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Kate Shelley

Catherine Carroll Shelley (December 12, 1863 – January 21, 1912[1]) was a midwestern United States railroad heroine and the first woman in the United States to have a bridge named after her, the Kate Shelley High Bridge. She was also one of the few women to have a train named after her, the Kate Shelley 400.[2]

Background

[edit]
Kate Shelley warning the approaching train – contemporary newspaper illustration

Catherine Carroll Shelley was born at Loughaun, a crossroads near the village of Dunkerrin and the town of Moneygall, in County Offaly, Ireland.[3] Dunkerrin Catholic Church records show that her parents, Michael and Margaret Shelley, married on February 24, 1863, and she was baptized on December 12, 1863.[citation needed] Her grave marker says she was born on September 25, 1865, and died January 21, 1912. The family name was originally spelled Shelly, which is how she wrote her name, but the spelling Shelley was later adopted.[4]

Michael was likely a tenant farmer in Ireland. The family emigrated to the United States when Shelley was 1+1⁄2 years old.[3] They first lived with relatives near Freeport, Illinois, then built a home on about 163 acres (0.66 km2) near Honey Creek, a perennial tributary stream to the Des Moines River in Boone County, Iowa located to the east of Moingona.[3] Michael became foreman of a section crew, building tracks for the Chicago and North Western Railway.[3]

Michael died of consumption, in 1878. Kate had to help support the family by plowing, planting, harvesting crops, and hunting.[3] In 1880, the family consisted of Margaret, Kate, Mary, and John, living in Worth Township.[citation needed] A fifth child, James, was also born in Iowa, but he drowned while swimming in the Des Moines River when he was ten.[5]

Honey Creek bridge collapse

[edit]
1908 map showing the Chicago and North Western route through Moingona, the southernmost community on the map. The railroad crossed the Des Moines River between Moingona and Honey Creek. (Red dots on the map are coal mines.)

Shelley gained fame due to her heroic actions in the aftermath of the collapse of the Honey Creek bridge near Moingona.

On the afternoon of July 6, 1881, heavy thunderstorms caused a flash flood of Honey Creek, Iowa, washing out timbers that supported the railroad trestle. A pusher locomotive sent from Moingona to check track conditions crossed the Des Moines River bridge, but plunged into Honey Creek when the bridge there fell away at about 11pm, with a crew of four — Edgar Wood, A.P. Olmstead, Adam Agar, and Patrick Donahue.[6]

Shelley heard the crash, and knew that an eastbound express passenger train was due in Moingona about midnight, stopping shortly before heading east over the Des Moines River and then Honey Creek. She found two surviving crew members, Wood and Agar, and shouted that she would get help, having to cross the Des Moines River bridge along the way. The lantern she brought with her went out, and she crawled the span on her hands and knees, with only lightning for illumination. Once across, she had to walk approximately two miles to the Moingona depot to sound the alarm and stop the passenger train.[7] She then led a party back to rescue Wood and Agar.[6] Wood was pulled to safety by a rope,[6] while Agar couldn't be reached until the floodwaters began to recede.[6] Pat Donahue's body was eventually found in a cornfield a quarter mile downstream from the bridge, but A.P. Olmsted was never found. The passenger train was stopped at Scranton, with about 200 aboard.

Aftermath

[edit]

The passengers who had been saved took up a collection for Shelley. The "little girls" of Dubuque gave her a medal, and the state of Iowa gave her another one, crafted by Tiffany & Co.,[8] and US$200 (equivalent to $6,517 in 2024). The Chicago and North Western Railway gave her $100, a half barrel of flour, half a load of coal, and a lifetime pass. The Order of Railway Conductors gave her a gold watch and chain.

News of Shelley's bravery spread nationwide; poems and songs were composed honoring her. The Chicago and North Western Railway built a new steel bridge in 1901 and named it the Boone Viaduct, but people quickly nicknamed it the Kate Shelley Bridge or Kate Shelley High Bridge. It was the first and, until the Betsy Ross Bridge in Philadelphia was opened in 1976, perhaps the only one in the country named after a woman. A second viaduct was built alongside the old one by the Union Pacific Railroad from 2006 to 2009. It can accommodate heavy trains, features two tracks, and can handle two trains simultaneously at a speed of 70 mph. It was opened on October 1, 2009, as the new Kate Shelley Bridge, and is one of North America's tallest double-track railroad bridges.[9]

In the early 1880s, Frances E. Willard, a reformer and temperance leader, wrote Shelley's friend, Isabella Parks, who was the wife of the president of Simpson College at Indianola, offering $25 toward an advanced education for her. Parks raised additional funds for her to attend during the term of 1883–84, but she didn't come back the following term.

Later in life

[edit]

In 1890, the Chicago Tribune revealed that the Shelley land was mortgaged for $500 at 10% and was near foreclosure. An Armenian rug, woven in the display window of a Chicago furniture store, was auctioned for that amount, retiring the mortgage, and other Chicagoans donated an additional $417.

In July 1896, it was reported that Shelley had applied to the Iowa legislature for employment in the State House as a menial because she was destitute and had to support her mother and invalid brother.[10] She worked at the Iowa State Capitol more than once, but the rumor of an invalid brother was untrue, as John, her surviving one, worked for the Chicago and North Western Railway for most of his life. Ongoing reports that her mother was an invalid or was in ill health, requiring constant care, were also refuted over the years. Her mother died in 1909.

Although there were apparently men interested in Shelley, supposedly including the switchman in the yard at Moingona,[11] she never married and lived most of her life with her mother and sister Mary, known as "Mayme".

Shelley held many odd jobs, including that of second-class teacher in Boone County, until 1903, when the Chicago and North Western Railway gave her the job of station agent at the new Moingona depot,[12] the old depot having burned down in 1901.[13]

In 1910, Shelley's health began to get worse. In June 1911, doctors at Carroll Hospital removed her appendix. After more than a month in the hospital, she returned to Boone County and stayed with John.[13] She was reported to be a little better by September, but she died on January 12, 1912, from Bright's disease (acute nephritis), at the age of 48.[14]

Years later, the Chicago and North Western Railway began operating streamlined passenger trains, and named one the Kate Shelley 400. It operated from 1955 to 1971, although the name was officially dropped in 1963.[2]

Legacy

[edit]
Original steel trestle on the left; new concrete/steel bridge (under construction) on the right.

The Kate Shelley Railroad Museum was built in same location where the Moingona railroad depot was situated in 1881.[15] The Shelley family donated a collection of letters and papers of family members of Shelley, 1860–1911, to Iowa State University. The timetable accents for Metra's Union Pacific West Line are printed in "Kate Shelley Rose" pink.[16]

The original high steel bridge nicknamed the Kate Shelley High Bridge (officially called the Boone Viaduct) still stands. In 2009, the Union Pacific Railroad completed a new concrete and steel one next to it and christened it the Kate Shelley Bridge.

The Iowa poet and politician, John Brayshaw Kaye, wrote a poem in Shelley's honor called, "Our Kate", in his collection Songs of Lake Geneva (1882).[17]

Margaret Wetterer wrote a children's book called Kate Shelley and the Midnight Express in 1990 telling Shelley's story. It was featured in an episode of the children's television program Reading Rainbow.

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Kate Shelley

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Kate Shelley (December 12, 1863 – January 21, 1912) was an Irish-born American railroad heroine renowned for her extraordinary bravery in preventing a disaster during a violent storm in in 1881. At the age of 17, she single-handedly alerted railroad officials to a collapsed bridge by crawling across a treacherous, rain-slicked trestle over the , saving an estimated 200 lives on the oncoming Midnight Express. Her selfless act catapulted her to national fame, earning her widespread acclaim as a symbol of and inspiring ballads, poems, and monuments in her honor. Born Catherine Carroll Shelley near Dunkerrin in , , she immigrated to the with her parents, Michael and Shelley, and siblings in amid the lingering effects of the Great Famine. The family initially settled in , New York, before moving to , and eventually , in 1877, where Michael worked as a section foreman for the Chicago and North Western Railway. struck early when her father died of in 1878, and her younger brother James drowned in the later that year, leaving Kate, the eldest of five children, to drop out of and help support her mother and siblings on their modest farm near Honey Creek. The pivotal event occurred on the night of , 1881, when a fierce caused the Honey Creek Bridge to partially wash out, derailing a and North Western maintenance locomotive and killing two crew members. Hearing the crash from her home about half a mile away, Shelley rushed to the scene in the pouring rain, rescued one injured survivor, and then braved the storm to traverse the 500-foot-long trestle—missing ties and rails in places—using only flashes for guidance, before reaching the Moingona depot nearly two miles away to sound the alarm. Her timely warning halted the Midnight Express just in time, averting what could have been one of the worst rail disasters in American history. In the aftermath, Shelley received numerous accolades, including a gold watch, a to from suffragist , and public donations that cleared her family's mortgage and built them a new home. She briefly attended college and taught school but returned to railroad work, serving as at Moingona from 1903 until her death from complications following surgery. Never married and childless, she lived modestly, often overshadowed by her legendary status, yet her legacy endures through the —a massive 185-foot-high completed in 1901 over the , the first U.S. bridge named for a woman—and the modern Kate Shelley Memorial Bridge, its replacement completed in 2009.

Early Life

Birth and Family Origins

Catherine Carroll Shelley, commonly known as Kate, was born on December 12, 1863, in Loughaun, a rural crossroads near the village of Dunkerrin in (formerly King's County), . She was the eldest child of Michael Shelley, a , and his wife Margaret Dewan, a homemaker from a modest background. The Shelley's family life in was shaped by the lingering economic hardships following the Great Famine of the 1840s, which had devastated potato-dependent farming communities like theirs and prompted widespread in search of better opportunities. The family were small-scale farmers affected by the famine's aftermath. Kate was the eldest of five children born to the couple, including her brothers James and John, and her sisters Margaret and Mary, known as Mayme. The family's agrarian roots tied them to small-scale farming, a precarious livelihood amid post-famine recovery, which ultimately influenced their decision to leave when Kate was about 18 months old. Michael Shelley's early career path as a section boss for the Chicago and North Western Railway, which he pursued after arriving in the , established the family's deep connections to the American railroad industry from the outset of their new life. This vocation not only provided stability but also positioned the Shelley's amid the expanding rail networks of the Midwest, foreshadowing the pivotal role railroads would play in their family's story.

Immigration and Settlement in Iowa

The Shelley family immigrated to the in 1865, when Kate was about one year old, fleeing the lingering effects of the Great Famine in Ireland. They first arrived in Brooklyn, New York, before relocating to , where Michael Shelley's sister resided, and then continued westward along the expanding railroad lines to . The family settled on a small near Honey Creek in Boone County, across the from the town of Moingona, a supported by farming and activities. Michael Shelley secured employment as a section foreman for the Chicago and North Western Railway, a position that involved overseeing track maintenance and in the growing Midwest rail network. This job provided the family with modest housing—a simple cabin situated perilously close to the active rail lines—but it also constantly exposed them to the inherent risks of railroad work, including accidents and harsh weather conditions along the routes. The proximity to the tracks meant the family lived in the shadow of frequent train traffic, fostering an early familiarity with the dangers of rail travel that would later define Kate's life. Tragedy struck in 1878 when Michael Shelley died of , at a time when Kate was 14 years old. His death plunged the family into financial hardship and , as they lost their primary breadwinner and the stability of his railway-provided shelter, forcing them to rely on a small plot that yielded limited income. Kate's mother, Margaret Dewan Shelley, took on the primary responsibility of managing the to sustain the household, tending crops and amid ongoing economic struggles. With her father gone, Kate assumed significant household duties at a young age, caring for her younger siblings and contributing to the family's survival through daily chores such as milking cows, gathering eggs, and assisting with general farm labor. These responsibilities required her to drop out of and prioritize practical support over formal , highlighting the resilience demanded by their isolated rural existence. The combined pressures of , poverty, and manual work shaped Kate's early adolescence, instilling a sense of duty that extended to protecting her family from the perils surrounding their home near the treacherous rail bridges.

The 1881 Railroad Incident

Honey Creek Bridge Collapse

On the afternoon of July 6, 1881, a severe thunderstorm began battering the Valley near Honey Creek, , escalating into one of the most intense storms of the century with relentless cloudbursts and heavy rainfall that caused widespread flash flooding. By the early evening, the downpour had swollen Honey Creek into a raging torrent, undermining the structural integrity of the wooden railroad trestle spanning the ravine. The Shelley family, residing close to the tracks due to the late father's employment as a section boss for the Chicago and North Western Railway, could hear the escalating fury of the storm from their nearby home. Around 11 p.m. on July 6, the Honey Creek bridge catastrophically collapsed under the force of the floodwaters, sending a and North Western Railway work train—consisting of pusher engine No. 11 and several coal cars—plunging approximately 50 feet into the ravine below. The engine and cars were dispatched from the Moingona yard earlier that evening to inspect track conditions amid the worsening weather, but the trestle gave way as the train crossed. The train carried four crew members; engineer James Long and fireman Patrick Murphy were killed instantly in the , their bodies lost as the submerged in the churning waters of Honey Creek. The remaining two crew members sustained injuries and found themselves trapped amid the twisted wreckage and debris, with some managing to cling to the structure or nearby trees to avoid being swept away by the current. The thunderous crash of the falling train echoed through the night, alerting the Shelley household; 17-year-old Kate quickly ventured out on foot through the to investigate the source of the noise, rushing to the scene where she discovered the survivors. This tragic incident marked the immediate peril that would soon draw national attention to the remote valley.

Kate's Heroic Crossing of the Des Moines Bridge

On July 6, 1881, following the collapse of the Honey Creek bridge during a severe , 17-year-old Kate Shelley resolved to alert the railroad station at Moingona, , of the danger to an approaching , acting alone despite the perilous conditions. She set out from the Honey Creek wreck site near her family's farmhouse, navigating a muddy path through woods battered by heavy rain, high winds, and intermittent lightning, her lantern providing limited light before it was extinguished by the gale. Reaching the bridge, a wooden trestle approximately 500 feet long and elevated about 30 feet above the flooding waters, Shelley faced its most hazardous section without the safety of a plank , which had been removed to prevent trespassing. In pitch darkness, she crawled across on her hands and knees, gripping the slippery railroad ties spaced a pace apart and studded with rusty spikes, while the structure swayed and groaned under the assault of wind and rising floodwaters that had loosened some connections. Flashes of occasionally illuminated the scene, revealing the bridge's instability and the churning river below, heightening the risk of a fatal fall. The crossing demanded immense physical endurance, as Shelley used her skirt to aid her grip on the wet ties and carefully avoided the gaps between them, progressing slowly amid exhaustion and fear for the train's passengers. After traversing the bridge, she ran an additional half-mile through the storm to the Moingona depot, arriving around 1 a.m. in a drenched and disheveled state. There, she breathlessly informed the station agent of the Honey Creek disaster and the compromised Des Moines bridge, prompting immediate action to halt the westbound .

Immediate Aftermath

Rescue of Survivors

Upon reaching the Moingona depot in a drenched and exhausted state, Kate Shelley urgently warned the station agent of the Honey Creek bridge collapse, prompting the crew to flag down the Midnight Flyer passenger train, which halted just yards from the treacherous bridge and averted disaster for its approximately 200 passengers. A relief train was quickly dispatched from the depot, carrying doctors, railroad volunteers, and lanterns to aid in the recovery efforts amid the ongoing and darkness, while logistical challenges arose from the flooded terrain and damaged tracks that complicated access to the wreckage site nearly a mile away. Shelley, despite her fatigue, insisted on guiding the rescue party back across the safer sections of the bridge, where workers used ropes to navigate the unstable structure and reach the Honey Creek area. At the crash site, rescuers extracted the two surviving crew members from the derailed pusher engine—engineer and brakeman Adam Agar—who had clung to tree roots in the swollen creek overnight, while recovering the bodies of the deceased fireman George Olmstead and section foreman Patrick Donahue; Shelley participated actively in these extractions until dawn, ignoring her own minor injuries, including cuts from sharp railroad ties and deep soaking from the relentless rain, before collapsing from exhaustion.

Initial Recognition and Public Acclaim

Following her heroic actions on , , which prevented a from plunging into the , Kate Shelley received immediate gratitude from the Chicago and North Western Railway. Starting in July , the railroad provided the Shelley family with a lifetime pass for free travel on its lines, along with practical support including $100 in cash, half a barrel of , half a load of , groceries, , and assistance with home repairs to alleviate their . This aid was a direct response to the family's hardships after the death of Kate's father in a prior rail accident and the destruction caused by the storm. The Order of Railway Conductors honored Shelley with a gold watch and chain in 1881, recognizing her bravery in saving lives during the rescue of survivors from the wrecked pusher engine. Additionally, suffragist offered $25 toward her education at , while various groups provided speaking invitations, and passengers on the saved train contributed several hundred dollars. Local and national newspapers, including , extensively covered the story, portraying Shelley as a "modern heroine" and drawing reporters to her home for interviews over several days; this media attention led to visits from dignitaries and widespread public admiration. In 1882, community fundraising efforts, including a Chicago newspaper's auction of a donated rug that raised $917 to clear the family's $500 and provide extra aid, culminated in the construction of a new house for the Shelley family, further easing their financial burdens. Letters of adulation arrived from around the world, solidifying her status as a national figure of courage in the immediate aftermath.

Later Life and Career

Employment with the Chicago and North Western Railway

Following the 1881 incident, Kate Shelley received a lifetime pass from the Chicago and North Western Railway, providing her with free travel privileges as an initial benefit of her recognition. In 1903, at the age of 39, Shelley was appointed at the newly constructed Moingona depot, marking one of the earliest instances of a woman holding such a position with a major U.S. railroad. This role came after years of the company offering her employment, reflecting ongoing appreciation for her heroism, and she accepted it to support her family while working at the very station to which she had desperately run two decades earlier. Her daily responsibilities as encompassed a range of operational tasks essential to railroad service, including selling tickets to passengers, operating the telegraph to communicate train schedules and signals, overseeing the loading and unloading of freight, and providing assistance to travelers arriving or departing from the depot. She commuted on foot twice daily across the bridge—by then a sturdy structure named in her honor—to reach the station from her home, demonstrating her dedication despite the physical demands. Shelley held the position from 1903 until health complications necessitated her retirement in 1911, after nearly a decade of service that contributed to the smooth functioning of the railway's operations in rural .

Personal Challenges and Death

As the years passed, further dispersals deepened her sense of isolation. Her , Margaret Dewan Shelley, who had relied on Kate's care amid ongoing health issues, died in 1909, after which Kate's siblings pursued their own paths—John remained in railroad work but lived separately, while her sisters established independent lives elsewhere. This left Kate increasingly alone, devoted to her familial duties at the expense of personal fulfillment; despite her popularity and at least one , she refused marriage proposals to prioritize caring for her and maintaining the . Shelley's health, already compromised by the severe exposure and physical strain of her 1881 bridge crossing—including crawling through storm-drenched conditions that left her bedridden for months—deteriorated progressively due to and unremitting . In her later years, these effects manifested in chronic ailments, culminating in an appendicitis operation in mid-1911 followed by the onset of , a form of acute nephritis affecting the kidneys. In 1911, health issues forced her retirement from the station agent position, after which she received a modest pension from the Chicago and North Western Railway and continued living near Moingona. She died at her home there on January 21, 1912, at the age of 48, from . The railway honored her with a featuring a special to Boone, attended by company officials and hundreds of mourners, before her burial in Sacred Heart Cemetery in .

Legacy

The Kate Shelley Memorial Bridge

The Chicago and North Western Railway began construction on a replacement for the wooden bridge in 1899, completing the double-track steel Boone Viaduct in 1901. Measuring 2,685 feet in length with a height of 185 feet, it featured reinforced piers and a design for durability against floods and storms. The bridge, one of the longest and highest double-track railroad structures in the U.S. at the time, became known as the in her honor following her death in 1912. In 2009, completed a parallel replacement, the Kate Shelley Memorial Bridge—the first U.S. bridge officially named for a —which spans 2,813 feet at 190 feet high and supports speeds up to 70 mph on double tracks. Costing over $50 million, it ensures continued safe rail traffic while the original 1901 structure remains as a historic , bypassed but preserved.

Cultural and Historical Commemoration

Kate Shelley's heroism has been immortalized in early 20th-century literature, including poems such as "How Kate Shelley Crossed the Bridge" by Mary A. Barr, which recounts her perilous journey across the damaged trestle in verse form. Folk ballads like "The Ballad of Kate Shelley," composed in the tradition of American railroad folklore, emerged in the decades following her 1881 act, capturing the dramatic elements of her story through song and oral retelling. These works contributed to her status as a folk heroine, emphasizing themes of bravery and self-sacrifice amid industrial peril. In modern media, Kate Shelley's tale featured prominently in the 1991 episode of the educational television series titled "Kate Shelley and the Midnight Express," narrated by , which dramatized her story to engage young audiences with historical events. Her narrative is integrated into Iowa history curricula, particularly under the state social studies standard SS-US 9-12.23, which highlights Iowans who influenced U.S. , using her as an example of individual agency in 19th-century America. Related sites, including the Kate Shelley High Bridge, are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, preserving physical markers of her legacy for educational and public visitation. Annual commemorations include Kate Shelley Day, observed on July 6 in , since at least the 1950s to honor the date of her heroic crossing; events often feature community gatherings, historical talks, and occasional reenactments of her midnight trek to the Moingona depot. The 2012 centennial of her death prompted special exhibits at the Kate Shelley Memorial Park, including displays of artifacts like her gold watch and railway memorabilia, drawing visitors to reflect on her enduring impact. Scholarly analyses since 2000 have reframed Kate Shelley as a symbol of immigrant women's resilience, highlighting her Irish-American background—born in in 1863 and arriving in at age two amid the Great Famine's aftermath—as central to her story of overcoming poverty and family loss. Recent works, such as H. Roger Grant's 2001 examination of her railway ties and Suzanne Caswell's 2013 biographical study, address discrepancies in historical accounts, noting that while popular retellings often depict her as 15 during the incident, and railway records suggest she was 17, underscoring the evolution of her legend from sensationalized youth to a mature figure of endurance.

References

  1. https://www.kateshelley.com/about-kate.html
  2. https://www.historynet.com/kate-shelley-a-girls-heroic-journey/
  3. https://www.teachingiowahistory.org/bibliography/kate-shelley-heroine-bridge
  4. https://www.iowahistoryjournal.com/kate-shelley-the-story-of-her-heroism-and-legend/
  5. https://www.uprr.com/newsinfo/attachments/media_kit/regional/northern/kate_shelley/kate_shelley.pdf
  6. https://www.notesfromthefrontier.com/post/kate-shelley
  7. https://www.amusingplanet.com/2023/01/how-kate-shelley-saved-train.html
  8. https://www.iagenweb.org/boone/history/shelley-kate.html
  9. https://findingaids.lib.iastate.edu/spcl/manuscripts/MS684.html
  10. https://iagenweb.org/boone/history/shelley-kate.html
  11. https://www.gypsyjournalrv.com/2019/02/kate-shelley-saves-the-train/
  12. https://www.american-rails.com/kate.html
  13. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED417091.pdf
  14. https://www.congress.gov/104/crec/1996/06/06/142/82/CREC-1996-06-06-pt1-PgS5908-2.pdf
  15. https://plaza.las.iastate.edu/directory/kate-shelley/
  16. https://isuspecialcollections.wordpress.com/2015/05/22/iowas-railroad-heroine-the-kate-shelley-papers-at-isu/
  17. https://transportationhistory.org/2018/07/06/heroic-kate-shelley-saved-hundreds-of-lives-and-got-a-bridge-named-after-her/
  18. https://www.obscurehistories.org/kate-shelley
  19. https://www.wonderfulmuseums.com/museum/kate-shelley-railroad-museum/
  20. https://www.amespubliclibrary.org/archive/1881/1196543-4
  21. https://thetracksidephotographer.com/2016/10/27/kate-shelley-story/
  22. https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/2017/12/13/famous-iowans-kate-shelley-boone-iowa-railroad-bridge-train-hero/948210001/
  23. https://www.gypsyjournalrv.com/2023/11/kate-shelley-saves-the-train-2/
  24. https://www.kateshelley.com/
  25. https://thetracksidephotographer.com/2016/11/03/kate-shelley-story-part-two/
  26. http://www.celticcousins.net/irishiniowa/kateshelley.htm
  27. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/5374/kate-shelley
  28. https://www.uprr.com/newsinfo/attachments/media_kit/regional/northern/kate_shelley/fast_facts.pdf
  29. https://www.johnmarvigbridges.org/Kate%20Shelley%20High%20Bridge.html
  30. https://www.boone.lib.ia.us/download_file/view/1481/11010
  31. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0683410/
  32. https://newspaperarchive.com/boone-news-republican-jun-30-1956-p-5/
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