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List of monarchs of Aleppo
List of monarchs of Aleppo
List of monarchs of Aleppo
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Aleppo Citadel was the center of the Aleppan monarchs in the Middle Ages
Aleppo Citadel Throne Hall, built by the Mamluk Sultan of Aleppo Sayf al-Din Jakam

The monarchs of Aleppo reigned as kings, emirs and sultans of the city and its surrounding region since the later half of the 3rd millennium BC,[1] starting with the kings of Armi,[2] followed by the Amorite dynasty of Yamhad.[3] Muslim rule of the city ended with the Ayyubid dynasty which was ousted by the Mongol conquest in 1260.

The rulers of Yamhad used the titles of king and Great King, while the Hittite dynasty monarchs used the titles of king and viceroy.

The Emirate of Halab was established in 945 by the Hamdanid dynasty and lasted until 1086, when it became a sultanate under the Seljuq dynasty. The sultanate was sometimes ruled together with Damascus under the same sultan.

The Artuqids rulers used the titles of Malik and emir, as did the Zengid rulers which added the title atabeg. The Ayyubid monarchs used the titles of sultan and malik.

The dates for Yamhad and the Hittite Dynasties are proximate and calculated by the Middle chronology.

Yamhad Kings

[edit]
Main article: Yamhad dynasty

Yamhad was the name of the Amorite kingdom centered at Ḥalab (modern day Aleppo),[4] its dynasty ruled for more than two centuries, Aleppo became a major power and dominated Northern Syria with the monarch holding the title of Great King.[5][6]

Portrait Name King From King Until Relationship with Predecessor(s) Title
Sumu-Epuh c. 1810 BC c. 1780 BC King of Yamhad (Halab)
Yarim-Lim I c. 1780 BC c. 1764 BC  • Son of Sumu-Epuh Great King of Yamhad (Halab)
Hammurabi I c. 1764 BC c. 1750 BC  • Son of Yarim-Lim I Great King of Yamhad (Halab)
Abba-El I c. 1750 BC c. 1720 BC  • Son of Hammurabi I Great King of Yamhad (Halab)
Yarim-Lim II c. 1720 BC c. 1700 BC  • Son of Abba-El I Great King of Yamhad (Halab)
Niqmi-Epuh c. 1700 BC c. 1675 BC  • Son of Yarim-Lim II Great King of Yamhad (Halab)
Irkabtum c. 1675 BC  Middle 17th century BC  • Son of Niqmi-Epuh Great King of Yamhad (Halab)
Hammurabi II Middle 17th century BC Middle 17th century BC Great King of Yamhad (Halab)
Yarim-Lim III Middle 17th century BC c. 1625 BC  • Probably Son of Niqmi-Epuh Great King of Yamhad (Halab)
Hammurabi III c. 1625 BC c. 1600 BC  • Son of Yarim-Lim III King of Yamhad (Halab)

During these centuries, Aleppo had to deal with the rising power of both the Mitanni (Hurrian), and the Hittite kingdoms.

The Hurrians's influence seems clear already during the reign of Abba-El I (Abban) (1750-1720 BC); he recalls the help given to him by the Hurrian Goddess Hebat.[7]

Then Aleppo and its allies were attacked by the Hittite king Hattusili I starting c. 1650 BC (Middle chronology). After many campaigns, Hattusili I finally attacked Aleppo directly during the reign of Hammurabi III. The attack ended in a defeat, the wounding of the Hittite king and his later death c. 1620 BC.[8]

Yet later Aleppo was conquered by Hattusili's son Mursili I, who captured Hammurabi III.

The native dynasty regained Halab after the assassination of Mursili but the "Yamhad" name fell out of use.[9]

According to Jesse Casana (2009):[10]

Under Hattusili’s successor, Mursili I, the Hittites conquered much of Syria, including Halab, and invaded Mesopotamia where they sacked Babylon. These incursions probably weakened the kingdom of Yamhad considerably but did not lead to full Hittite control of the region. Instead, Hittite advances into northern Syria were countered by the Hurrian kingdom of Mittani to the east, as well as by the Egyptians to the south. During the period between the writing of the Alalakh Level VII [1780-1680 BC] and Level IV texts, Halab seems to have become subservient to Mittani while still exerting control over the Amuq region.

Portrait Name King From King Until Relationship with Predecessor(s) Title
Sarra-El Early 16th century BC Middle 16th century BC  • Probably Son of Yarim-Lim III King of Halab
Abba-El II Middle 16th century BC Middle 16th century BC  • Son of Sarra-El King of Halab
Ilim-Ilimma I Middle 16th century BC c. 1525 BC  • Son of Abba-El II King of Halab

Mitanni and Hittite conquests

[edit]

Parshatatar (Baratarna) of Mitanni (1510-1490 BC) conquered Aleppo and surrounding areas, and the city became part of that kingdom.

Information about this period is found in the biography of Idrimi of Alalakh, who also became the ruler of Aleppo.[11] Idrimi became a vassal of Barattarna. At that time, this was known as the kingdom of Mukish.[10]

The city was conquered by Suppiluliuma I of the Hittites in the 14th century BC. Suppiluliuma installed his son Telipinus as king of Aleppo. Not all the kings of this dynasty are known. The Hittite dynasty remained in power until the Late Bronze Age collapse.[12][13][14]

Portrait Name King From King Until Relationship with Predecessor(s) Title
Telepinus Later Half of the 14th century BC  • Son of the Hittite king Suppiluliuma I King of Halab
Talmi-Sarruma c. 1300 BC  • Son of Telepinus King of Halab
Halpazitis c. 1220 BC King of Halab

After the end of the Hittites, Arameans tribes began to settle in the region,[15] Aleppo became part of the Syro-Hittite state of Palistin,[16] then its successor Bit Agusi centered at Arpad,[17] Afterwards, it was sequentially part of Assyria,[18] Chaldea,[19] Achaemenid Persia,[20] Macedonia,[21] Seleúkeia,[22] Armenia,[23] Roman,[24] Byzantine,[25] and Sasanid Persian,[26] empires, the Rashidun,[27] Umayyad,[28] and the Abbasid Caliphate.[29]

Ḥamdāni Emirs

[edit]
Main article: Hamdanid dynasty

The Hamdanids were an Arab dynasty, established in 945 by Sayf al-Dawla, third of the dynasty.[30] They ruled most of Syria under the titular authority of the Abbasid Caliph with Aleppo as their capital, displacing the Ikhshids.[31][32]

Portrait Epithet Name Emir From Emir Until Relationship with Predecessor(s) Title
Sayf al-Dawla Ali ibn Abu'l-Hayja 'Abdallah (Ali I) 945 967
  • Dynasty established
 Emir of Halab

Aleppo Citadel

Sa'd al-Dawla Sharif ibn Ali

(Sharif I)

967 969  • Son of Sayf al-Dawla Emir of Halab

Non-dynastic

[edit]

Qarghuyah, the chamberlain of Sayf al-Dawla, ousted Sa'd al-Dawla and assumed control over the city. Sa'd al-Dawla was able to regain Aleppo in 977.[32][33]

Portrait Epithet Name Emir From Emir Until Relationship with Predecessor(s) Title
Qarghuyah 969 975 chamberlain of Sayf al-Dawla Emir of Halab
Bakjur 975 977 Deputy of Qarghuyah Emir of Halab

Restoration of Ḥamdāni Emirs

[edit]
Portrait Epithet Name Emir From Emir Until Relationship with Predecessor(s) Title
Sa'd al-Dawla Sharif ibn Ali (Sharif I) 977 991  • Son of Sayf al-Dawla Emir of Halab
Sa'id al-Dawla Sa'id ibn Sharif (Sa'id) 991 1002  • Son of Sa'd al-Dawla Emir of Halab
Abu'l-Hasan Ali (Ali II) 1002 1004  • Son of Sa'id al-Dawla Emir of Halab
Abu'l-Ma'ali Sharif (Sharif II) 1004 1004  • Son of Sa'id al-Dawla Emir of Halab

Lu'lu' Emirs

[edit]

Lu'lu' al-Kabir was a slave and then chamberlain of Sa'd al-Dawla. He married his daughter to Sa'id al-Dawla, and after the latter's death, he assumed direct power over Aleppo. At first, he served as guardians to Sa'id al-Dawla's sons Abu'l-Hasan Ali and Abu'l-Ma'ali Sharif. In 1004, he had them exiled to Egypt and assumed full control of the city.[34]

Portrait Epithet Name Emir From Emir Until Relationship with Predecessor(s) Title
Lu'lu' al-Kabir Abu Muhammad Lu'lu' al-Sayfi (Lu'lu') 1004 1009 Father in law of Sa'id al-Dawla

Guardian of Abu'l-Ma'ali Sharif

Emir of Halab
Murtada al-Dawla Abu Nasr Mansur (Mansur) 1009 1016  • Son of Lu'lu' al-kabir Emir of Halab

Non-dynastic

[edit]

In 1016, a rebellion broke out in the city and Fath al-Qal'i, custodian of the Citadel of Aleppo, opened the doors for the rebels causing Mansur to flee. Fath al-Qal'i accepted the authority of the Fatimid Caliph and, after a brief rule, ceded Aleppo to the caliph in return for the treasury and the rule of Tyre.[35]

Portrait Epithet Name Emir From Emir Until Relationship with Predecessor(s) Title
Mubarak al-Dawla Abu Nasr Fath al-Qal'i (Fateh) 1016 1016 Emir of Halab

Fatimi Emirs

[edit]

Al-Hakim appointed Aziz al-Dawla as the first Fatimid governor of Aleppo, but in 1020, Aziz declared his independence, and ruled for two years before being assassinated by a Fatimid agent.[35]

Portrait Epithet Name Emir From Emir Until Relationship with Predecessor(s) Title
Aziz al-Dawla Abu Shuja' Fatik October 1016 6 July 1022 No relationship with previous ruler Emir of Halab
Wafiyy al-Dawla Abu'l Najm Badr July 1022 October 1022 Ghulam (slave soldier) of Aziz al-Dawla Emir of Halab
Safiyy al-Dawla Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Ja'far ibn Fallah 10 October 1022 10 April 1023 Emir of Halab
Sanad al-Dawla Al-Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Thu'ban 10 April 1023 2 July 1024 Emir of Halab
Sadid al-Mulk Thu'ban ibn Muhammad ibn Thu'ban 27 July 1024 18 January 1025 Brother of Sanad al-Dawla Emir of Halab

Mirdāsiyyīn Emirs

[edit]
Main article: Mirdasid dynasty

The Mirdasids conquered Aleppo in 1024 and kept their autonomy through political maneuvers, allying themselves with the Byzantines at times and the Fatimid at others.[35]

Portrait Epithet Name Emir From Emir Until Relationship with Predecessor(s) Notes Title
Asad al-Dawla Salih ibn Mirdas (Salih) 1024 1029 No relationship with previous ruler Emir of Halab
Mu'izz al-Dawla Thimal 1029 1030  • Son of Asad al-Dawla Salih First Reign Emir of Halab
Shibl al-Dawla Nasr (Nasr I) 1029 1038  • Eldest son of Asad al-Dawla Salih Second Reign Emir of Halab
Mu'izz al-Dawla Thimal 1038 1038  • Son of Asad al-Dawla Salih Second Reign Emir of Halab

After the death of Salih, his sons Nasr and Thimal ruled together. In 1030, Nasr deposed Thimal and ruled solely until killed by Anushtakin al-Dizbari, the Fatimid governor of Damascus. Thimal regained Aleppo briefly in 1038 when the Fatimid army retook the city, returning it to Fatimid rule.[35]

Non-dynastic

[edit]

In December 1041 Anushtakin al-Dizbari fell out of favor with Cairo and declared his independence in Aleppo. He died of illness in 1042 and Thimal returned to power.[35]

Portrait Epithet Name Emir From Emir Until Relationship with Predecessor(s) Notes Title
Sharaf al-Ma'ali Anushtakin al-Dizbari 1038 1042 Emir of Halab

Mirdasid Dynasty

[edit]

Thimal regained Aleppo and accepted the authority of the Fatimid Caliph.[35]

Portrait Epithet Name Emir From Emir Until Relationship with Predecessor(s) Notes Title
Mu'izz al-Dawla Thimal 1042 1057  • Son of Asad al-Dawla Salih Third Reign Emir of Halab

Non-dynastic

[edit]

In 1057, fearing family intrigues, Thimal handed over Aleppo to the Fatimids in return for Acre, Byblos and Beirut, thus returning Aleppo to direct Fatimid control.[35]

Portrait Epithet Name Emir From Emir Until Relationship with Predecessor(s) Notes Title
Makin al-Dawla Al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī ibn Mulhim al-Uqayli 1057 1060 Emir of Halab

Mirdasid dynasty

[edit]

In 1060, Thimal's nephew, Rashid al-Dawla Mahmud, the son of Shibl al-Dawla Nasr, briefly regained Aleppo, losing after a few months to the Fatimids.[35]

Portrait Epithet Name Emir From Emir Until Relationship with Predecessor(s) Notes Title
Rashid al-Dawla Mahmud (Mahmud I) 1060 1060  • Son of Shibl al-Dawla Nasr First Reign Emir of Halab

About three weeks later on 30 August 1060 Asad al-Dawla 'Atiyya son of Salih the founder of the dynasty occupied Aleppo for a day and a half then fled as Mu'izz al-Dawla Mahmud advanced on the city after defeating the Fatimid army.[35]

Portrait Epithet Name Emir From Emir Until Relationship with Predecessor(s) Notes Title
Asad al-Dawla 'Atiyya 1060 1060  • Son of Asad al-Dawla Salih First Reign Emir of Halab
Rashid al-Dawla Mahmud (Mahmud I) 1060 1061  • Son of Shibl al-Dawla Nasr Second Reign Emir of Halab
Mu'izz al-Dawla Thimal 1061 1062  • Son of Asad al-Dawla Salih Fourth Reign Emir of Halab
Asad al-Dawla 'Atiyya 1062 1065  • Son of Asad al-Dawla Salih Second Reign Emir of Halab
Mu'izz al-Dawla Mahmud (Mahmud I) 1065 1075  • Son of Shibl al-Dawla Nasr Third Reign Emir of Halab
Jalal al-Dawla Nasr (Nasr II) 1075 1076  • Son of Rashid al-Dawla Mahmud Emir of Halab
Sabiq ibn Mahmud (Sabiq) 1076 1080  • Son of Rashid al-Dawla Mahmud Emir of Halab

ʿUqayliyyūn Emirs

[edit]
Main article: Uqaylid Dynasty

The pressure of Tutush I led the people of Aleppo along with the Mirdasid Emir to offer the city keys to Sharaf al-Dawla Muslim the ruler of Mosul, the Mirdasid family members were compensated by various towns in Syria.[36]

Portrait Epithet Name Emir From Emir Until Relationship with Predecessor(s) Title
Sharaf al-Dawla Muslim ibn Quraysh (Muslim) 1080 1085 Emir of Halab
Hassan ibn Hibat Allah Al-Hutayti 1085 1086 Brother of sharaf al-dawla Emir of Halab

Sharaf al-Dawla was killed in June 1085 and was succeeded by his brother Ibrahim ibn Quraysh in Mosul, while Aleppo was managed by the Sharif Hassan ibn Hibat Allah Al-Hutayti.

Saljuqian Sultans

[edit]
Main article: Seljuk dynasty

Hassan ibn Hibat Allah Al-Hutayti promised to surrender the city to Tutush but then refused and wrote to Sultan Malik-Shah I offering to surrender the city to him, Tutush attacked and occupied the city except for the citadel in May 1086, he stayed until October and left for Damascus due to the advance of Malik-Shah armies, the Sultan himself arrived in December 1086.[35]

Portrait Epithet Name Sultan From Sultan Until Relationship with Predecessor(s) Notes Title
Taj al-Dawla Tutush 1086 1086 First Reign Sultan of Halab
Mu'izz al-Dunia wa al-Din Malik-Shah 1086 1092  • Brother of Tutush Sultan of Halab

After the death of Malik-Shah I, his governor Aq Sunqur al-Hajib enjoyed much autonomy. He pledged allegiance to Malik-Shah's son Mahmud I, and then to Tutush only to switch back to Mahmud's brother Barkiyaruq. In 1094, Tutush defeated and beheaded Aq Sunqur thus assuming full control over Aleppo.[35]

Portrait Epithet Name Sultan From Sultan Until Relationship with Predecessor(s) Notes Title
Nasir al-Din Mahmud (Mahmud II) 1092 1093  • Son of Malik-Shah Sultan of Halab
Taj al-Dawla Tutush 1093 1093  • Brother of Malik-Shah Second Reign Sultan of Halab
Rukn al-Din Barkiyaruq 1093 1094  • Son of Malik-Shah Sultan of Halab
Taj al-Dawla Tutush 1094 1095  • Brother of Malik-Shah Third Reign Sultan of Halab
Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan 1095 1113  • Son of Tutush Sultan of Halab
Shams al-Mulk Alp Arslan 1113 1114  • Son of Radwan Under the regency of Lu'lu' al-Yaya Sultan of Halab
Sultan Shah 1114 1117  • Son of Radwan Under the regency of Lu'lu' al-Yaya Sultan of Halab

Artuklular Emirs

[edit]
Main article: Artuqids

Sultan Shah was only six when he came to the throne, the threats of the Crusader Count Joscelin led Sultan Shah Guardian Ibn al-Khashshab to offer the city to Ilghazi of Mardin who came to Aleppo thus starting the Artuqid dynasty in Aleppo.[35]

Portrait Epithet Name Emir From Emir Until Relationship with Predecessor(s) Notes Title
Najm al-Din Ilghazi 1117 1120  • Son in Law of Radwan First Reign Emir of Halab
Shams al-Dawla Suleiman I 1120 1120  • Son of Ilghazi Usurper Emir of Halab
Najm al-Din Ilghazi 1120 1122  • Son in Law of Radwan Second Reign Emir of Halab
Badr al-Dawla Suleiman II 1122 1123  • Nephew of Ilghazi First Reign Emir of Halab
Nour al-Dawla Balak 1123 1124  • Nephew of Ilghazi Emir of Halab
Husam al-Din Timurtash 1124 1125  • Son of Ilghazi Emir of Halab

Timurtash was occupied with taking over the cities of his recently deceased brother Suleiman I (who usurped the emir of Aleppo briefly in 1120), the crusaders attacked Aleppo but Timurtash refused to come back, this led the people of Aleppo to seek the help of Aqsunqur al-Bursuqi the Seljuq atabeg of Mosul, Aqsunqur broke the crusader siege adding Aleppo to the domains of Seljuq sultan Mahmud II.[35]

In 1127 The city rebelled against the Seljuq governor Khatlagh Abah and restored Suleiman II.

Portrait Epithet Name Emir From Emir Until Relationship with Predecessor(s) Notes Title
Badr al-Dawla Suleiman II 1127 1128  • Nephew of Ilghazi Second Reign Emir of Halab

Zengi Emirs

[edit]
Main article: Zengid dynasty

Imad ad-Din Zengi, the new atabeg of Mosul, sent his army to end the troubles. He ruled in the name of Seljuq Sultan Mahmud II whose death had led to civil war. Zengi didn't declare his independence and stood by Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud. the Seljuq Sultan of Iraq, ruling in his name. However, the sultan decided to eliminate Zengi and called upon him to show in his presence. Zengi was warned and declined to show thus establishing his independence.[35]

Portrait Epithet Name Atabeg From Atabeg Until Relationship with Predecessor(s) Notes Title
Imad al-Din Zengi I 1135 1137  • Son in Law of Radwan Effective Reign 1128-1146 Atabeg of Halab

Zengi reconciled with the sultan and recognized his authority, but in practice he was independent in all but name.[35]

When Nur ad-Din inherited Aleppo after father's murder, he took the title of King (Malik) and used the title of Emir.[37] Formally, the Zengids were subordinate to the Seljuq Sultans of Iraq, firstly Mas'ud then Malik-Shah III followed by Muhammad II. Nur al-Din retained the title of atabeg although he was completely independent as the Seljuq empire disintegrated after 1156,[38] and the sultans had to fight in Iraq to keep whats left of their authority. Muhammad II was the last Sultan to hold any real authority, and he attacked Baghdad aided by Nur al-Din's brother Qutb ad-Din Mawdud. Muhammad II death in 1159 and the fact that his successor Suleiman-Shah was a captive of Mawdud ended any real authority of the Seljuq Sultans,[39] Nur al-Din Held the Khutbah in the name of the Abbasid Caliph,[40] an enemy of the Seljuqs thus cutting any links with them.

Portrait Epithet Name Emir From Emir Until Relationship with Predecessor(s) Notes Title
Nur al-Din Mahmud (Mahmud III) 1146 1174  • Son of Imad al-Din Also Emir of Damascus Emir of Halab
Al-Salih Ismail 1174 1181  • Son of Nur al-Din Mahmud Sultan of Halab
Izz al-Din Mas'ud 1181 1182  • Grandson of Imad al-Din Emir of Halab
Imad al-Din Zengi II 1182 1183  • Brother of 'Izz al-Din Mas'ud Emir of Halab

Ayyubids

[edit]
Main article: Ayyubid dynasty

The death of Nur al-Din caused chaos as al-Salih Ismail al-Malik, his son and successor was only eleven. The Zengid governors fought for power, each one of them trying to be the atabeg of al-Salih. One of them, Gümüshtekin, became the guardian of the young king and tried to eliminate the others causing the governor of Damascus to ask Saladin, the Zengid governor of Egypt, for help. Saladin, formally a subordinate to Al-Salih but practically independent, marched on Syria entering Damascus in November 1174. He besieged Aleppo, causing Al-Salih's cousin Ghazi II the Emir of Mosul to send his army which Saladin defeated at the battle of Tell al-Sultan, Saladin was proclaimed King of Egypt and Syria, the Caliph al-Mustadi conferred the Title of Sultan upon him.[41]

Saladin met al-Salih and concluded a peace with the 13-year old king in 1176 leaving him to rule Aleppo independently for life while he (Saladin) ruled the rest of Syria.[35]

After the death of al-Salih, Saladin expelled al-Salih's relative Zengi II and entered Aleppo on 20 June 1183 thus ending the Zengid Dynasty.

Portrait Epithet Name Sultan From Sultan Until Relationship with Predecessor(s) Notes Title
Al-Nasir Salah al-Din Yusuf I 1183 1193  • Married Mahmud III Widow Sultan of Halab
Al-Zahir Ghazi 1193 1216  • Son of Salah al-Din Sultan of Halab
Al-Aziz Muhammad 1216 1236  • Son of Al-Zahir Ghazi Sultan of Halab
Al-Nasir Yusuf II 1236 1260  • Son of Al-Aziz
  • Regency council from 1236 to 1242, de facto regency of Dayfa Khatun[42]
  • Also sultan of Damascus
 Sultan of Halab

On 24 January 1260 the Mongol Khan Hulagu Khan entered Aleppo after a month of Siege thus ending the Ayyubid Dynasty.

Mamluk Sultans

[edit]
Main article: Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)

The Mamluk Sultan Qutuz defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut on 3 September 1260,[43] the whole of Syria became part of the Mamluk Sultanate, Aleppo was the capital of its own province ruled by a Na'ib (Naib), some of these governors revolted and declared their independence in Aleppo like Shams al-Din Aqosh al-Borli who installed al-Hakim I as Abbasid Caliph in order to legitimize his reign while the Sultan Baibars I installed al-Mustansir II,[44] other governors revolted with the aim of ruling the whole sultanate such as Yalbogha al-Nasiri who had Sultan Barquq dethroned in 1389.[45]

Portrait Epithet Name Sultan From Sultan Until Notes Title
Shams al-Din Aqosh 1261 1261 Expelled by 'Ala' al-Din al-Bunduqdari General of Baibars I Sultan of Halab

Aqosh eventually reconciled with the sultan, in 1404 Sayf al-Din Jakam revolted and declared himself Sultan.[46]

Portrait Epithet Name Sultan From Sultan Until Notes Title
Sayf al-Din Jakam 1404 1406 First Reign : Built the Throne Hall of Aleppo Citadel,[47] Eventually Expelled Sultan of Halab

Jakam Reoccupied the City and was pardoned and reappointed by the sultan, in May 1406 he was replaced by another Na'ib leading him to revolt again.

Portrait Epithet Name Sultan From Sultan Until Notes Title
Sayf al-Din Jakam 1407 1407 Second Reign, Beheaded Sultan of Halab

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

List of monarchs of Aleppo

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The monarchs of Aleppo refer to the sequence of rulers who exercised independent or semi-independent authority over the city and its territories, beginning with the Amorite kings of the Yamhad dynasty in the early 2nd millennium BC, whose capital was established at and who dominated northern until Hittite conquests disrupted their power. Subsequent periods saw Aleppo under Assyrian, Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine control, but with notable autonomous emirates emerging in the Islamic era, including the from the mid-10th century, known for defending against Byzantine incursions. The , founded by ibn Mirdas, then governed Aleppo from 1025, maintaining a Arab through diplomacy with Fatimid and Byzantine powers until Seljuk overlordship in the late 11th century. In the 12th century, the Zengid atabegs, starting with Imad al-Din Zengi who seized Aleppo in 1128, consolidated rule there under Nur ad-Din, fostering jihad against Crusader states before Saladin's Ayyubid incorporation in 1183 ended the line of distinct local monarchs. This list highlights dynasties pivotal in regional power struggles, trade routes, and cultural patronage in one of the ancient Near East's enduring centers.

Pre-Islamic Period

Yamhad Kings

The Kingdom of Yamḥad, an Amorite polity centered on the city of Ḥalab (modern Aleppo), emerged in the early 18th century BCE as a dominant power in northern Syria, controlling vassal states including Alalaḫ and engaging in alliances with Mari while rivaling Qaṭna. Its rulers expanded influence through military campaigns and diplomacy, as attested in cuneiform records from Mari archives dating to the reigns of Zimrī-Līm and earlier kings. The dynasty's hegemony relied on familial ties, with succession often passing to sons, though exact relationships for some early transitions remain uncertain due to fragmentary evidence. Yamḥad's prosperity facilitated trade and cultural exchange across the Levant, but it faced increasing pressure from Anatolian powers, culminating in its conquest by the Hittite king Muršili I around 1590 BCE. The primary sources for Yamḥad's royal sequence derive from diplomatic correspondence and administrative tablets, which mention rulers by name and describe their interactions with contemporaries. Seals and inscriptions associated with later kings, such as Yarīm-Līm II and Niqmī-ēpuḫ, provide iconographic evidence of royal authority, depicting the king in ritual or martial contexts.
RulerApproximate Reign (BCE)Succession and Key Notes
Sumu-ēpuḫca. 1790–1770Founder; supported Yaminite revolts against Assyria and clashed with Qaṭna.
Yarīm-Līm I1768–1757Son of Sumu-ēpuḫ; allied with Mari's Zimrī-Līm, providing military aid for his restoration; married a daughter to Zimrī-Līm.
Ḫammurāpi I1757–ca. 1741Son of Yarīm-Līm I; sustained Mari alliance and negotiated territorial arrangements, such as the sale of Alalaḫ.
Abba-El Ipost-1741Possibly unrelated by direct descent; extended Yamḥad's influence amid regional stability.
Yarīm-Līm IIUnspecifiedSon of Abba-El I; known from royal seals attesting administrative control.
Niqmī-ēpuḫUnspecifiedSon of Yarīm-Līm II; referenced in Alalaḫ tablets as overlord.
IrkabtumUnspecifiedSon of Niqmī-ēpuḫ; brief rule amid emerging Hittite threats.
Yarīm-Līm IIIUnspecifiedSon of Niqmī-ēpuḫ or brother of Irkabtum; faced Hittite incursions under Ḫattušili I.
Ḫammurāpi IIUnspecifiedSon of Yarīm-Līm III; ruled during final phase before destruction.
Abba-El IIUnspecifiedLikely late ruler; attested in seals but details sparse.

Reigns reflect the Middle , with earlier dates subject to based on synchronisms with Babylonian and Assyrian kings; Low variants shift figures downward by up to a century. The dynasty's end marked the transition to Hittite vassalage, with Aleppo's later symbolizing under subsequent overlords.

Mitanni Vassal Rulers

Following the conquest of Aleppo (ancient Halab) by Mitanni king Parshatatar (also spelled Barattarna or Parratarna) around 1500 BCE, the city lost its independent Yamhad monarchy and became a key western outpost of the Mitanni empire. The last attested Yamhad ruler, Ilim-ilimma I, was deposed and assassinated amid a popular rebellion likely instigated or exploited by Mitanni forces to consolidate control over the region. Historical records from the period, including cuneiform inscriptions and later annals, do not document distinct local vassal kings ruling Halab under Mitanni suzerainty. Instead, the city appears to have been administered directly as an imperial possession, possibly through appointed governors or military overseers loyal to Mitanni overlords such as Parshatatar and his successors Shaushtatar (c. 1470–1450 BCE). This arrangement reflected Mitanni's strategy of integrating conquered Syrian centers like Halab into a centralized feudal structure dominated by Hurrian elites and Indo-Aryan warrior nobility, without restoring autonomous dynasties. Mitanni's hold on Aleppo endured through the reigns of kings like Artatama I (c. 1400–1350 BCE) and Shuttarna II (c. 1350–1340 BCE), facilitating control over trade routes and tribute from western vassals such as Alalakh. Diplomatic correspondence, including treaties with Egypt, underscores Aleppo's strategic value but yields no evidence of named local rulers. The absence of attested vassal monarchs may stem from limited archaeological finds or the deliberate suppression of prior dynastic lines to prevent resurgence. Mitanni authority waned after defeats by Egyptian pharaohs like Thutmose III (c. 1457 BCE battle near Aleppo) and ultimately collapsed under Hittite incursions led by Suppiluliuma I around 1344 BCE.

Hittite Vassal Rulers

After Suppiluliuma I's campaigns in Syria during the mid-14th century BCE, which subdued Mitanni influence, he incorporated Halab (Aleppo) into the Hittite sphere by installing his son Telipinu as its vassal ruler, thereby establishing direct dynastic control over the city-state. This arrangement positioned Halab as a key administrative and cultic center, particularly for the worship of the Storm-God, under Hittite oversight to secure northern Syrian frontiers against rivals like Egypt and Assyria. Telipinu, also titled "the Priest," governed Halab as a subordinate to the Hittite , managing affairs while upholding imperial treaties and religious obligations. His rule, likely spanning the late 14th century BCE, marked the onset of Hittite princely administration in the , with serving as a vice-regal akin to . Telipinu was succeeded by his Talmi-Šarruma, whose saw the formalization of vassal ties through a treaty with Mursili II around 1320–1295 BCE, which reaffirmed loyalty, territorial boundaries, and mutual defense stipulations. Surviving inscriptions, including a dedicatory Hieroglyphic Luwian text from Talmi-Šarruma, attest to his role in temple dedications and judicial functions under Hittite paramountcy. The sequence of attested Hittite vassal rulers in Halab is as follows:
RulerApproximate ReignNotes
TelipinuLate 14th century BCESon of Suppiluliuma I; appointed viceroy after Syrian conquests.
Talmi-ŠarrumaEarly 13th century BCESon of Telipinu; subject of treaty with Mursili II; known from inscriptions.
Subsequent rulers are sparsely documented amid the Hittite Empire's decline, with Halab reverting to local or Neo-Hittite control post-1200 BCE following the empire's collapse around 1180 BCE.

Early Islamic Emirs

Hamdanid Emirs

The Hamdanid dynasty, originating from the Arab Taghlib tribe and adhering to Twelver Shi'ism, gained control of Aleppo in 945 under Sayf al-Dawla, who founded the emirate amid the weakening Abbasid Caliphate and regional fragmentation. This period marked Aleppo's emergence as a cultural and military center, with Sayf al-Dawla renowned for patronizing poets like al-Mutanabbi and conducting raids against Byzantine forces in Anatolia. The dynasty maintained nominal allegiance to the Abbasids while asserting de facto independence, facing threats from Fatimids, Byzantines, and local rivals until internal strife led to its collapse. The Hamdanid emirs of Aleppo, as recorded in historical king lists, were as follows:
EmirReignKey Details
Sayf al-Dawla945–967Full name ʿAlī ibn ʿAbd Allāh; seized Aleppo from Ikhshidids; defeated Byzantines at multiple engagements but suffered setbacks like the 962 sack of Aleppo.
Saʿd al-Dawla967–991Son of Sayf al-Dawla; continued defenses against Byzantines, becoming a tributary vassal by 969; internal family disputes weakened rule.
Saʿīd al-Dawla991–1002Son of Saʿd al-Dawla; nominal ruler under regent Luʾluʾ al-Kabīr; assassinated in 1002, ending direct Hamdanid control as Luʾluʾ seized power.
Brief puppet or co-rulers like Ali II and Sharif II held nominal titles from 1002–1004 under Luʾluʾ's regency, but effective Hamdanid authority ceased with Saʿīd's death. The emirate then transitioned to Fatimid suzerainty before Luʾluʾ's independent rule.

Lu'lu' Emirs

The Lu'lu' emirs governed Aleppo as a short-lived interregnum dynasty between the Hamdanids and the Mirdasids, holding power from approximately 1002 to 1016 amid Fatimid suzerainty and regional instability. Lu'lu' al-Kabir, a former military slave (ghulām) in Hamdanid service, ascended through the ranks to chamberlain (ḥājib) under Emir Saʿd al-Dawla before orchestrating the assassination of his successor Saʿīd al-Dawla in 1002, effectively ending Hamdanid rule and installing himself as de facto emir. This usurpation reflected the fragility of local dynasties, reliant on slave soldiery and vulnerable to internal coups, though Lu'lu' maintained nominal allegiance to the Fatimids to legitimize his position against Byzantine threats and Arab tribal incursions.
EmirReignKey Events and Notes
Lu'lu' al-Kabir (Abu Muḥammad Lu'lu' al-Sayfī)1002–1008/1009As chamberlain, conspired in Saʿīd al-Dawla's death (392 AH/1002 CE); ruled as regent-emir under Fatimid oversight; focused on stabilizing Aleppo amid sieges and Fatimid pressures; died in 1008/1009, succeeded by son.
Manṣūr ibn Lu'lu' (Abū Naṣr Manṣūr Murtadā al-Dawla)1008/1009–1016Inherited rule but faced opposition from Aleppo's notables due to authoritarian policies and power centralization; in 1016, rebellion led by Fath al-Qalʿī, in alliance with Ṣāliḥ ibn Mirdās, forced his abdication and flight; paved way for Mirdasid conquest of Aleppo in 1024/1025.
Manṣūr's oppressive governance alienated the city's Arab elites and military factions, exacerbating factionalism that invited external intervention; his downfall marked the Lu'lu' interlude's end, with Aleppo briefly reverting to direct Fatimid administration before Mirdasid dominance. The dynasty's brevity underscores the transitional role of slave-origin regents in 11th-century Syrian politics, bridging Shiʿi Hamdanid decline and Sunni Arab tribal resurgence under Fatimid overlordship.

Fatimid Emirs

The Fatimid Caliphate exerted direct control over Aleppo from approximately 1016 to 1025, following the collapse of Lu'lu' al-Kabir's regency and the fragmentation of Hamdanid authority. This period marked a shift from semi-independent local emirs to governors appointed by Caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, aimed at consolidating Fatimid influence in northern Syria amid rivalries with Byzantines and Bedouin tribes. Aleppo served as a strategic outpost for Fatimid ambitions in the Levant, though governance was unstable due to internal rebellions and external pressures from the Banu Mirdas tribe. Control was lost to Salih ibn Mirdas in 1025 after a series of conflicts, with a brief Fatimid reassertion around 1037–1038 that did not restore lasting emir-level administration. Key Fatimid-appointed governors included Aziz al-Dawla Fatik, who entered Aleppo in 407 AH/1017 CE as the first direct appointee, initially enforcing caliphal authority but declaring independence around 1020 CE before his assassination in 1022 CE by subordinates amid reported Fatimid intrigue. His tenure involved managing ghilman troops and local alliances, but ended in turmoil that weakened Fatimid hold. Successors such as Safiyy al-Dawla Muhammad ibn Ali governed briefly from October 1022 to April 1023 CE, focusing on stabilization before further unrest. Thu'ban ibn Muhammad followed, administering until mid-1025 CE, when Mirdasid forces under Salih ibn Mirdas captured the city following the Battle of al-Funaydiq, effectively ending the emirate. These governors operated under Fatimid suzerainty, minting coins and collecting tribute, but their rule was characterized by military dependence on Egyptian reinforcements and vulnerability to tribal incursions.
GovernorReign (CE)Key Events
Aziz al-Dawla Fatikc. 1016–1022Appointed by al-Hakim; rebelled 1020; assassinated 1022.
Safiyy al-Dawla1022–1023Short-term stabilization post-rebellion.
Thu'ban ibn Muhammad1023–1025Oversaw final phase; defeated by Mirdasids at al-Funaydiq.

Mirdasid and Successor Emirs

Initial Mirdasid Emirs

The Mirdasid Emirs established the dynasty's rule over following the decline of Hamdanid and Fatimid influence in northern . Originating from the tribe, these Arab emirs capitalized on regional instability to assert independence. ibn Mirdas, the dynasty's founder, captured from Fatimid control on 16 1025, marking the start of Mirdasid governance. He expanded his authority over much of northern and the Jazira, maintaining a delicate balance between Fatimid suzerainty and de facto autonomy through diplomacy and military campaigns. ruled until his death in battle at al-Uqhuwana in May 1029. Salih's eldest son, Abu Kamil Nasr ibn Salih, known by the regnal name Shibl al-Dawla, succeeded him as emir of Aleppo, initially sharing power briefly with his brother Thimal before assuming sole control. Shibl al-Dawla governed from 1029 to 1038, defending the emirate against Fatimid incursions and Byzantine pressures, including a victory at the Battle of Azaz in 1030. His reign ended with his death in battle against Fatimid forces near Homs in 1038.
EmirReignRelation
Salih ibn Mirdas1025–1029Founder
Shibl al-Dawla Nasr1029–1038Son of Salih

Uqaylid Emirs

The Uqaylid emirs, originating from the Banu Uqayl tribe, briefly governed Aleppo after the decline of Mirdasid authority, marking a transition from local Arab dynasties to Seljuk dominance. This period, spanning approximately 1080 to 1085, reflected the broader fragmentation of power in northern Syria amid Seljuk expansion and nomadic incursions. Muslim ibn Quraysh al-Uqayli, bearing the laqab Sharaf al-Dawla, extended his control from Mosul to Aleppo by exploiting the Mirdasid emir Sabiq ibn Mahmud's weaknesses, including famine and tribal unrest, to seize the city without significant resistance in June 1080 (473 AH). As a Shi'i Arab ruler, Muslim initially secured recognition from Seljuk sultan Malik Shah I, positioning Aleppo as a nominal vassal while maintaining autonomy in local affairs. His reign involved alliances with Bedouin groups like Banu Kalb to bolster defenses against Byzantine and Fatimid threats, though internal tribal dynamics and overextension strained resources. Muslim's death in 1085 (478 AH), amid conflicts with Seljuk forces, prompted a rapid power vacuum; his brother Ibrahim ibn Quraysh was briefly proclaimed successor in Mosul but failed to retain Aleppo, which fell to Seljuk prince Tutush I shortly thereafter. The Uqaylid interlude underscored the vulnerability of urban centers like Aleppo to nomadic Arab warlords, whose rule relied on tribal levies rather than institutional administration, facilitating the subsequent Seljuk integration of the region into a centralized Turkish framework.
EmirReign PeriodKey Events and Notes
Muslim ibn Quraysh (Sharaf al-Dawla)1080–1085Seized Aleppo from Mirdasids amid famine; allied with Seljuks initially; killed in conflict with Tutush I's forces.
Ibrahim ibn Quraysh1085Brief nominal succession following Muslim's death; lost Aleppo to Seljuks.

Seljuk Sultans in Aleppo

The Seljuk dynasty incorporated Aleppo into its domains during the conquest of Syria in 1085, following victories over local Arab emirs and Fatimid influences. Control was initially exercised through governors appointed by Great Sultan Malik Shah I, but fragmentation ensued after his death in 1092, leading to the rise of semi-independent branches under his relatives. Tutush I, Malik Shah's brother and malik of Damascus, asserted authority over Aleppo by defeating the rival Seljuk governor Aq Sunqur al-Ajusi in 1094, thereby establishing a Syrian Seljuk branch centered on the city alongside Damascus. Tutush adopted the title of sultan and maintained nominal suzerainty over Aleppo until his death in battle against rival claimant Berkyaruq in 1095. Following Tutush's demise, civil war among Seljuk princes divided his territories; his son Ridwan secured Aleppo, ruling as emir while acknowledging distant Great Seljuk overlords until his death in 1113. Ridwan's reign involved defenses against Crusader incursions, alliances with Fatimids, and internal challenges from Assassins, who gained influence in the city due to his reported tolerance of Ismaili doctrines. He was succeeded briefly by his young son Alp Arslan (r. 1113–1117), marking the effective end of direct Seljuk princely rule in Aleppo as external powers like the Artuqids and Zengids encroached.
RulerReign PeriodTitle and Notes
Tutush I1094–1095Sultan; brother of Malik Shah I; consolidated Syrian territories including Aleppo after defeating Aq Sunqur; killed in civil war against Berkyaruq.
Ridwan1095–1113Emir; son of Tutush I; defended Aleppo against Crusaders at Antioch (1098); permitted Assassin foothold, contributing to regional instability.
Alp Arslan1113–1117Emir; son of Ridwan; nominal rule amid succession disputes; Seljuk lineage ended with Artuqid interventions.

Later Medieval Dynasties

Artuqid Emirs

The Artuqid dynasty, a Turkic Oghuz lineage originating from the Döger tribe, briefly extended its influence over Aleppo in the early 12th century amid the fragmentation of Seljuk authority and threats from Crusader principalities. This control stemmed from alliances with local elites, particularly the qadi Ibn al-Khashshab, who sought external military support against Antiochene incursions following the city's internal instability after the Mirdasid and Seljuk periods. Artuqid rulers in Aleppo operated as emirs or atabegs, prioritizing defense against Frankish expansion while navigating rivalries with neighboring Muslim powers like the Bursuqids and early Zangids.
EmirReign in AleppoNotes
Ilghazi (Fakhr al-Din Ilghazi ibn Artuq, d. 1122)1117–1122Assumed control at invitation of qadi Ibn al-Khashshab to counter Crusader threats; secured victory at Battle of Ager Sanguinis (28 June 1119), halting Antioch's advance; based primarily in Mardin but governed Aleppo as atabeg.
Balak (Nur al-Dawla Balak ibn Bahram, d. 6 May 1124)1122–1124 (nominal)Succeeded uncle Ilghazi; attempted to consolidate Aleppo through raids and sieges but faced local resistance and failed to establish firm rule; captured King Baldwin II of Jerusalem in 1123 but killed by debris during assault on a Crusader-held fortress near Manbij.
Artuqid dominance ended with Balak's death, reverting effective governance to Aleppo's Hanbali jurists and merchant oligarchs under Ibn al-Khashshab until broader Zangid interventions in the 1140s. This interlude highlighted the Artuqids' role as opportunistic stabilizers rather than long-term dynasts in Aleppo, with their Aleppo branch deriving from the Mardin line without establishing a distinct territorial continuity.

Zengid Emirs

The Zengid dynasty asserted control over Aleppo starting in 1128, when Imad ad-Din Zengi, previously atabeg of Mosul, capitalized on the instability following the assassination of the prior ruler to incorporate the city into his domains. Zengi maintained authority there until his assassination on September 14, 1146, during a period marked by his campaigns against Crusader territories, including the capture of Edessa in 1144. Zengi's son, Nur ad-Din Mahmud, inherited Aleppo and expanded Zengid influence by seizing Damascus in 1154, thereby unifying key Syrian territories under his rule. He governed until his death on May 15, 1174, fostering Sunni revivalism, constructing madrasas, and mounting sustained military pressure on Crusader principalities like Antioch. Nur ad-Din's eleven-year-old son, al-Salih Isma'il, succeeded him as emir, initially under the guardianship of the mamluk commander Gumushtekin, amid factional rivalries that weakened central authority. Al-Salih's brief tenure ended with his death in 1181, leading to further succession struggles involving relatives like Imad ad-Din Zengi II, who briefly held nominal emirship before Saladin's forces entered Aleppo in 1183–1184, terminating Zengid sovereignty in the city.
EmirReignNotes
Imad ad-Din Zengi1128–1146Founder of the dynasty; captured Edessa from Crusaders in 1144.
Nur ad-Din Mahmud1146–1174Unified Syria; key adversary of Crusader states.
al-Salih Isma'il1174–1181Son of Nur ad-Din; ruled as minor under regency.
Imad ad-Din Zengi II1181–1183Brief rule amid decline; minted coinage as emir ca. 1187–1188.

Ayyubid Rulers

Saladin captured Aleppo from the Zengids on 20 June 1183, marking the onset of Ayyubid influence in the city. In 1186, he appointed his son al-Zahir Ghazi as emir, establishing the Ayyubid branch in Aleppo. This emirate maintained semi-autonomy within the broader Ayyubid realm, focusing on defense against Crusaders and internal rivals while fostering architectural and cultural patronage, such as enhancements to the Aleppo Citadel. The principal Ayyubid emirs of Aleppo were:
  • Al-Zahir Ghazi (Ghiyath al-Din Abu Sa'id, r. 1186–1216): Third son of Saladin, born in 1173; he expanded Aleppo's territories, allied with his uncle al-Adil against rivals, and died in 1216, leaving a stable emirate noted for urban development.
  • Al-Aziz Muhammad (Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad, r. 1216–1236): Son of al-Zahir Ghazi, born circa 1213; his reign involved coinage production in Aleppo and navigation of familial disputes, ending with his death on 26 November 1236.
  • An-Nasir Yusuf (Salah al-Din Yusuf, r. 1236–1260): Son of al-Aziz Muhammad; initially emir of Aleppo, he later claimed sultanate over Syria, resisting Mamluk expansion until Mongol forces under Hulagu Khan sacked the city in January–February 1260, capturing and executing him.
Ayyubid governance in Aleppo emphasized Sunni orthodoxy, fortifications, and madrasa construction, contributing to the city's resilience until the Mongol devastation terminated the dynasty's local rule.

Mamluk Sultans

Aleppo fell under Mamluk suzerainty in 1260 after the Mongol sack of the city in January of that year, with the Mamluks defeating Mongol forces at the Battle of Ain Jalut in September. Full consolidation of control over northern Syria, including Aleppo, occurred under Sultan al-Zahir Baybars (r. 1260–1277), who rebuilt the damaged citadel and positioned the city as a strategic bulwark against Mongol threats and Crusader remnants. Baybars appointed loyal mamluks as governors and fortified Aleppo's defenses, integrating it into the sultanate's administrative structure centered in Cairo. Successive sultans, including (r. 1279–1290) and (r. 1293–1341, with intervals), oversaw Aleppo as a provincial hub, emphasizing military garrisons and iqta land grants to sustain troops. The city served as a key node in the sultanate's Syrian domain, benefiting from trade routes but vulnerable to invasions, as evidenced by Timur's defeat of forces under (r. 1399–1412) in 1400, resulting in the massacre of much of the population and widespread destruction. Local governance was delegated to na'ibs (deputies), who managed civil and military affairs under the sultans' authority, without establishing independent dynasties. Mamluk rule persisted through the transition to the Burji period (1382–1517), with sultans like al-Zahir Barquq (r. 1382–1399) and al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri (r. 1501–1516) maintaining oversight amid internal factionalism and external pressures. Aleppo's incorporation ended with the Ottoman victory at Marj Dabiq on August 24, 1516, and the subsequent capture of the city, marking the close of Mamluk sovereignty after 256 years. Throughout, the sultans held titular monarchial authority over Aleppo, prioritizing its role in defending against eastern nomads and securing pilgrimage and trade corridors.

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