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Ja-Ela
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Ja-Ela (Sinhala: ජා-ඇල, Tamil: ஜா-எல) is a town, located approximately 20 km (12 mi) north of the city centre of Colombo, Sri Lanka. Ja-Ela lies on the A3 road which overlaps with the Colombo – Katunayake Expressway at the Ja-Ela Interchange.

Key Information

Etymology

[edit]

The etymology of the name is uncertain, and there are several yet arguable interpretations of the name. Howbeit, based on verified historical shreds of evidence, the etymology of the place, Ja Ela is based on both Malay and Sinhala languages. "Ja" and "Javan" are referential terms used by the Sinhalese, Moors & Tamils to address the Malays/Javanese or those of Indonesian descent and the term "Ela" is derived from Sinhala language meaning stream, lake or canal.[1]

Local government council

[edit]

Ja-Ela is administered by the Ja-Ela Urban Council.

Populations

[edit]

32,175

Demographics

[edit]

Majority of the people from Ja-Ela are generally Sinhalese, along with other minority communities such as Tamils, Muslims and Burghers.

The following table summarises the population of Ja-Ela DS Area which covers both urban sectors and rural sectors, according to ethnicity (2012 Census)

Ethnicity Population % of Total
Sinhalese 186,086 92.34%
Sri Lankan Moors 853 0.423%
Sri Lankan Tamils 8,042 4%
Indian Tamils 1,236 0.613%
Burghers 3,453 1.71%
Bharatha 45 0.02%
Sri Lankan Malays 1,239 0.614%
Sri Lankan Chetty 120 0.06%
Others 447 0.22%
Total 201,521 100%

Source: Department of Census and Statistics, 2012[2]

Majority of residents belong to the Christian denomination, followed by a large proportion of Buddhists.

Religious composition in Ja-ela DS Division according to 2012 census are as follows Roman Catholics 99,515-49.38%, Buddhists 87,772-43.55%, Other Christians 7,746-3.84%, Hindus 4,235-2.10%, Muslims 2,115-1.05%, Others 138-0.07%.

Transport

[edit]

This suburb is situated on the main road A3, between Colombo municipality and Negombo municipality. Ja-Ela is situated very close to the Bandaranaike International Airport. There is also a bus stand in Ja-Ela which provides access to Colombo, Negombo, Gampaha. The traffic issues at Ja-Ela have been reduced after the introduction of the Colombo – Katunayake Expressway, which serves an interchange at Ja-Ela.

Railway

[edit]

The Ja-Ela railway station is located on the Puttalam line and was opened in 1908. It is the fourth station on the line and is 22.15 km (13.76 mi) from Colombo Fort railway station. The station provides commuter access to the Colombo, Putlam and Chilaw areas. Not only is the station in the heart of the Ja- Ela town, it is also the nearest station to the Negombo-Colombo Main road. Therefore, it is known as one of the most popular stations in the area.

Schools

[edit]
  • Christ King College, Tudella
  • Mary Immaculate Convent, Tudella
  • St. Maries College, Ja-Ela
  • Jayanthi Vidyalaya, Ja-Ela
  • King's International College - Kapuwatta[3]

Geography

[edit]

Climate

[edit]
Climate data for Ja-Ela, Sri Lanka
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 30
(86) 		31
(88) 		33
(91) 		34
(93) 		34
(93) 		32
(90) 		32
(90) 		32
(90) 		32
(90) 		31
(88) 		30
(86) 		29
(84) 		32
(90)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 22
(72) 		22
(72) 		24
(75) 		26
(79) 		26
(79) 		25
(77) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		23
(73) 		22
(72) 		24
(75)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 16
(0.6) 		19
(0.7) 		22
(0.9) 		63
(2.5) 		54
(2.1) 		87
(3.4) 		130
(5.1) 		140
(5.5) 		111
(4.4) 		192
(7.6) 		141
(5.6) 		71
(2.8) 		1,046
(41.2)
Average precipitation days 1 1 2 3 3 2 3 4 5 8 7 4 43
Source: World Climate Guide. To check the current Weather - Visit: https://www.worldweatheronline.com/ja-ela-weather/western/lk.aspx

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Ja-Ela

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Ja-Ela is a town and divisional secretariat in Sri Lanka's District, Western Province, located approximately 20 kilometers north of along the highway connecting the capital to . As of the 2012 , the Ja-Ela Divisional Secretariat recorded a of 201, residents across an area of 60 square kilometers, reflecting its role as a densely populated suburban extension of the Greater metropolitan region. The town's strategic positioning has driven significant residential and commercial development over recent decades, supported by its proximity to in nearby and access to major transport routes including the Colombo-Negombo railway line. This growth has transformed Ja-Ela into a hub for mixed-use activities, blending urban expansion with local economic opportunities in trade, services, and , while maintaining connectivity to cultural sites such as the ancient temple just to the south. Despite its suburban character, Ja-Ela faces typical challenges of rapid in , including demands from influx, though it remains a key node in the Western Province's without notable historical controversies or singular defining events beyond its modern developmental trajectory.

History

Etymology

The name Ja-Ela derives from Sinhalese linguistic elements, with "ja" (or "java") denoting Malay or and "ela" signifying a brook, rivulet, channel, or . This etymology reflects the historical settlement of approximately 40,000 , many of whom arrived during the 17th and 18th centuries under Dutch colonial rule from , including , and contributed to local infrastructure such as canals for water management in paddy fields. The term "Ja-Ela" thus originally referred to a canal associated with these Javanese or Malay communities, a feature that persists in the area's geography and gave rise to the town's name at the junction of the canal and the Colombo-Negombo road during the Dutch period.

Early Settlement and Development

Ja-Ela's origins as a settlement date to the Dutch colonial period (1658–1796), when the town formed at Gala Junction, the intersection of the Ja-Ela canal and the Colombo-Negombo main road. This location emerged due to the canal's construction in the , primarily for of paddy fields and facilitating inland transportation between coastal areas. The name Ja-Ela derives from Sinhalese terms where "ja" denotes Javanese or Malay people and "ela" means or stream, reflecting the presence of Malay soldiers and their descendants settled by the in the 17th and 18th centuries. These communities, brought from to serve in colonial forces, contributed to early demographic diversity alongside indigenous Sinhalese agrarian populations in the fertile wet zone lowlands. Initial development centered on basic trade, farming, and transit activities, with the canal-road nexus enabling movement of goods like rice and coconuts toward and .

Modern Growth and Urbanization

The population of the Ja-Ela Divisional Secretariat grew from 184,666 in the 2001 to 201,521 in 2012, yielding an annual growth rate of 0.82 percent over the period, driven by suburban expansion from and employment opportunities in nearby industrial zones. This trend reflects broader in the District, where improved transport links have attracted commuters and migrants, increasing residential density to 3,359 persons per square kilometer by 2012 across the secretariat's 60 square kilometers. Key infrastructure developments, including the Ja-Ela interchange on the -Katunayake Expressway (E03), completed in stages through 2013, have accelerated growth by reducing travel times to and the , spurring commercial and real estate activity. Additional enhancements, such as a new traffic lane at the interchange approved in recent years, address rising congestion from heightened vehicle volumes. The area's integration into the Western Region Megapolis Master Plan further promotes coordinated urban expansion, emphasizing efficient land use along linear corridors toward and . Urbanization manifests in a surge of residential projects, including VIMAN Ja-Ela, a 6-acre development by John Keells Properties featuring 418 apartments across multiple phases, with Phase 3 launched by 2025 and generating over LKR 4.2 billion in sales by late 2024 due to demand for proximity to expressway access and urban amenities. Comparable initiatives, such as Ja-Ela spanning 15 acres with over 40 amenities, underscore the shift toward high-density housing supported by new shopping complexes, schools, and healthcare facilities. Industrial activity in adjacent Ekala zones, bolstered by highway proximity, complements this by fostering small and medium enterprises, mirroring expressway-induced economic effects observed nationally, including SME proliferation and reductions. Public infrastructure like the Gampaha-Ja-Ela enhances local mobility amid these changes.

Geography

Location and Physical Features

Ja-Ela is situated in the District of 's Western Province, approximately 20 kilometers north of 's city center, along the A3 highway linking Colombo to . The town's geographic coordinates are roughly 7°04′N 79°54′E. The physical landscape consists of flat, low-lying terrain characteristic of the southwestern , with elevations averaging 9 meters above and rarely exceeding 13 meters. This results from alluvial deposits in a tropical lowland environment, making the area susceptible to seasonal flooding. A notable physical feature is the Ja-Ela , which runs through the town center and maintains an average width greater than 25 meters, serving as a key in the region's . The surrounding area features urbanizing suburbs with minimal topographic variation, supporting dense settlement and development.

Climate

Ja-Ela experiences a (Köppen classification Am), typical of Sri Lanka's wet zone, marked by consistently high temperatures, elevated humidity levels averaging 75-85%, and abundant rainfall distributed across two primary wet seasons influenced by the southwest and northeast s. The southwest , from May to , delivers heavy to the western coastal region, while the second inter-monsoonal period in and contributes additional intense rainfall, resulting in no true but relative lulls from to . Annual totals approximately 2,505 mm, with the wettest months being (352 mm) and (around 216 mm), and the driest being and (under 100 mm each). Temperatures remain warm year-round, with average highs ranging from 30°C to 32°C and lows from 24°C to 26°C, rarely dropping below 23°C or exceeding 34°C. The hottest period occurs from to April, when daily highs often reach 32°C, accompanied by high that creates muggy conditions, while the coolest months of to see slightly moderated lows around 24°C. Wind patterns include prevailing southwest winds during the , with speeds up to 15-20 km/h, contributing to the region's oppressively humid feel, and occasional skies persisting for much of the year. These patterns align with broader western Sri Lankan trends, where proximity to the moderates extremes but amplifies rainfall variability; for instance, tropical cyclones or enhanced activity can lead to flooding, as observed in events like the 2019 southwest deluges affecting District. Relative to drier inland areas, Ja-Ela's coastal influence sustains higher baseline and rainfall, supporting lush but posing risks of waterlogging during peak wet periods.

Demographics

The population of the Ja-Ela Divisional Secretariat Division, encompassing the broader administrative area, stood at 184,666 in the 2001 census, rising to 201,521 by the 2012 census, for an average annual growth rate of 0.82%. This modest increase reflects ongoing urbanization as a Colombo suburb, driven by inward migration for industrial and service sector jobs, though at a decelerating pace compared to national averages in prior decades. Population density reached 3,359 persons per square kilometer in 2012, over the division's 60 square kilometers, indicating significant built-up pressure. Within the narrower Ja-Ela Urban Council area, enumeration data show steadier expansion: 24,485 residents in 1981, 30,910 in 2007, and 31,232 in 2012, with growth concentrated in peri-urban fringes amid Colombo's metropolitan spillover. These figures, derived from Department of Census and Statistics enumerations, highlight a shift from rural-to-urban migration patterns post-1980s , though recent national declines—evident in Sri Lanka's overall growth slowing to under 1% annually by the —have tempered Ja-Ela's expansion. Projections for the Ja-Ela Divisional Secretariat forecast sustained low growth of 0.83% annually from 2021 to 2051, aligning with District's broader trajectory of stabilizing suburban populations amid aging demographics and reduced rural outflows. No detailed subnational data from the 2024 national census preliminary report alter this pattern, as Sri Lanka's total has further moderated to approximately 0.6% yearly, influenced by economic factors and .
Census YearJa-Ela Divisional Secretariat PopulationAnnual Growth Rate (Prior Period)
2001184,666-
2012201,5210.82% (2001–2012)
This table summarizes key official census benchmarks, underscoring Ja-Ela's transition to a mature commuter hub with limited headroom for rapid demographic surges.

Ethnic, Religious, and Linguistic Composition

According to the 2012 of and Housing conducted by Sri Lanka's Department of and Statistics, the Ja-Ela Divisional Secretariat division had a total of 201,521, with Sinhalese comprising the largest ethnic group at 186,086 individuals (92.36%). Minority ethnic groups included (8,042 or 3.99%), Burghers (3,453 or 1.71%), (1,239 or 0.62%), Indian Tamils (1,236 or 0.61%), (853 or 0.42%), and smaller numbers of (120 or 0.06%), Bharathas (45 or 0.02%), and others (447 or 0.22%). This distribution reflects historical settlement patterns in the Western Province, where Sinhalese form the demographic core, supplemented by descendants of colonial-era , Dutch, and Malay communities, particularly Burghers concentrated in coastal and suburban areas like Ja-Ela.
Ethnic GroupPopulationPercentage
Sinhalese186,08692.36%
Sri Lankan Tamil8,0423.99%
Burgher3,4531.71%
Sri Lankan Malay1,2390.62%
Indian Tamil1,2360.61%
Sri Lankan Moor8530.42%
Other1,6120.80%
Religion in Ja-Ela shows a near parity between Christianity and Buddhism, with Roman Catholics forming the single largest group at 99,515 adherents (49.38%), followed closely by Buddhists at 87,772 (43.55%). Other Christians numbered 7,746 (3.84%), Hindus 4,235 (2.10%), Muslims 2,115 (1.05%), and adherents of other religions 138 (0.07%). The prominence of Roman Catholicism traces to 16th-century Portuguese colonization, which established missions and intermarriages leading to enduring Catholic-Burgher communities, while Buddhism aligns with the Sinhalese majority. Hindu and Muslim populations correspond to Tamil and Moor ethnic minorities, respectively.
ReligionPopulationPercentage
Roman Catholic99,51549.38%
Buddhist87,77243.55%
Other Christian7,7463.84%
Hindu4,2352.10%
2,1151.05%
Other1380.07%
Linguistic composition in Ja-Ela primarily mirrors ethnic affiliations, with Sinhala as the dominant spoken by the Sinhalese majority and Tamil by Tamil communities; English serves as a widespread link in this urbanizing , though divisional-level proficiency data from the is aggregated at the district or national scale rather than specified for Ja-Ela.

Government and Administration

Local Government Structure

The Ja-Ela Urban Council serves as the primary body for Ja-Ela, operating as a second-tier municipal authority within Sri Lanka's decentralized governance framework under the Urban Councils Ordinance. Established to manage urban services in the town, the council comprises elected members who represent specific wards and oversee local administration, distinct from higher provincial and national levels. The council is divided into six wards—Thudella, Kanuwana, Ja-Ela, Weligampitiya North, Indivitiya, and Weligampitiya South—each electing representatives through periodic s held every four years. In the 2025 local elections, 13 councilors were elected across these wards, with the securing 7 seats and the obtaining 6. From among these elected members, a chairman and vice-chairman are selected to preside over council meetings and direct executive functions, as mandated by the governing ordinance. Administrative operations are supported by appointed staff, including public management assistants and technical officers, coordinated through the council's secretariat under oversight from the Ministry of Provincial Councils and . This structure ensures elected oversight of policy while delegating day-to-day implementation to civil servants, aligning with Sri Lanka's unitary system where local bodies derive authority from central legislation.

Administrative Challenges and Reforms

Ja-Ela's local administration, primarily managed by the Ja-Ela Urban Council under the Gampaha District, grapples with inefficiencies stemming from inadequate coordination among state officers, clients, and resources, resulting in collapsed service efficiency and effectiveness. Rapid has intensified these issues, with the Ja-Ela Divisional Secretariat experiencing that elevated density beyond sustainable levels for existing between 1997 and 2017. Waste management represents a core challenge, as uncontrolled garbage dumping in Ekala and Ja-Ela areas has posed critical environmental and risks to since at least 2017. In 2016, community protests erupted against proposals to redirect Colombo's waste to nearby sites, underscoring failures in regional planning under the Western Region Megapolis project and highlighting localized administrative incapacity to mitigate spillover effects. deficiencies compound this, including frequent disruptions and poor , disproportionately affecting low-income households amid unchecked urban expansion in Gampaha District. E-government services lag severely, with the Urban Council lacking a dedicated webpage, email, or presence as of surveys conducted around , forcing reliance on rudimentary telecommunication. Among 100 respondents, 92% reported dissatisfaction, and 92% were unaware of concepts, reflecting broader awareness and implementation gaps. Barriers to environmental systems, such as resource constraints and enforcement weaknesses, further hinder proactive in Gampaha's local authorities. Reforms have centered on incremental service modernization, including recommendations for expanded adoption through targeted awareness programs and national guidelines to enhance transparency and speed. initiatives, like the Ja-Ela/Ekala disposal evaluated in 2018, seek to rectify shortfalls via donor-supported , though reviews reveal persistent operational hurdles. Annual financial audits by the Auditor General's Department, conducted for fiscal years 2021 and 2022, enforce accountability by scrutinizing statements for material misstatements due to or , aiming to bolster fiscal amid growth pressures.

Economy

Economic Activities and Growth

Ja-Ela's economy is characterized by a mix of , wholesale and retail , and services, benefiting from its strategic location along the Colombo-Negombo and proximity to the . The Ja-Ela Divisional Secretariat recorded 11,721 non-agricultural establishments employing 42,710 persons as of the 2013/14 Economic Census, with significant activity in industry and (including 988 wearing apparel units), , and services. , particularly in export-oriented sectors like garments, coir products, and rubber, is prominent, supported by nearby industrial zones such as Ekala, which hosts factories for , wire , and materials. Retail and commercial enterprises thrive along the main , to local commuters and spillover demand from Colombo's metropolitan area. Economic growth in Ja-Ela has been driven by and integration into the Western Province's megapolis development framework, with the town serving as a suburban hub for industrial and commercial expansion. As part of District, which hosts over 127,000 establishments and employs nearly 500,000 in non-agricultural sectors, Ja-Ela benefits from improvements like widening and airport-related , fostering in small and medium enterprises. Post-2022 economic recovery in , marked by 4.8% national GDP growth in early 2025 led by industry and rebounds, has supported local resurgence, though specific district-level data indicate persistent reliance on micro-enterprises (91% of establishments). Rapid population influx, with Ja-Ela's urban form extending toward and , has boosted demand for services and housing-related economic activity, positioning the area for sustained suburban development.

Industries and Employment

The garment and apparel sector forms the backbone of industrial activity in Ja-Ela, employing a substantial portion of the local workforce through factories focused on export-oriented production. Multiple facilities, such as Nordtex (Pvt) Ltd at No. 30 Main Street and Polytex Garments Ltd in nearby Ekala, specialize in knitwear, shirts, and other apparel items for international markets. Rivil Clothing, established in on Station Road in Kapuwaththa, Ja-Ela, further exemplifies this sector's emphasis on and garment assembly. In the encompassing District, industrial employment reached 34.8% of total employment in 2023, the highest district share nationally, driven by clusters including those in Ja-Ela. This concentration benefits from the area's strategic location along the Colombo-Negombo Road and proximity to export hubs like the , facilitating logistics and labor mobility. Other industries include packaging production, with Packages Lanka (Pvt) Ltd operating in Ja-Ela to supply containers and related materials. Small-scale and retail along major thoroughfares provide supplementary , though garment factories remain the primary employers, often drawing semi-skilled labor from rural migrants. Economic challenges, including the 2022 crisis, temporarily disrupted operations but have seen recovery aligned with national industrial stabilizing at around 26.4% by 2023.

Infrastructure

Transport Networks

Ja-Ela's primary road network revolves around the highway, also known as the Colombo-Negombo Road, which serves as a vital corridor linking the capital to and the nearby in . This two-lane arterial road handles substantial daily traffic volumes, estimated at 56,000 to 65,000 vehicles per day (PCU) on key segments near Ja-Ela, contributing to frequent congestion, particularly at bridge sections and junctions like the Ja-Ela Bridge. The Road Development Authority oversees maintenance and improvements, though sub-standard widths and high vehicle density, including buses and trucks, exacerbate delays and safety issues along the route. Rail connectivity is provided by the Ja-Ela Railway Station on the ' Coastal Line (Puttalam Line), situated about 22.153 km from Fort. The station supports commuter and intercity trains, with services such as those from Colombo Fort to northern destinations departing frequently, including early morning runs around 04:45. Contactable at 011-2236409, it forms part of efforts to enhance capacity through ongoing signaling upgrades and double-tracking between Ja-Ela and Seeduwa. Public bus services augment road and rail options, with direct routes operating from Colombo's Pettah terminal to Ja-Ela, providing hourly or more frequent departures for and regional travel. These buses, managed under national schedules, handle a significant portion of passenger movement, though integration with rail remains limited amid broader urban challenges in the Western .

Utilities and Urban Services

Electricity supply in Ja-Ela is provided by the (CEB), which maintains a dedicated Ja-Ela Area Office responsible for distribution to consumers in the region using state-of-the-art technology. The CEB's Western Province operations, including Ja-Ela under the sub-division, ensure coverage across urban and surrounding areas, though interruptions have occurred for maintenance, such as those scheduled in 2020. Water supply and drainage services are handled by the National Water Supply and Drainage Board (NWSDB), with an Area Engineer Office situated on Kapalakanda Road in Ja-Ela to oversee local operations. NWSDB manages piped water distribution and has implemented projects in the area, including enhancements to water level indicators and leak detection in nearby systems like Gampaha as of 2011, contributing to broader regional reliability. Interruptions, such as a 10-hour cut announced in June 2025 affecting Ja-Ela and adjacent areas, highlight ongoing maintenance needs. Wastewater management includes the Ja-Ela/Ekala Disposal Project, funded by the (Sida) and reviewed in 2018, which constructed collection systems, pumping stations, and a treatment plant equipped with ABB's Compact 800 control systems for efficient operation. This infrastructure addresses industrial and domestic , reducing environmental contamination in the densely populated zone. Urban services, including , drainage maintenance, and , fall under the Ja-Ela Urban Council, which coordinates local infrastructure upkeep across its 17 divisions to support and livability. These efforts integrate with national providers but face challenges from rapid , as noted in development plans emphasizing council-led implementation.

Education and Culture

Educational Institutions

Ja-Ela features a range of government-run national and provincial schools alongside private institutions offering primary, secondary, and limited higher education options, primarily serving local Sinhala and English-medium students in the District. National schools, directly administered by the , emphasize standardized curricula up to Advanced Level (GCE A/L) examinations, while private schools often incorporate international curricula like for English-medium instruction. Christ King College in Thudella, Ja-Ela, operates as a national boys' school providing from Grade 1 to 13 in Sinhala medium, designated as a Type 1AB institution with facilities for , , and arts streams. St. Mary's Maha Vidyalaya, a provincial in Ja-Ela, offers similar secondary education under zonal oversight, focusing on local curriculum needs. Private institutions include HDI College, established in 2000 to address demand for English-medium in Ja-Ela and nearby areas, now extending to international schooling. Lincoln International School in Ja-Ela follows the Cambridge curriculum, emphasizing hands-on learning, sports, and for primary and secondary students. Lifeway Educational Institute provides English-medium programs aligned with local and syllabi from pre-school onward. For higher education, ESOFT Metro College in Ja-Ela delivers degree-level courses in and related fields through affiliations with foreign universities, catering to vocational and professional training. These facilities reflect Ja-Ela's role as a suburban hub, though access to advanced university programs requires travel to or regional centers.

Cultural and Social Aspects

Ja-Ela's population, totaling 201,521 as per the 2012 census, reflects Sri Lanka's broader ethnic diversity, dominated by Sinhalese with smaller Tamil, Muslim, Burgher, and Malay communities comprising under 5% combined. This composition supports a social fabric oriented toward structures and communal interdependence, common in peri-urban Sri Lankan settings, where migration from rural areas bolsters networks amid suburban growth. Religiously, the area features a notable balance between , particularly Roman Catholicism, influenced by historical and Dutch colonial legacies in the coastal Western Province; district-level data indicate Buddhists at around 71% and at 18% province-wide, with local variances elevating Catholic presence near . Hindu and Islamic practices persist among minorities, manifesting in kovils and mosques that host rituals alongside Buddhist temples like Sri Sugatharamaya and churches. Social cohesion is reinforced through interfaith tolerance, though underlying ethnic tensions from national history occasionally surface in resource disputes. Cultural life centers on shared festivals that underscore : features lantern displays and free meal stalls (dansalas), Deepavali involves oil lamps and sweets, culminates in and feasting, includes carol singing and midnight masses, and the Sinhala-Tamil in brings games, pageants, and traditional sweets preparation across communities. These events, often with processions, , and , draw participation from local organizations and youth clubs, promoting unity via collaborative school and temple programs; sports events and cultural exhibitions further enhance community bonds in this transit hub. Traditional arts, such as low-country drumming, occasionally appear in local celebrations, blending with modern urban influences from nearby .

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  44. http://www.sundaytimes.lk/160918/news/ja-ela-ready-to-fight-united-by-garbage-threat-209083.html
  45. https://www.isas.nus.edu.sg/papers/poor-sanitary-infrastructure-and-the-plight-of-low-income-urban-dwellers-across-sri-lanka/
  46. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353637402_Customer_opinion_of_the_E-government_services_providing_from_the_government_Organization_Reference_to_Ja-Ela_Urban_Council_Sri_Lanka
  47. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378469327_A_STUDY_OF_BARRIERS_TO_IMPLEMENTATION_OF_ENVIRONMENTAL_MANAGEMENT_SYSTEM_IN_LOCAL_AUTHORITIES_IN_SRI_LANKA_USING_GAMPHA_DISTRICT
  48. https://cdn.sida.se/publications/files/sida62185en-review-of-ratmalanamoratuwa-and-ja-elaekala-wastewater-disposal-project-in-sri-lanka.pdf
  49. https://www.naosl.gov.lk/web/images/audit-reports/upload/2021/local_authorities/6-xxiv/0.3Ja-elaUCE.pdf
  50. https://www.naosl.gov.lk/web/images/audit-reports/upload/2022/locathorities/6-xii/03.Ja-Ela-UCE.pdf
  51. http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Economic/Non%20agri.pdf
  52. https://www.srilankabusiness.com/exporters-directory/company-profiles/inter-coir-ltd/
  53. https://lka.sika.com/en/about-us/company-profile.html
  54. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/srilanka/overview
  55. https://www.srilankaapparel.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Sri-Lanka-Chamber-of-Garment-Exporters-Members-List-2024.pdf
  56. https://panjiva.com/Polytex-Garments-Ltd/1637195
  57. https://bizconnect.idb.gov.lk/listing/gampaha/garment-textiles-and-allied/rivil-clothing/
  58. https://www.statistics.gov.lk/Resource/en/LabourForce/Annual_Reports/LFS2023.pdf
  59. https://mapcarta.com/W406714660
  60. https://lk.linkedin.com/company/packages-lanka-pvt-ltd
  61. https://corporate.lacoste.com/app/uploads/2023/11/LACOSTE_Factories-List_Sept-2023-Tier-Level-City.pdf
  62. https://tradingeconomics.com/sri-lanka/employment-in-industry-percent-of-total-employment-wb-data.html
  63. https://kumarage.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/2010-ucr-1-te-junction-study-b2-handala-_report_-rda-58pp.pdf
  64. https://dl.lib.uom.lk/bitstreams/11c79536-d174-4c21-9b6c-0ac97c808f9b/download
  65. https://www.railway.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=165&Itemid=191&lang=en
  66. https://www.transport.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=24&Itemid=116&lang=en
  67. http://www.jaela.ds.gov.lk/index.php/en/railway-stations.html
  68. https://ceb.lk/right-to-information/distribution-divisions/en
  69. http://www.jaelaceb.yolasite.com/
  70. https://www.ceb.lk/front_img/rti_file/1639974416CEB-Divisions%2C-Province--Area-CSRA.pdf
  71. https://www.facebook.com/wattalasrilanka/posts/update-from-cebdear-valued-customerelectricity-interruption-from-2020-10-28-0830/3185779731531124/
  72. http://www.waterboard.lk/western-north/
  73. https://www.parliament.lk/uploads/documents/paperspresented/annual-report-national-water-supply-drainage-board-2011.pdf
  74. https://m.facebook.com/NewsfirstEngSL/photos/colombo-news-1st-the-national-water-supply-and-drainage-board-nwsdb-has-announce/1140025661503287/
  75. https://library.e.abb.com/public/a1611df44a4f697fc1257c2100283dec/3BSE067229_B_en_Compact_800__Cleaner_water_in_Sri_Lanka.pdf
  76. http://www.waterboard.lk/large-scale-sewerage-projects/
  77. https://metroadd.net/city/gampaha_319/listing/ja-ela-urban-council/
  78. https://dmb.moe.gov.lk/2020/01/01_PDF/Tbl20200101.pdf
  79. https://dmb.moe.gov.lk/2020/01/01_PDF/Tbl20200102.pdf
  80. https://moe.gov.lk/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/School-Census-Preliminary-Report-2016.pdf
  81. https://www.hdicollege.lk/
  82. https://www.facebook.com/lincolninternational.lk/
  83. https://www.facebook.com/lifewayedu/
  84. https://esoft.lk/esoft-branches/ja-ela-metro-college/
  85. https://www.fao.org/4/ac791e/AC791E03.htm
  86. https://srilankatravelpages.com/ja-ela/
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