95)/U.S. Route 1 (US 1) near the Alexander Hamilton Bridge, which spans the Harlem River and provides a vital route to the George Washington Bridge for northward journeys to New Jersey. At its northern end, Harlem River Drive ties into the Henry Hudson Parkway (New York State Route 9A, NY 9A) and the Trans- Expressway segment of I-95, forming part of the continuous I-95 corridor that extends from through to . This interchange at and 10th Avenue enables efficient merging for vehicles originating from the or local arterials, supporting high-volume north-south travel along the waterfront. The parkway plays a crucial role in the New York City regional transportation network, handling an (AADT) of approximately 100,000 vehicles, which underscores its importance as a primary northbound artery for commuters. Recent infrastructure enhancements, including a new ramp from the RFK Bridge to the northbound Drive opened in November 2020, have improved cross-river access by reducing detours via the Willis Avenue Bridge and alleviating congestion in . These connections collectively facilitate smoother integration with interstate routes, enhancing overall traffic flow in the densely populated area bordering the .

References

  1. https://www.dot.ny.gov/nypermits/repository/tour_route.pdf
  2. https://blog.mcny.org/2012/02/28/how-harlem-river-speedway-became-harlem-river-drive/
  3. https://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/historical-signs/listings?id=12334
  4. http://www.nycroads.com/roads/harlem-river/
  5. https://trafficsafety.ny.gov/trucks-parkways
  6. https://www.dot.ny.gov/programs/stip/draftstip/repository/R11-proposed.pdf
  7. https://edc.nyc/project/manhattan-greenway-harlem-river
  8. http://www.cunysustainablecities.org/turning-the-tide-new-york%25E2%2580%2599s-waterfront-in-transition/
  9. https://www.crainsnewyork.com/climate/army-corps-proposes-907m-floodwall-harlem-waterfront
  10. https://www.eastcoastroads.com/listings/ny/reference
  11. https://nysroads.com/list-fdr.php
  12. https://www.army.mil/article/242877/after_100_years_the_harlem_hellfighters_nickname_is_finally_official
  13. https://www.harlemworldmagazine.com/the-legendary-harlem-river-drive-the-speedway-the-hellfighters-and-the-song/
  14. https://www.dot.ny.gov/regional-offices/region11/general-info
  15. https://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/motorist/parkway-restrictions.shtml
  16. https://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/trucks_nycarea_parkways.pdf
  17. https://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/harlemrvbdrpt.pdf
  18. https://www.hardestyhanover.com/projects/harlem-river-drive-at-east-127th-street/
  19. https://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/infrastructure/bridges-harlem.shtml
  20. https://www.eastcoastroads.com/states/ny/parkways/harlem
  21. https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/highbridge-park
  22. http://www.newyorkroutes.net/jct/pwhar.htm
  23. https://www.nycgovparks.org/news/daily-plant?id=22170
  24. http://daytoninmanhattan.blogspot.com/2016/09/the-lost-speedway-hotel-nos-2508-2514.html
  25. https://crotonaqueduct.wordpress.com/field-notes/individual-structures/harlem-river-driveharlem-river-speedway/
  26. https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/13/realestate/a-roadway-built-for-the-elite-to-trot-out-their-rigs.html
  27. https://www.untappedcities.com/harlem-river-drive-speedway-horse-race/
  28. https://www.nytimes.com/1922/03/05/archives/speedway-to-open-for-autos-in-fall-asphalt-paving-now-replacing.html
  29. https://www.nytimes.com/1922/10/13/archives/harlem-driveway-opened-to-autos-speedway-formerly-sacred-to.html
  30. https://www.nytimes.com/1944/07/12/archives/details-outlined-for-harlem-drive-ample-provision-for-uses.html
  31. https://www.nytimes.com/1951/06/13/archives/link-to-speedway-in-harlem-ready-268000-halfmile-lane-from-upper.html
  32. https://beyondcentralpark.com/BCPHighBridgePark.html
  33. https://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/infrastructure/willis-ave-bridge.shtml
  34. https://www.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/plans/manhattan-waterfront-greenway/mwg.pdf
  35. https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/content/SandySuccessStories_June2013.pdf
  36. https://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_newsroom/press_releases/press_releases.php?id=22269
  37. https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/engineering/technical-services/hds-res-repository/newyorktvbk.pdf
  38. https://www.aaroads.com/guides/fdr-drive-ny
  39. https://www.lehman.edu/vpadvance/artgallery/arch/buildings/harlem_bridges.html
  40. http://www.nycroads.com/crossings/145th-street/
  41. https://michaelminn.net/newyork/mobility/manhattan-bridges/alexander-hamilton-bridge/index.html
  42. http://www.nycroads.com/roads/trans-manhattan/
  43. https://www.eastcoastroads.com/states/ny/parkways/henry
  44. https://www.mta.info/press-release/icymi-governor-cuomo-announces-opening-of-robert-f-kennedy-bridge-connection-to-harlem-river-drive
  45. https://dbia.org/project/rfk-bridge-ramp-to-the-northbound-harlem-river-drive/
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