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Mangifera 'Langra'
'Langra' mangoes at a farm in Mathurapur, Bihar, India
GenusMangifera
Cultivar'Langra'
Bhagalpuri Dudhiya Langra - a variant of Langra, whose skin is green in colour, common in Bhagalpur
A 'Langra' mango
'Langra' mango (sliced)
'Langra' mango stone (seed)

The 'Langra' mango, also known as Benarasi Langra,[1] is a mango cultivar that was first cultivated in Banaras in present-day Uttar Pradesh, India 250 to 300 years ago.[2][3] Apart from Uttar Pradesh, it is also grown in the states of Bihar and West Bengal,[2][4]

This cultivar retains a greenish tinge while ripening. It is normally harvested during mid-June to last half of July. Around 2006, it was known to be gaining popularity on the international market.[5] It is considered suitable for slicing and canning.[6]

Variants

[edit]

In Eastern India there is a very sweet variation of the langra mango that is knows as Dudhiya Langra or Bhagalpuri Dudhiya Langra, this variant is green in colour and milk-like in smell, originally grown in Bhagalpur.This mango is not grown outside of Bihar and in other parts of East India but is easily available in markets.

In some part of northern India and in Bihar, there is another variation of the 'Langra' mango is also known as Malda Mango, this variation is orange in colour, less fiber and intense in smell compared to Dudhiya Langra, referring to the Malda village in Bihar and Digha, Patna region in Patna district. Malda mangoes is referred to as the 'king of the mangoes' in North India as well as Eastern India.[2]

One unique quality of Malda mangoes is its rich pulp and small seed whereas Langda is more fibrous than Malda.[7]

Leaves

[edit]
Langra mango tree

The leaf blades have an oval-lanceolate shape and are flat to slightly folded. The apexes are acuminate to sub-acuminate. The secondary veins are arranged as sub-opposite to alternate.[8] They have been measured as follows:

  • Length of blade: 21.93 cm
  • Length of lamina: 18.95 cm
  • Breadth of lamina: 4.75 cm
  • Length petioles 2.98 cm
  • Length of pulvinus region 1.20 cm
  • Length : breadth of lamina: 4.00
  • Length of pulvinus : petiole: 0.42
  • Length of lamina : petiole: 6.67 cm

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Langra

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from Grokipedia
The Langra, also known as Benarasi Langra or Langda, is a renowned of () that originated in (ancient Banaras), , , where it is said to have been first planted by a lame farmer, giving the variety its name meaning "lame" in . The Banarasi Langra variety received a (GI) tag in 2023. This medium-sized, ovate-shaped fruit features a distinctive lettuce-green skin that retains its color even when ripe, often developing a subtle red blush, and is prized for its very thin skin, juicy, fiberless pulp, and intensely sweet flavor with subtle tangy undertones. Primarily cultivated in northern and eastern India, including states such as , , , , , , and , the Langra mango is a vigorous, spreading tree that exhibits alternate bearing habits, producing heavy crops in fruitful years. It is harvested from mid-June to late , making it a key early-season variety, and is mainly consumed fresh as a table due to its poor keeping quality and aromatic profile that evokes notes of and . The cultivar's unique retention of green hue when mature distinguishes it from many other es, contributing to its cultural significance in and festivals, where it is celebrated for its balanced sweetness and minimal fiber.

Introduction

Description

The Langra mango is a medium-sized fruit with a roundish-oblong, ovate shape, featuring a rounded base, equal shoulders, and a rounded apex. Its average weight ranges from 250 to 350 grams. The skin is greenish-yellow when mature, turning light green upon ripening while retaining a distinctive greenish tinge even when fully ripe. The flesh of the Langra is lemon-yellow, firm to soft, juicy, and notably low in content, contributing to its smooth, fiberless texture. It surrounds a small, monoembryonic . The pulp constitutes a high percentage of the , approximately 88%, and exudes a mild aromatic . The flavor profile is characterized by a blend of and a tangy, sub-acid aftertaste, with total soluble solids ranging from 20 to 21%. Langra mangoes are harvested from mid-June to late in their native regions, aligning with the early to mid-season maturation period. Originating from the area in , , this variety's firm texture makes it particularly suitable for fresh consumption, slicing, and canning.

Etymology

The name "Langra" for this cultivar derives from the word langṛā, meaning "lame" or "crippled," reflecting possible folkloric or historical associations with physical imperfection or damage. According to local legends documented in geographical indication records, the cultivar originated as a chance seedling planted near (historically Banaras) by a farmer afflicted with lameness, who tended the tree despite his disability; the fruit was subsequently named in his honor. In 2022, the Banarasi Langra received (GI) status under Indian law to protect its unique characteristics and association with the Varanasi region. Alternative explanations in the same sources suggest the name could stem from a mother tree damaged by a storm, giving it a "lame" appearance, or from a nearby village called Langra. In regional dialects, the mango is known by variants such as Benarasi Langra (emphasizing its origins), Langarhi, and occasionally Langdo, alongside less common historical synonyms like David Ford, Ruh-e-afza, Tikari, and Har-dil-aziz used in colonial-era trade records. Historical documentation of Langra cultivation appears in late 19th- and early 20th-century gazetteers of the United Provinces (now ), which describe extensive mango groves in the Banaras division and note the region's prominence in producing superior varieties like Langra for local and export markets. For instance, the Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial Series (Volume II, 1908) references mango cultivation on pages 125, 159, and 175, while Benares: A Gazetteer by H.R. Nevill (1909) highlights Banaras's fame for such fruits on page 15.

Botanical Description

Tree and Leaves

The Langra mango (Mangifera indica 'Langra') is a vigorous, that typically grows to a of 10-15 , featuring a dense, spreading canopy that provides substantial shade. The trunk develops a rough, grayish-brown bark with vertical fissures, characteristic of mature trees, which thickens over time to protect against environmental stresses. This growth habit allows the tree to form a broad, dome-like structure, with branching often beginning 0.6-2 above the ground. The leaves of the Langra mango are oval-lanceolate to lanceolate in shape, arranged alternately on the branches, and exhibit a leathery texture with a glossy, dark green coloration on the upper surface. They are generally flat to slightly folded, with average dimensions including a blade length of approximately 21.93 cm, lamina length of 18.95 cm, breadth of 4.75 cm, and petiole length of 2.98 cm, though variations occur across clones and regions (e.g., leaf lengths ranging from 19.3-21.5 cm and widths of 3.7-4.6 cm in studied populations). These leaves persist for 4-5 years before shedding, contributing to the tree's nature and . Langra trees demonstrate adaptability to a range of types, including sandy loams, but thrive best in well-drained loamy soils with a of 5.5-7.5 to prevent waterlogging. They require regular , particularly during establishment and fruit development, but become drought-tolerant once mature, capable of withstanding periods of water stress without significant yield loss. This resilience supports their cultivation in subtropical regions with variable rainfall.

Flowers and Fruit

The Langra mango tree bears terminal inflorescences that typically measure 20-30 cm in length. These panicles support numerous small flowers, which are creamy white in hermaphroditic forms and exhibit yellow tones with white hues in staminate forms. The flowers are predominantly staminate, comprising about 70% of the total per , while hermaphroditic flowers account for roughly 30%, enabling successful set through by such as flies and bees. development initiates after during the flowering period, which in northern Indian regions occurs from to . Immature fruits remain green, transitioning to a yellowish-green hue at maturity around to July. In typical conditions, only one persists per owing to substantial natural fruit drop post-set. The within the mature is flat and oblong, containing two white cotyledons, and exhibits a monoembryonic structure characteristic of Indian cultivars, permitting via despite potential variation from the variety.

History and Cultivation

Origin and History

The Langra mango, also known as Banarasi Langra, originated in (historically known as Banaras), , , approximately 250–300 years ago. It is believed to have been first cultivated from a wild planted by a local farmer in the region, marking the beginning of its development as a distinct prized for its unique flavor profile. Over time, the Langra variety spread from its origins to neighboring regions, including and , where it became established as an important orchard crop. By the , cultivation had expanded significantly in these areas, contributing to the mangos' prominence in eastern India's agricultural landscape. Historical accounts note its integration into local farming practices, supported by the region's suitable climate and soil conditions. In recognition of its unique qualities tied to the Varanasi terroir, the Banarasi Langra received Geographical Indication (GI) status in 2023 from the Indian government, safeguarding its origin-specific characteristics such as taste, texture, and aroma against imitation. This legal protection underscores its historical and cultural value. Additionally, around 2006, the variety began gaining international attention for its export potential, aligning with broader efforts to promote Indian mangoes globally.

Growing Regions

Langra mango cultivation is concentrated in the eastern regions of and adjacent areas of , where the cultivar thrives due to favorable agro-climatic conditions. In , the primary growing areas include , particularly the districts of , , and , which form the historical heartland of the variety. Bihar's Gangetic plains, especially , and parts of such as , also support significant production. Across the border in , stands out as a major hub, contributing substantially to the country's mango output with Langra as a key variety. The requires a tropical to subtropical climate for optimal growth, with temperatures ranging from 25°C to 35°C during the active to support flowering and development. Annual rainfall of 1,000 to 1,500 mm is ideal, distributed mainly during the period to ensure adequate moisture without waterlogging, though supplemental may be needed in drier phases. High levels accompanying the rainfall enhance quality, but excessive rain during flowering can lead to reduced yields. Well-drained sandy soils are preferred for Langra cultivation, providing the necessary and nutrient availability while preventing . The should be deep, with a pH range of 5.5 to 7.5 to facilitate nutrient uptake, and rich in to sustain tree vigor. Alkaline or waterlogged soils are unsuitable, as they hinder growth and increase susceptibility to diseases. Propagation of Langra is predominantly through , such as veneer or cleft methods, to maintain true-to-type characteristics and ensure early fruiting compared to seed propagation. Planting is typically done at a of 10x10 meters to allow for mature canopy development, accommodating about 100 trees per in standard orchards. Harvesting occurs manually when fruits reach approximately 75% maturity, usually 90-120 days after set in late , using pole pickers to minimize damage. Under good , average yields range from 8 to 10 tons per once trees reach commercial bearing age around 8-10 years.

Varieties

Benarasi Langra

The Benarasi Langda, also known as Banaras Langda Aam, is the original of the originating from the region in eastern , . This variety is distinguished by its medium to large ovate fruits weighing 250-370 grams, featuring a thin, smooth greenish skin that retains its color even when ripe. The pulp is lemon-yellow, fiberless, juicy, and offers a very sweet taste with a sub-acid tang and mild aroma, characterized by a total soluble solids (TSS) content of 19.95-21%. The stone is small, flattened, and oval, making the fruit prized for its generous flesh-to-seed ratio. Protected under () Registration No. 716 since April 2023, the Benarasi Langda ensures authenticity tied to its specific in and surrounding districts, preventing mislabeling of non-origin variants. This GI status highlights its unique sensory profile, developed as a chance in the Banaras area, and safeguards the cultivar's reputation for quality. The covers cultivation in a defined area encompassing , , Jaunpur, , , , and Sonebhadra districts. Production of the Benarasi Langda thrives in the loamy Gangetic alluvial soils of eastern , where it yields approximately 97.3 kg per tree as a heavy bearer, with the season spanning early to the third week of . Trees are medium-large and spreading, exhibiting irregular bearing that can be managed through . It requires control measures for pests like fruit flies using insecticides such as Fenthion or . Post-, emphasis on export-quality standards has enhanced its marketability, building on earlier international recognition around 2006. Economically, the Benarasi Langda supports numerous local farmers in and Jaunpur districts, where orchards form a key part of the agricultural landscape, fostering livelihoods through domestic sales and . Facilitated by the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA), consignments reach Gulf countries and , underscoring its role in regional agro-economics and premium fruit trade.

Regional Variants

The Dudhiya Langra, a prominent clone of the Langra mango cultivated in Bhagalpur, Bihar, is distinguished by its light green to pale skin that exudes a milky liquid when scratched, imparting a characteristic milky scent. This variant typically produces smaller fruits compared to the standard Langra, with a higher sweetness level and fiberless, golden flesh that contributes to its reputation as one of the superior clones for fruit quality. It thrives in the region's flood-prone alluvial soils, adapting well to periodic inundation that enhances its unique flavor profile. In contrast, the Malda Langra, primarily grown across and bordering areas of , exhibits greenish skin that retains its color even when ripe, setting it apart from many other mangoes. This regional form is notably less fibrous, offering an intense, sweet-sour flavor ideal for culinary applications, and features a larger relative to its medium-sized fruit. Efforts to secure (GI) status for the Malda Langra are underway as of 2025 to protect its distinct legacy and boost local economies through enhanced export potential. The i Langra from Chapai Nawabganj, recognized with status in 2023, maintains a similar green skin to the Indian variants but shows adaptations to the area's higher humidity, resulting in smaller, more aromatic fruits with juicy, tangy pulp. This protection highlights its unique regional qualities, including a balanced sweetness and resilience in humid subtropical conditions, making it a staple in local production.

Uses and Significance

Culinary Uses

Langra mangoes are prized for their tangy-sweet flavor profile, making them a popular choice for fresh consumption during the summer season. They are typically eaten whole, with the edible skin, or sliced to enjoy the firm, juicy flesh that offers a balance of sweetness and slight acidity. This versatility allows Langra to be incorporated into light dishes such as fruit salads or , where its vibrant taste enhances simple preparations without overpowering other ingredients. Due to their firm texture and low content, Langra mangoes are highly suitable for various processed products that preserve their and flavor. Common preparations include , a refreshing tangy drink made by boiling and blending the fruit with mint, , and sugar to create a cooling beverage ideal for hot weather. They are also transformed into pickles using , , and spices for a spicy , or into chutneys like aam tok—a sweet-sour jam-like preserve cooked with sugar and spices—or aam kashundi, a tangy mustard-based . Additionally, the fruit's attributes make it well-suited for canned slices and other preserves, where the flesh retains its integrity during processing. Nutritionally, Langra mangoes contribute to a with their composition including approximately 36 mg of per 100 g, supporting immune function and activity, along with for vision and skin health, and 1.6 g of per 100 g to aid . The fruit provides around 60 kcal per 100 g, offering a low-calorie option rich in essential micronutrients while delivering natural sugars for .

Cultural Importance

In northern India, the Langra mango serves as a cherished symbol of summer, evoking the season's arrival with its distinctive green hue and tangy-sweet flavor that marks the onset of warm months in regions like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. This cultural resonance ties the fruit to seasonal festivities, where it is prominently featured in events such as the Aam Mahotsav mango festival in Uttar Pradesh, showcasing over 60 varieties including Langra to celebrate the harvest and encourage local farmers through competitions and exhibitions. Similarly, during the Rath Yatra, devotees offer Langra alongside other mangoes like Dussehri as prasad to deities, including Lord Krishna, infusing the procession with the fruit's symbolic abundance and tying it to religious traditions in Varanasi and beyond. The Langra's prominence extends into literary and folk traditions, where it is celebrated as a quintessential Banarasi delicacy in and , often symbolizing regional indulgence and . For instance, the poet referenced Langra mangoes in a while sending a gift to Allama Iqbal, highlighting its role in poetic exchanges that underscore its status as a beloved treat from Banaras. In folk stories and local narratives, it embodies the essence of Varanasi's culinary heritage, fostering a sense of pride among communities in and , where it is hailed as a hallmark of their agrarian identity and shared cultural legacy. Beyond symbolism, the Langra mango bolsters rural economies in and by providing seasonal income to smallholder farmers, with orchards spanning thousands of hectares and yielding significant harvests that support local livelihoods. This economic role influences migration patterns, as rural workers engage in seasonal labor for harvesting and packing, often traveling within states to meet peak demands. Since 2006, following the lifting of import bans, Langra has been exported to communities in the United States and elsewhere, allowing overseas Indians to reconnect with their cultural roots through this iconic fruit.

References

  1. https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/where-does-the-langra-aam-get-its-name-from-an-interesting-take-on-this-most-loved-aam-1687154
  2. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/from-gadha-to-langra-15-unique-mango-varieties-enjoyed-in-india/photostory/120117348.cms
  3. https://www.thehindu.com/food/features/the-banarasi-langra-mango-of-varanasi-earns-a-coveted-gi-tag/article67127275.ece
  4. https://nhb.gov.in/pdf/fruits/mango/man013.pdf
  5. https://nirvanafruits.com/products/langra
  6. https://www.upkrishivipran.in/GI/images/BanarasLangdaAam/BanarasLangdaAam.pdf
  7. https://mangopedia.org/langra/
  8. https://krishijagran.com/agripedia/cultivation-of-banarasi-langra-mango-propagation-technique-spacing-pest-management-and-more/
  9. https://ashanursery.com/product/langra-mango-plant/
  10. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/MG216
  11. https://gms.ctahr.hawaii.edu/gs/handler/getmedia.ashx?moid=3072&dt=3&g=12
  12. https://www.mango.dhamultan.org/LANGRA.php
  13. https://www.pakbs.org/pjbot/papers/1680082663.pdf
  14. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.1079/cabicompendium.34505
  15. https://zeroinputagriculture.wordpress.com/2020/02/07/plant-profile-mango/
  16. https://www.growables.org/information/TropicalFruit/MangoJuliaMorton.htm
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  18. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331985437_Morphological_Characterization_of_Inflorescences_and_Flowers_of_200_Mango_Varieties_Mangifera_indica_L
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  25. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352312295_Mango_Cultivation_in_Malda_District_West_Bengal_A_Historical_Perspective
  26. https://thebetterindia.com/420032/mango-maps-of-india-popular-varieties-bihar-location-flavour-best-time-to-eat/
  27. https://www.freshplaza.com/north-america/article/9757680/bangladesh-to-build-10-mango-treatment-plants/
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  49. https://www.nytimes.com/2025/06/23/dining/mango-season-alphonso-indian-diaspora.html
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