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Interfax
Interfax
Interfax
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Interfax (Russian: Интерфакс) is a Russian news agency.[1][2] The agency is owned by Interfax News Agency joint-stock company and is headquartered in Moscow.

Key Information

History

[edit]

As the first non-governmental channel of political and economic information about the USSR,[3] Interfax was formed in September 1989, during Mikhail Gorbachev’s perestroika and glasnost period, by Mikhail Komissar and his colleagues from international broadcasting station 'Radio Moscow', a part of Soviet Gosteleradio system. Interfax originally used fax machines for text transmission, hence the company name.[4]

By 1990, Interfax had 100 subscribers and the agency quickly began to attract the attention of conservatives within the government, who attempted to shut down the agency. This saw the agency gain prominence in major western media, a position strengthened by its coverage of the 1991 August Putsch and the collapse of the Soviet Union.[5]

Interfax Press Center in Moscow (2016)

Interfax continued to expand in the 1990s, adding subsidiary agencies for financial, metallurgical, oil and gas markets, information products on agriculture, business law, transport, telecommunications,[4] and the market data terminal 'EFiR information system' for stock market players to its general news coverage.[6] Interfax also opened subsidiaries across the post-Soviet states, first in Ukraine (1992), Belarus (1993) and Kazakhstan (1996), and later in Azerbaijan (2002),[7] during this time bringing the number of local offices across the regions of Russian Federation to 50.[8]

To promote its information products abroad, Interfax opened its first company outside the former USSR in 1991, when 'Interfax America' was opened in Denver, CO. This was followed by the opening of London-based 'Interfax Europe Ltd.' (1992), 'Interfax Germany GmbH', based in Frankfurt (1993), and the 'Interfax News Service Ltd.' in Hong Kong (1998).[7]

In 2004, Interfax created the 'SPARK system' designed to check business agents in Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan,[9] Interfax also launched media monitoring services through its 'SCAN system'.[10] In 2011, the company added London-based project, 'Interfax Global Energy', which reports on the energy markets worldwide.[11]

Partnerships

[edit]

In 1999, Interfax launched a rating agency in partnership with Moody's Investors Service to provide rating services on the Russian market.[7] SPARK system became the basis for a joint venture with Dun & Bradstreet, a provider of business credit information and credit reports.[12] Also in 1999, Interfax and Reuters signed a cooperation agreement.[13]

Since 2001, Interfax has collaborated with Business Wire, which distributes corporate regulatory disclosures and press releases.[7] Interfax also offers consumer credit reports via a joint venture with Experian and Sberbank of Russia.[10]

Management

[edit]

'Interfax Group' senior management includes Mikhail Komissar as chairman of the board and CEO, Vladimir Gerasimov, executive director and general director of financial and business information service, Georgy Gulia, executive director of general information service.[14]

Analysis and bias

[edit]

Interfax provides general and political news, business credit information, industry analysis, market data and business solutions for risk, compliance and credit management. The company employs over 1,000 staff in over 70 bureaus worldwide and publishes over 3,000 stories each day.[15]

Dissemination

[edit]

Interfax controls around 50% of the Russian corporate data market.[16] Subscription-based business and financial intelligence contribute to the bulk of the revenues generated by Interfax with IT-analytical business solutions accounting for approximately 75% of revenue.[17]

Interfax's holding company[clarification needed] comprises more than 30 news producing and marketing companies in Russia, Ukraine (Interfax-Ukraine), Kazakhstan, Belarus, Azerbaijan, the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany and China.[18]

Awards

[edit]

In 2015, Interfax was awarded the Runet Prize in the category "Culture, Media and Mass Communications"[19] by the Russian Federal Agency for Press and Mass Media.

In 2016, Interfax was awarded the Runet Prize in the category “Economy, Business and Investment".[20]

References

[edit]

Literature

[edit]
[edit]
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Interfax

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia

Interfax (Russian: Интерфакс) is a privately owned Russian news agency headquartered in Moscow, established in September 1989 as the first non-state news organization in the USSR to provide independent political and economic information via fax technology during the era of perestroika.
The agency rapidly expanded from its origins in distributing bulletins to former Radio Moscow employees, evolving into the Interfax Information Services Group, which delivers specialized news products, data analytics, and IT solutions tailored for decision-makers in media, government, finance, and business sectors across Russia and internationally.
With bureaus in multiple countries and a focus on real-time reporting, Interfax has become one of the most cited sources for Russian and Eurasian affairs, maintaining a reputation for factual output amid Russia's constrained media environment where independent outlets face regulatory pressures.
Notable developments include its adaptation to digital distribution and subsidiaries such as Interfax-Ukraine, founded in 1992, reflecting its regional influence despite geopolitical tensions affecting journalistic operations.

History

Founding and Early Years (1989–1991)

Interfax was founded in September 1989 by Mikhail Komissar and a group of journalists from during the reforms under , marking it as the Soviet Union's first non-state news agency. It originated as a between —a division of the state-controlled Gostelradio—and the French-Italian Interquadro consortium, which provided transmission technology essential for rapid news dissemination in an era of limited digital infrastructure. contributed office space and personnel, enabling the agency to launch its inaugural daily bulletin in August 1989, distributed primarily via to Moscow's diplomatic community and foreign correspondents seeking independent political and economic updates beyond official channels. The agency's early operations emphasized timely, objective reporting on Soviet domestic affairs, filling a void in a media environment dominated by state outlets. By late 1989, Interfax had attracted 50 subscribers, growing to 100 by the end of 1990 as demand rose amid accelerating perestroika-induced economic shifts. In October 1990, it expanded with a specialized Business News Bulletin to cover market reforms, initiatives, and foreign opportunities, reflecting the USSR's tentative move toward . Tensions with state authorities emerged in early 1991, as Interfax's independence clashed with Gostelradio's oversight. On , 1991, the agency faced a shutdown order amid a broader power struggle, reportedly tied to its non-governmental status and growing influence during the Soviet crisis. It achieved full autonomy later that year through legal registration as an independent entity, relocating to new headquarters with backing from , then a rising reformist figure, solidifying its role as a pioneer in post-perestroika .

Post-Soviet Expansion (1992–2000)

Following the in December 1991, Interfax capitalized on the emerging market for independent journalism by expanding its operations beyond to cover the newly independent states and Russia's internal regions. In 1992, the agency established its first foreign subsidiary, Interfax-Ukraine, which began providing political and economic news tailored to the Ukrainian market, marking Interfax's initial foray into the post-Soviet information space. This move addressed the demand for localized reporting amid Ukraine's transition to , with the subsidiary quickly integrating into regional media workflows. By 1993, Interfax extended its network further with the opening of Interfax-West in , focusing on political and economic developments in that republic to serve subscribers both locally and internationally. Domestically, the agency pursued nationwide coverage by developing regional bureaus across Russia's federal subjects, enhancing its distribution of timely business and political dispatches amid the chaotic and economic reforms of the early . This regional push included bolstering staff and infrastructure to monitor federal districts, positioning Interfax as a primary non-state source for verified data in a landscape dominated by . The mid-1990s saw accelerated specialization and further geographic growth, with Interfax-Kazakhstan launching in October 1996 to deliver political, financial, and economic news for Kazakhstani and global audiences, leveraging the agency's Moscow-based expertise in commodity markets vital to . Concurrently, Interfax diversified into sector-specific subsidiaries, including dedicated services for financial markets, , oil and gas, and , which by 1997 incorporated tools like the National Rating Agency for credit assessments—critical amid Russia's 1998 precursors. These initiatives, supported by a staff expansion from dozens to hundreds, solidified Interfax's role as an independent aggregator of empirical , often cited over state outlets for its relative neutrality in reporting market disruptions and policy shifts.

Modern Developments (2001–2025)

In the early 2000s, Interfax capitalized on Russia's economic stabilization and oil-driven growth to broaden its scope beyond traditional wire services, emphasizing business intelligence and financial data products. By 2006, the agency had partnered with U.S.-based Experian to introduce Russia's first credit history bureau, enabling consumer and business credit assessments amid rising commercial lending. This initiative reflected Interfax's pivot toward value-added services, with annual revenues reaching $98 million that year under the continued leadership of founder Mikhail Komissar. Throughout the , Interfax deepened global integrations, supplying real-time news feeds to platforms like Bloomberg terminals, , and Factiva, while forming alliances with entities such as Moody's, , and Standard & Poor's for ratings and analytics. The agency developed specialized IT solutions for , compliance, , and media monitoring, shifting its revenue model so that products constituted approximately 85% of income by the late . A 2014 publication highlighted Interfax's role as a primary conduit for international reporting on Russian events, underscoring its expansion into multilingual and sector-specific coverage. In December 2021, Interfax reorganized by spinning off its digital and IT divisions into a separate entity, Interfax-Digital, to streamline operations without altering the core ownership structure or management team, which remained under Komissar's control as the privately held company's majority shareholder. Geopolitical strains, including Western sanctions following the 2014 annexation of and intensified after the 2022 invasion of , did not directly target Interfax, allowing it to sustain dissemination and data services; its Ukrainian affiliate continued operations amid regional disruptions. By 2025, Interfax served thousands of multinational clients, including banks and governments, prioritizing empirical business data over narrative-driven reporting in a landscape of restricted .

Ownership and Governance

Ownership Structure

Interfax operates as a closed under the legal entity АО "Информационное агентство Интерфакс", established in 1992 and registered in . The ownership is privately held, with no reported state involvement or majority foreign stakes, distinguishing it from many Russian media outlets subject to influence. Mikhail Komissar, the agency's founder, chairman of the board, and CEO since 1998, holds the , owning 87% of the shares as of the end of 2021 according to data from the SPARK-Interfax registry. This stake underscores Komissar's dominant role in and strategic decisions, with the company generating revenue of 5.4 billion rubles and net profit of 1.3 billion rubles in 2023 under this structure. Remaining shares are distributed among a small number of individual shareholders, though detailed breakdowns post-2021 are not publicly disclosed in available corporate filings. The ownership model has remained stable amid Interfax's expansions, including spin-offs like the 2020 separation of its IT division into Interfax-Digital Solutions, which explicitly preserved the core ownership and framework. This private configuration supports operational independence, as evidenced by the absence of mandated editorial alignments seen in state-controlled entities.

Management and Leadership

Mikhail Komissar founded Interfax in 1989 and has served as its Chairman of the , overseeing strategic direction amid the agency's evolution from a nascent Soviet-era service to a major Russian information group. Under his leadership, Interfax expanded into financial data services and international operations, maintaining a focus on real-time dissemination despite geopolitical shifts affecting Russian media. Komissar, who previously held the role of general director as noted in early accounts, continues to represent the agency in high-level diplomatic engagements, such as meetings with foreign heads of state. Vladimir Gerasimov acts as First Deputy General Director and Executive Director, managing operational aspects including and media sector rankings where he has been recognized for advancing Interfax's digital and sales capabilities since at least the early . His tenure has emphasized integration of financial news platforms and expansion of data analytics services, contributing to Interfax's position in Russia's mediabusiness landscape as of 2022 evaluations. The leadership structure reflects a hierarchical model typical of Russian private media holdings, with Komissar providing oversight and Gerasimov handling day-to-day execution, though detailed board compositions remain less publicly disclosed compared to state-influenced outlets.

Operations

Content Production and Coverage

Interfax maintains a network of over 600 correspondents, editors, and analysts across and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), enabling real-time, 24/7 coverage of political, economic, and social events with on-site reporting from key locations such as and trading floors. The agency produces content through specialized teams of political and financial journalists who generate newswires, daily bulletins, and weekly reports tailored for professional subscribers including media outlets, government agencies, businesses, and financial institutions. This production emphasizes factual reporting on decision-making factors, such as influences and commodity trends, without editorializing in wire services. Coverage prioritizes Russia and CIS countries, encompassing general news on politics, foreign policy, and social developments alongside in-depth business and financial topics like banking, energy, oil and gas, metals and mining, defense, and agriculture. Industry-specific products include the Russia & CIS Energy Daily, Russia & CIS Military Daily, and sector-focused weeklies on IT/telecoms, pharmaceuticals, and insurance, often incorporating real-time data from exchanges and statistical releases. While international events are included when relevant to Russian interests, the focus remains domestic and regional, with limited emphasis on non-CIS global affairs unless tied to economics or diplomacy. Content is disseminated in Russian as the primary , with English-language versions of major wires like the Russia & CIS General Newswire and Russia & CIS Business and Financial Newswire for international audiences; select publications also appear in German, Ukrainian, and Azeri. Interfax outputs over 1,500 stories daily, supported by approximately 1,000 journalists, ensuring broad distribution via subscription-based platforms to subscribers worldwide.

Dissemination and Distribution Channels

Interfax primarily disseminates its news content through subscription-based wire services, delivering real-time feeds and specialized newswires to professional subscribers including media outlets, government entities, financial institutions, and corporations. These wires encompass the General Newswire for political and public events, alongside sector-specific feeds covering finance, energy, military affairs, and regional developments in Russia and the CIS. Subscribers receive breaking developments as immediate "flashes" followed by expanded articles, ensuring timely updates for decision-makers. Access to these services occurs via dedicated news feeds, terminals, and streams, particularly for financial content sourced from trading floors in and abroad. Weekly and daily bulletins, such as the Presidential Bulletin and Business Weekly, provide analytical reports distributed exclusively to paying clients. The agency maintains public-facing websites like interfax.com and ifax.ru, which publish select headlines and stories, but comprehensive archives and full feeds require subscription. International redistribution occurs through partnerships, including agreements with Bloomberg for integration into its global network since the early 1990s and for select newswire streams. This B2B model prioritizes direct supply to institutional users over mass consumer platforms, with no proprietary broadcast or print operations.

Partnerships and International Reach

Domestic Collaborations

Interfax has forged key domestic collaborations through joint ventures focused on credit information, ratings, and financial data services for the Russian market. In 1999, it established the Interfax Rating Agency in with , specializing in credit risk assessments for Russian and CIS entities; Moody's later became the majority shareholder, renaming it Moody's Interfax Rating Agency to enhance local coverage of political and economic developments. A prominent example is the United Credit Bureau, launched as a with —Russia's largest bank—and around 2009, integrating banking data, operations, and to serve domestic lenders and corporations. Similarly, in 2008, Interfax formed Interfax-D&B with , positioning it as D&B's partner for business data and analytics in and the CIS, including tools like the SPARK system for company profiling. In the financial sector, Interfax signed a cooperation agreement with the in June 2024 to develop tailored solutions for market participants, such as rapid data hypothesis testing and integrated products. These initiatives extend to SCAN-Interfax, which monitors over 78,000 Russian and CIS media sources for reputational risk analysis, supporting domestic businesses and agencies. Beyond joint ventures, Interfax supplies wire services and specialized news feeds to leading Russian media outlets, government bodies, banks, and corporations, facilitating content dissemination and market intelligence within the country.

Global Partnerships and Presence

Interfax maintains a network of international offices to support its global operations, including locations in , (established 1992), , (by 1993), the (with Interfax-America Inc. founded in 1991 and offices in and ), Warsaw, Poland, and Shanghai, China (Interfax-China opened 2000 with approximately 30 journalists). These offices facilitate coverage of , , and , with reporting from and other hubs contributing to Interfax's feeds on regional business and political developments. The agency has pursued strategic partnerships with major international information providers to enhance its global distribution and data integration. Key collaborations include agreements with Bloomberg and , enabling Interfax's financial and business news on and the former to be accessible via their professional terminals worldwide. Similar integrations exist with Factiva, the largest global media database. In 1994, Interfax signed an exclusive distribution agreement with Japan's Service for its products in , marking an early expansion into Asian markets. Additional partnerships encompass (1999), Bloomberg Professional (1999), (2001, forming the Moody's Interfax Rating Agency), (2005, leading to the Experian-Interfax operational from 2006), , , Lexis-Nexis, and Standard & Poor's, focusing on financial data exchange, risk assessment, and corporate information services. These alliances position Interfax as a provider of - and CIS-focused content to international clients, though its global footprint remains centered on business and financial sectors rather than broad journalistic syndication. The partnerships underscore Interfax's strategy to leverage foreign platforms for wider reach while maintaining independence in content production.

Recognition and Impact

Awards and Accolades

In 2004, Interfax received the Financial Olympus award for the development of the SPARK system, which provides and services for business transactions. The following year, in 2005, the agency was awarded the Financial Olympus again for creating the e-disclosure.ru platform, aimed at enhancing corporate information transparency in Russia's . Also in 2005, Interfax won the Golden Gong award in the "News Agency of the Year" category for its regional project initiatives. Earlier recognitions include the 2002 NAUFOR Elite of the award in the information agency category, acknowledging contributions to coverage. In 2003, Interfax earned a diploma from the Association of Russian Banks for its efforts in 2002. The agency's Interfax Index of service received the D&B Worldwide Network award in 2011 for excellence in analytics. In the domain, Interfax was named a laureate of the Runet Prize in 2015 in the "Culture, Media, and Mass Communications" nomination, recognizing its contributions to Russia's segment development. These accolades primarily highlight Interfax's innovations in financial systems and media dissemination, reflecting its pivot toward IT-driven services alongside traditional news operations.

Role in Russian and Global Media Landscape

Interfax operates as one of Russia's three primary news agencies, alongside the state-owned and , functioning primarily as a wire service that supplies factual reports, economic data, and to domestic media outlets, financial institutions, and government entities. Founded in as the Soviet Union's first non-state , it has emphasized objective coverage of political, economic, and CIS-related developments, filling a niche for timely, data-driven reporting amid a media landscape dominated by government-influenced broadcasters and print media. Unlike state agencies, Interfax's private ownership and focus on sectors—such as industry analytics and —have allowed it to sustain a reputation for relative independence, even as Russian authorities have consolidated control over other outlets since the early . In the broader Russian context, Interfax plays a pivotal role in information dissemination by powering subscription-based services for over 500 clients, including major newspapers, TV channels, and online platforms, with an emphasis on verifiable facts over narrative-driven content. Its output, which includes real-time financial terminals and economic forecasts, supports in Russia's resource-heavy , where accurate on sectors like and commodities is critical. This positioning contrasts with the propagandistic tendencies observed in , positioning Interfax as a more neutral conduit for raw information, though its operations occur within a regulatory environment that imposes content restrictions, such as laws against "fake news" enacted in 2019. Globally, Interfax extends its influence through English-language services and specialized products like reports and compliance tools, serving international clients via partnerships with entities such as for cross-border . It provides a primary channel for foreign media, analysts, and investors to access unfiltered Russian perspectives on events, with its dispatches frequently cited in Western outlets for coverage of announcements, sanctions impacts, and market shifts—for instance, reporting on economic slowdowns as of October 2025. This reach enhances its role as a bridge for global understanding of , particularly in financial circles, where its data feeds inform trading and risk assessments, though its domestic origins introduce scrutiny over potential alignment with official narratives during geopolitical tensions.

Controversies and Criticisms

Accusations of Government Alignment and Bias

Interfax has been accused by international media watchdogs of aligning closely with Russian government positions, particularly through selective reporting that amplifies official statements while minimizing scrutiny of state actions. Analysts point to its coverage of the 2022 , where Interfax frequently relayed Kremlin denials of atrocities—such as the —without independent verification, contributing to narratives portraying Russian military operations as defensive or humanitarian. This pattern, observed in content analyses, includes omitting details of casualties attributed to Russian forces and emphasizing unsubstantiated claims, like Ukrainian use of human shields, as echoed in official rhetoric. Such criticisms frame Interfax as part of Russia's broader media ecosystem, where private agencies operate under implicit pressures from laws like the March 2022 amendments to prohibiting "discrediting" the armed forces, punishable by fines or up to 15 years imprisonment for spreading "" about military operations. While Interfax is not state-owned—unlike —observers argue its survival and access to official sources necessitate , resulting in pro-government tilt on domestic , , and elections. For example, during the 2011–2012 protests against , Interfax's reporting downplayed opposition scale compared to , aligning with narratives of foreign interference rather than systemic issues. These accusations, primarily from Western-based evaluators like , highlight factual inconsistencies, such as promoting unverified government claims on international meddling, though proponents of Interfax contend its wire service role prioritizes speed over .

Responses to Western Sanctions and Media Restrictions

Interfax has not been designated as a target of Western media bans or broadcasting restrictions imposed since Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, distinguishing it from state-affiliated outlets such as RT, Sputnik, RIA Novosti, Izvestia, and Rossiyskaya Gazeta. The European Union's decisions, including the May 2024 prohibition on broadcasting activities by specific Russian media entities within EU member states, did not encompass Interfax, enabling the agency to sustain its wire service and online dissemination without legal impediments in Western markets. Similarly, U.S. sanctions targeting media holdings like Rossiya Segodnya in September 2024 excluded Interfax. The agency's operations persisted amid broader economic sanctions affecting Russia's financial systems, payment networks, and technology imports, with no reported disruptions to its core news production or distribution as of October 2025. Interfax maintained its English-language website and continued providing real-time reporting on sanction developments, such as the U.S. Treasury's October 23, 2025, measures against Russian oil firms Rosneft and Lukoil, and the EU's 19th sanctions package targeting energy and financial sectors. This continuity reflects Interfax's status as a private, subscription-based news wire founded in 1989, which has historically prioritized business and factual reporting over overt state propaganda, potentially insulating it from targeted media curbs aimed at Kremlin-aligned broadcasters. In covering retaliatory measures by Russian authorities—such as the June 2024 restrictions on over 80 European media outlets and the blocking of 81 foreign outlets in 2024—Interfax emphasized Moscow's framing of these actions as symmetrical responses to Western "unfounded" bans, without altering its own operational model. The agency has not publicly announced structural adaptations like VPN-dependent distribution or content pivots, unlike some restricted outlets, instead leveraging domestic partnerships and its established role in supplying data to Russian and international subscribers. Financially, while indirect effects from sanctions on banking and payments posed challenges to Russian media broadly, Interfax's focus on B2B services and diversified revenue streams mitigated impacts, as evidenced by uninterrupted of sanction-related analyses into late 2025.

References

  1. https://interfax.com/about-us/history/
  2. https://mediabiasfactcheck.com/interfax-russia-bias/
  3. https://interfax.com/
  4. https://interfax.com/products/news-products/
  5. https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/
  6. https://www.eastview.com/resources/e-collections/interfax-newswires/
  7. http://www.eastview.com/resources/e-collections/interfax-newswires/
  8. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2005/jan/12/media.russia
  9. https://www.encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/interfax-news-agency
  10. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/01/11/Independent-news-agency-being-shut-down/8483663570000/
  11. https://group.interfax.ru/ftproot/files/Vash_ENGL_10.pdf
  12. https://en.interfax.com.ua/about.html
  13. https://www.interfax.kz/?lang=eng
  14. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41152289
  15. https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/40477/
  16. https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/73391/
  17. https://en.interfax.com.ua/
  18. https://www.list-org.com/company/4744
  19. https://www.vedomosti.ru/companies/interfaks
  20. https://www.audit-it.ru/contragent/1037739035685_ao-informatsionnoe-agentstvo-interfaks
  21. https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/1919127
  22. https://azertag.az/en/xeber/president_ilham_aliyev_receives_chairman_of_interfaxs_board-573586
  23. https://group.interfax.ru/interfax/about/news/rukovoditeli-interfaksa-voshli-v-reyting-top-1000-rossiyskikh-menedzherov/
  24. https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/51908/
  25. https://roscongress.org/speakers/gerasimov-vladimir/
  26. https://events.vedomosti.ru/speakers/gerasimov-vladimir-3481
  27. https://www.zoominfo.com/c/interfax-group/343560607
  28. https://www.ifx.ru/en/about
  29. https://www.ifx.ru/en/news-en.html
  30. https://www.ifax.ru/en/news-en.html
  31. https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/1067324.html
  32. https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/98845Z:RU
  33. https://www.experianplc.com/newsroom/press-releases/2009/21-12-2009
  34. https://www.interfax-dnb.kz/media/entry/67/Russia_DDI_2017.pdf
  35. https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/103170/
  36. https://forum-100.com/informatsionnye-sponsory/gruppa-interfaks/
  37. https://ifax.ru/en/contacts-en.html
  38. https://interfax.com/about-us/our-news/11744/
  39. https://group.interfax.ru/interfax/about/history/
  40. https://www.interfax.ru/russia/478400
  41. https://medialandscapes.org/country/russia/organisations/news-agencies
  42. https://interfax.com/about-us/who-we-are/
  43. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17840134
  44. https://dnb.ru/en/faq/
  45. https://www.reuters.com/business/world-at-work/russian-railways-cut-management-jobs-economy-slows-interfax-says-2025-10-17/
  46. https://time.com/6151572/russian-media-ukraine-coverage/
  47. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/viewFile/1538/772
  48. https://mid.ru/en/press_service/journalist_help/repressions/
  49. https://mid.ru/en/maps/us/1969526/
  50. https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/114447/
  51. https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/114448/
  52. https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/114496/
  53. https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/103771/
  54. https://www.occrp.org/en/news/russia-banned-81-foreign-media-outlets-in-2024-in-retaliation-against-western-restrictions
  55. https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/103714/
  56. https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/?tag=Sanctions
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