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Hucho
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| Hucho Temporal range:
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|---|---|
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| Hucho hucho | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Salmoniformes |
| Family: | Salmonidae |
| Subfamily: | Salmoninae |
| Genus: | Hucho Günther, 1866 |
| Type species | |
| Salmo hucho[1] Linnaeus, 1758
| |
Hucho is a genus of large piscivorous salmonid fish known as taimens (from Finnish taimen, 'trout', through Russian: тайме́нь, romanized: taĭménʹ), and is closely related to Pacific trout and lenoks (all belonging to the same tribe in the subfamily Salmoninae). Native to the cold rivers and other freshwater habitats in Eurasia, they are threatened by overfishing and habitat loss.
The earliest fossil remains of this genus are known from the Late Oligocene to middle Miocene of the Vitim Plateau in Russia. Younger remains are also known from the Late Miocene of Ukraine and the Late Pleistocene of Germany.[2] Fossil specimens of a Hucho-like salmonid have been recovered from the Clarkia fossil beds and other localities from the late Neogene of western North America, suggesting they may have potentially inhabited North America too.[3]
Species
[edit]The currently recognized species in this genus are:[4]
| Image | Scientific name | Common name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hucho bleekeri Sh. Kimura, 1934 | Sichuan taimen | Yangtze basin in China | |
|
Hucho hucho (Linnaeus, 1758) | huchen, Danube salmon | endemic to the Danube basin in Europe |
| Hucho ishikawae T. Mori, 1928 | Korean taimen | North Korea and China | |
 |
Hucho taimen (Pallas, 1773) | Siberian taimen, Siberian giant trout, and Siberian salmon | Siberia |
In addition, the Sakhalin taimen was formerly placed in this genus, but genetics and other evidence has shown that it belongs in its own monotypic genus as Parahucho perryi.[5][6][7]
References
[edit]- ^ [1] at www.fishbase.org.
- ^ Kovalchuk, о. м. (2015-10-01). "The First Appearance of Hucho (Salmonidae) in the Fossil Record of Eastern Europe". Vestnik Zoologii. 49 (5): 413–420. doi:10.1515/vzoo-2015-0047. ISSN 2073-2333.
- ^ Stearley, Ralph F.; Smith, Gerald R. (2016-10-14). "FISHES OF THE MIO-PLIOCENE WESTERN SNAKE RIVER PLAIN AND VICINITY". Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. 204 (1). hdl:2027.42/134040. ISSN 0076-8405.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Hucho". FishBase. August 2016 version.
- ^ Oleinik, A.G.; and Skurikhina, L.A. (2008). Phylogenetic relationships of Sakhalin taimen Parahucho perryi inferred from PCR-RFLP analysis of mitochondrial DNA. Russian Journal of Genetics, 44:767. doi:10.1134/S102279540807003X
- ^ Matveev, V.; Nishihara, H.; & Okada, N. (2007). Novel SINE families from salmons validate Parahucho (Salmonidae) as a distinct genus and give evidence that SINEs can incorporate LINE-related 3′-tails of other SINEs. Molecular Biology and Evolution 24(8): 1656–1666. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msm083
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Parahucho". FishBase. August 2016 version.
- The Eurasian Huchen, Hucho hucho: Largest Salmon of the World; By J. Holcík, K. Hensel, J. Nieslanik, L. Skácel
Media related to Hucho at Wikimedia Commons
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Hucho
View on Grokipediafrom Grokipedia
Hucho is a genus of large salmonid fish in the subfamily Salmoninae, consisting of four species of piscivorous predators adapted to cold, oxygen-rich freshwater environments in Eurasia. These fish, commonly known as taimens or huchens, are characterized by their elongated bodies, powerful tails, and potential to grow over 2 meters in length, with the Siberian taimen (Hucho taimen) being the largest at up to 200 cm. Native to rivers and streams from Western Europe to East Asia, species in this genus play a key ecological role as apex predators but face significant threats from habitat degradation, overfishing, and pollution, leading to endangered or vulnerable status for several members.[1][2][3]
The genus Hucho includes H. hucho (huchen or Danube salmon), endemic to the Danube River basin in Central and Eastern Europe; H. taimen (Siberian taimen), distributed across Siberia and adjacent regions from the Volga River to the Pacific coast; H. bleekeri (Sichuan taimen), found in rivers of central China; and H. ishikawae (Korean taimen), native to the Korean Peninsula in border regions with China.[1][3] These species exhibit potamodromous life histories, with spawning typically occurring in spring in gravelly tributaries, and juveniles feeding on invertebrates before shifting to a diet dominated by smaller fish.[4][5]
Phylogenetically, Hucho is closely related to other salmonines like lenoks (Brachymystax) and is considered a flagship group for conservation in Eurasian freshwater ecosystems due to their sensitivity to environmental changes. The huchen (H. hucho), for instance, has seen its range reduced dramatically, now occupying less than 5% of its historical habitat in parts of Europe, and is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List.[3][6] Efforts to protect Hucho species involve habitat restoration, fishing regulations, and stocking programs, underscoring their importance in biodiversity and cultural heritage across their native ranges.[2][5]
Taxonomy
Etymology and nomenclature
The genus name Hucho originates from the German term "Huchen," a regional name for the large salmonid fish known as the Danube huchen (Hucho hucho), reflecting its prominence in Central European rivers. This linguistic root draws from local dialects in German-speaking areas, where "Huchen" or "Huch" has been used historically to denote the species' distinctive predatory nature and size, akin to a large trout.[7][8] Common names for species within the genus vary regionally, highlighting their cultural significance. The Siberian taimen (Hucho taimen) derives its name from the Finnish "taimen," referring to a young salmon or trout, which influenced Russian nomenclature through Old Novgorodian borrowings and became the standard term in Siberian contexts for this massive riverine fish. In contrast, the Danube huchen is widely called "huchen" across German and Slavic regions, with variations such as the Polish "głowacica" (from "głowa," meaning head, due to its robust cranial features) or Ukrainian "hołowatycia" among Hucul communities, underscoring local perceptions of its trout-like form but greater stature.[9] These names often evoke the fish's role as a prized game species in folklore and angling traditions. Early ichthyologists formalized the nomenclature in the 18th century, drawing on European explorations. The type species Hucho hucho was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 as Salmo hucho in Systema Naturae, based on specimens from the Danube basin, marking it as a distinct salmonid. Similarly, Peter Simon Pallas described Hucho taimen in 1773 as Salmo taimen from Siberian rivers, incorporating the local Russian name into scientific taxonomy. The genus Hucho was later established by Albert Günther in 1866 to separate these large, piscivorous forms from the Salmo genus, recognizing their unique morphology within the Salmonidae family.[10][11]Classification and species
The genus Hucho belongs to the subfamily Salmoninae within the family Salmonidae, order Salmoniformes.[12] This placement is supported by morphological and molecular data, positioning Hucho as part of the core salmonine group characterized by anadromous or potamodromous lifestyles and specialized dentition for piscivory. Phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial DNA and nuclear markers consistently place Hucho in a basal clade within Salmoninae, often as sister genus to Brachymystax (lenoks), forming a distinct "huchonid" or lenok-taimen lineage that diverged early from other salmonines like Oncorhynchus and Salmo.[13] [14] Some earlier hypotheses suggested closer ties to Salvelinus (chars) due to shared primitive traits like vomerine teeth arrangement, but recent genomic studies refute this, confirming the Hucho-Brachymystax affinity as the most ancestral branch in the subfamily.[15] [16] The genus Hucho comprises four valid species, all large, predatory freshwater salmonids native to Eurasia. These species are distinguished primarily by geographic distribution, spotting patterns, and subtle meristic differences in fin rays and scale counts. Hucho taimen (Pallas, 1773), the Siberian taimen, features small cross-shaped or X-shaped dark spots on the head and body, a deeply emarginate reddish caudal fin in adults, 173-288 scales in the lateral series (107-164 pored), and 9-18 gill rakers (typically 11-13).[4] [17] Hucho hucho (Linnaeus, 1758), the huchen or Danube salmon, lacks red spots and white fin margins, with 180-200 lateral line scales, 60-68 vertebrae, 11-14 gill rakers on the first arch, and 5-6 anal fin rays; its body is silvery with black spots on the back and sides.[18] Hucho bleekeri (Kimura, 1934), the Sichuan taimen, exhibits small cross-shaped spots on the sides and gill cover, a maxilla slightly longer than the lower jaw extending beyond the eye, and 65-120 pyloric caeca, with a fusiform body adapted to rapid streams.[19] Hucho ishikawae (Mori, 1928), the Korean taimen, has 11 dorsal soft rays and 10 anal soft rays, a fusiform body, and is noted for its occurrence in clear, waterfall-associated pools, though detailed meristics remain limited due to its rarity.[20] Synonyms and debated taxa include forms previously assigned to Hucho, such as Hucho perryi (Brevoort, 1856), now recognized as the monotypic Parahucho perryi (Sakhalin or Japanese huchen) based on molecular evidence showing its divergence from Hucho, with larger scales and distinct vomerine dentition.| Species | Common Name | Key Distinguishing Traits |
|---|---|---|
| H. taimen | Siberian taimen | X-shaped spots; reddish adult caudal fin; 173-288 lateral scales |
| H. hucho | Huchen | Silvery with black spots; no red spots; 180-200 lateral scales; 11-14 gill rakers |
| H. bleekeri | Sichuan taimen | Cross-shaped spots on sides/gill cover; maxilla > lower jaw; 65-120 pyloric caeca |
| H. ishikawae | Korean taimen | 11 dorsal/10 anal rays; fusiform body in waterfall pools |
Physical description
Morphology and anatomy
Hucho species exhibit an elongated, fusiform body shape adapted for swift-flowing river environments, characterized by a large head, robust cylindrical trunk, and powerful, tapered caudal peduncle that supports a deeply emarginate tail fin for propulsion.[21] This torpedo-like form, typical of the Salmonidae family, includes a distinctive adipose fin located between the dorsal and caudal fins, which aids in stability during rapid movements. The head is dorsally flattened and proportionally large, comprising 22-25% of standard length, with a pointed snout that enhances hydrodynamic efficiency.[22][21] Predatory adaptations are prominent, featuring a large terminal mouth with the maxilla extending well beyond the eye's posterior margin—reaching 42-50% of head length in some species—and lined with sharp, backward-curving teeth on the jaws, vomer, and palatine bones arranged in a continuous horseshoe-shaped band.[21] The lateral line system, composed of 107-164 pored scales along the midlateral row, enables sensitive detection of vibrations and pressure changes in turbulent waters, complementing keen eyesight for locating prey. Eyes are moderately large and positioned laterally, providing a wide field of view suited to ambush hunting in clear, fast currents.[21][3] Scales are small, cycloid, and embedded, forming a smooth, oval-shaped covering without radial grooves; the midlateral series typically numbers 173-288, contributing to the streamlined profile while offering protection. Coloration serves as camouflage in riverine habitats, with dorsal surfaces in mottled olive-brown to gray tones, fading to silvery flanks marked by irregular dark spots—often X-shaped or crescent-shaped on the body and smaller on the head.[21][22] Sexual dimorphism is evident during breeding, when males develop intensified reddish hues on fins and body, contrasting with the more subdued patterns of females.[3] Species-specific variations include the absence of red spots in Hucho hucho compared to the reddish caudal fin in adult Hucho taimen.[21][22]Size, growth, and lifespan
Species in the genus Hucho exhibit considerable variation in adult size. H. hucho commonly grows to 70-100 cm TL and 10-30 kg, with a maximum recorded size of 150 cm TL and 52 kg. H. taimen attains average adult sizes of 120-150 cm TL and 20-50 kg, with verified maximums up to 210 cm TL and over 100 kg recorded in Siberian populations. Smaller species include H. ishikawae, which rarely exceeds 50 cm TL, and H. bleekeri, which typically reaches up to 70 cm TL.[21][18][19][20] Growth in Hucho species is rapid during juvenile stages, with annual length increments reaching 10-17 cm in the first few years under optimal conditions, as observed in H. hucho fry and young-of-the-year in cultured and wild settings.[23] This rate slows markedly in adults to 5-10 cm per year, influenced primarily by water temperature—optimal growth occurs below 18°C, with rates declining sharply above this threshold—and food availability, where abundant prey supports faster development in nutrient-rich rivers.[24] For H. taimen, growth is comparatively slower overall among salmonids, with juveniles adding approximately 8-15 cm annually in Mongolian rivers before asymptotic patterns emerge around 10-15 years of age.[25] Lifespans in the genus range from 20-50 years, varying by species and environmental conditions, with H. hucho typically living 15-24 years in European rivers and H. taimen capable of exceeding 50 years in remote Asian watersheds.[18][21] Verified records include a 55-year-old H. taimen from Lake Baikal tributaries and 24-year-old H. hucho from the Danube basin.[26][23] Age determination relies on otolith annuli analysis, which provides precise annual rings for individuals up to 24+ years, or scale readings for younger fish, though otoliths are preferred for accuracy in older specimens.[23]Distribution and habitat
Geographic range
The genus Hucho is native to Eurasia, with species distributed across river systems in Europe and Asia. H. hucho, commonly known as the Danube salmon or huchen, is endemic to the Danube River basin, spanning from southern Germany and Austria through Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania to tributaries draining into the Black Sea, including parts of the Balkans and western Ukraine.[3][27] In Asia, H. taimen, the Siberian taimen, exhibits the broadest range among the genus, occurring in cold, freshwater river systems from the Ural Mountains in western Russia eastward through Siberia to the Pacific coast, encompassing major drainages such as the Lena, Ob, Yenisei, Amur, and their tributaries, as well as rivers in Mongolia, northern China, and Kazakhstan.[5] This distribution covers approximately one-tenth of the Earth's land surface, primarily in montane and subarctic regions.[5] Other species have more restricted ranges: H. bleekeri, the Sichuan taimen, is confined to the upper Yangtze River basin in China, including tributaries in Sichuan, Qinghai, and Shaanxi provinces such as the Minjiang, Dadu, and Taibai rivers.[28] H. ishikawae, the Korean taimen, is limited to the border region between North Korea and China, primarily the Yalu (Amnok) River system.[29][20] Introduced populations of H. hucho have been established in several non-native European river basins, including the Elbe, Oder, and Vistula systems in Germany, Poland, and the Czech Republic, as well as attempts in the Rhône in France, though success has varied due to ecological challenges.[30][18] Efforts to introduce H. hucho to North America, such as in Quebec, Canada, in the mid-20th century, failed to establish self-sustaining populations.[31] No successful introductions outside Eurasia are documented for other Hucho species.[5]Ecological preferences
Hucho species inhabit cold, oxygen-rich rivers and streams, typically with water temperatures between 6°C and 18°C, which support their metabolic needs and reproductive cycles.[18] These fish are highly sensitive to environmental conditions, avoiding stagnant waters where oxygen levels drop below saturation and polluted areas that introduce contaminants or reduce dissolved oxygen.[32] High water quality is essential, as Hucho require well-oxygenated flows—often exceeding 5 mg/L—to maintain their active lifestyle in flowing systems.[4] Within these rivers, Hucho favor specific microhabitats that provide cover and foraging opportunities, such as deep pools with slow currents for adults during resting periods and riffles for juveniles seeking drifting prey.[4] Undercut banks and excavations along river margins offer ambush sites, allowing these piscivores to position themselves effectively in the current.[33] While generally non-migratory and territorial, Hucho undertake local movements, including short upstream migrations to gravelly spawning grounds in spring when temperatures rise to 6–10°C, and downstream shifts for feeding in lower reaches.[18] In river ecosystems, Hucho engage in interactions with sympatric salmonids and prey species, often acting as apex predators that regulate populations of smaller fish like grayling (Thymallus spp.) and lenok (Brachymystax spp.).[34] These relationships contribute to community dynamics, with Hucho relying on diverse prey assemblages while sharing habitat resources, such as oxygen-rich riffles and pools, in multi-species assemblages typical of montane and piedmont rivers.[27]Biology and behavior
Diet and predation
Hucho species exhibit a predominantly piscivorous diet, with juveniles primarily consuming invertebrates before transitioning to fish as they mature. In Hucho taimen, for instance, individuals aged 1-2 years feed mainly on macroinvertebrates, shifting to a diet dominated by fish such as black Baikal grayling (Thymallus baicalensis) and sculpins (Paracottus knerii, Leocottus kesslerii) by age 2 and older.[35] Similarly, young Hucho hucho rely on invertebrates, while adults target fish including cyprinids (e.g., barbel Barbus barbus, chub Squalius cephalus) and salmonids, alongside amphibians like frogs.[18] Across the genus, adults occasionally incorporate larger prey such as small mammals, reptiles, waterfowl, and even ducklings, reflecting opportunistic foraging in riverine environments. H. bleekeri and H. ishikawae follow similar piscivorous patterns, with juveniles on invertebrates and adults primarily on fish, supplemented by amphibians and small vertebrates.[18][4][36][37] Predatory strategies in Hucho emphasize ambush tactics in fast-flowing currents, where individuals exploit their powerful bursts of speed to capture prey. Hucho taimen, for example, position themselves in shaded areas during the day and shift to shallow, swift waters at night or dawn for active hunting, capitalizing on their advantage in faster currents to pursue fish like spawning omul (Coregonus autumnalis migratorius) during fall migrations.[38] Adults of the genus maintain territories in deep pools below rapids, launching attacks on passing prey, with seasonal upstream movements in spring to intercept migrating fish stocks.[4] These behaviors are supported by keen sensory adaptations, such as enhanced olfactory and lateral line systems, though specific anatomical details vary by species.[35] As apex predators in montane and foothill river systems, Hucho species play a critical role in regulating prey populations and maintaining fish community structure. Their predation pressure on juveniles and smaller salmonids helps control overabundant species, preventing ecological imbalances in oligotrophic waters.[35] Occasional cannibalism among juveniles has been observed in dense populations, further influencing cohort dynamics and resource competition.[39]Reproduction and life cycle
Hucho species exhibit iteroparous reproduction, allowing multiple spawning events over their lifespan, though some populations show variable reproductive success across cycles.[40] Spawning typically occurs in spring, from April to June depending on the species and local conditions, with adults migrating upstream to suitable sites in gravelly tributaries characterized by clean substrates, fast-flowing water, and depths of 0.5–1 m.[35][41] For instance, in Hucho taimen, pairs form weeks before ascending rivers, selecting redds in shallow areas with groundwater upwellings to ensure oxygenation.[42] During spawning, females construct nests by vigorously beating their tails to excavate gravel depressions, often performing 30–160 digs per redd, while males establish territorial dominance through aggressive displays and attacks on rivals, preventing interference up to several meters from the site.[41][42] Females release eggs in batches over intervals of 45–48 hours, typically at night, with each female producing 10,000–30,000 eggs; for example, Hucho taimen averages about 22,000 eggs per female.[42][35] Males simultaneously milt over the eggs, and post-spawning, females rest briefly before covering the deposit with gravel using gentler tail beats.[42] Males remain to guard the redd against predators and disturbances.[42] Eggs undergo incubation for 4–6 weeks in the gravel, hatching into alevins that initially rely on yolk sacs for nourishment, absorbing them within 2–3 weeks post-hatch.[43] Alevins then emerge as free-swimming fry, dispersing downstream to feed on invertebrates and small fish, marking the transition to juvenile stages.[35] Sexual maturity is reached at 4–7 years, with males often maturing earlier (4–8 years) than females (7–9 years), varying by species such as earlier onset in Hucho hucho compared to Hucho taimen.[44][35]Conservation
Threats and status
Species in the genus Hucho face significant conservation challenges, with varying IUCN Red List classifications reflecting their precarious statuses. Hucho taimen is assessed as Vulnerable due to ongoing population declines driven by multiple anthropogenic pressures.[45] Hucho hucho was downlisted from Endangered to Vulnerable in 2024, though it continues to experience decreasing trends across much of its range.[46] Hucho bleekeri is classified as Critically Endangered, indicating an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.[47] Hucho ishikawae remains Data Deficient, highlighting the urgent need for further research to assess its status accurately.[48] As of 2025, these classifications remain unchanged, with ongoing threats from hydropower development in regions like the Balkans. Primary threats to Hucho species include habitat fragmentation caused by dam construction, which disrupts migration routes and spawning grounds essential for these riverine salmonids. Overfishing, including commercial and recreational harvest, exacerbates declines, as these large-bodied fish mature slowly and have low reproductive rates, making populations highly susceptible to exploitation.[29] Pollution from agricultural runoff, mining, and urban development degrades water quality and alters aquatic ecosystems, further stressing Hucho habitats. Climate change contributes by warming river temperatures, which affects oxygen levels and shifts suitable thermal ranges, potentially rendering large portions of current habitats uninhabitable.[45] Invasive species, such as introduced trout, may also compete for resources and prey in altered environments, adding to competitive pressures.[49] Population trends for Hucho species show severe declines, with species-specific estimates indicating significant reductions; for example, H. taimen has declined by approximately 37% over three generations globally, with steeper losses in regions like Mongolia (19% range reduction) and China.[45] H. hucho has experienced historical range reductions of 70-90% over the past 150 years. In the Amur River basin, poaching remains a critical issue, with illegal fishing targeting large individuals and contributing to localized extirpations despite enforcement efforts.[5] Similar patterns affect H. hucho in European rivers, where historical overfishing and infrastructure development have led to fragmented populations, though some localized stability exists in protected tributaries.[50]Protection and management
The genus Hucho, encompassing species such as the Danube salmon (H. hucho) and Siberian taimen (H. taimen), receives protection through various legal frameworks aimed at curbing overexploitation and habitat loss. In Europe, H. hucho is listed under Annexes II and V of the EU Habitats Directive (Council Directive 92/43/EEC), requiring the designation of special areas of conservation and strict protection measures, including prohibitions on deliberate capture or killing. This directive has led to the inclusion of numerous Natura 2000 sites across the Danube basin to safeguard critical habitats for the species.[51] Additionally, commercial fishing for H. hucho is banned in several European countries, such as Austria, Germany, and Slovenia, where only regulated sport fishing is permitted under quotas and minimum size limits to support population viability.[52] Conservation initiatives for Hucho species emphasize habitat enhancement and population supplementation. Hatchery programs and restocking efforts are prominent in the Danube basin; for instance, in Poland, the Polish Angling Association has implemented releases to bolster H. hucho populations in the Dunajec River system since the 1960s. River restoration projects, including the removal of barriers and channel modifications, have been implemented in Austria to improve migration corridors for H. hucho, with efforts focusing on reconnecting fragmented habitats affected by hydropower developments, such as nature-like fish passes in the Pielach and Melk Rivers.[53] In Siberia and adjacent regions, anti-poaching measures for H. taimen involve community-based patrols and enforcement supported by the International Taimen Initiative, which collaborates with local governments in Russia to monitor illegal fishing in remote river systems like the Tugur.[54] Success stories highlight the efficacy of targeted management. In Slovenian rivers, such as the Sava, H. hucho populations have shown self-sustainability, attributed to habitat improvements under the EU Habitats Directive and management practices that include seasonal fishing limits from October to mid-February.[55] These measures demonstrate the potential for recovery through integrated protections, with ongoing efforts in 2023-2025 focusing on national strategies in Slovenia and Poland to address hydropower threats.References
- https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/taimen