Hubbry Logo
LiveJournalLiveJournalMain
Open search
LiveJournal
Community hub
LiveJournal
logo
8 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
LiveJournal
LiveJournal
LiveJournal
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

LiveJournal (Russian: Живой Журнал),[3] formerly stylised as LiVEJOURNAL, is a Russian-owned social networking service where users can keep a blog, journal, or diary.[4] American programmer Brad Fitzpatrick started LiveJournal on April 15, 1999, as a way of keeping his high school friends updated on his activities.[5] In January 2005, American blogging software company Six Apart purchased Danga Interactive, the company that operated LiveJournal, from Fitzpatrick.

Key Information

Six Apart sold LiveJournal to Russian media company SUP Media in 2007; the service continued to operate out of the U.S. via a California-based subsidiary, LiveJournal, Inc., but began moving some operations to Russian offices in 2009. In December 2016, the service relocated its servers to Russia, and in April 2017, LiveJournal changed its terms of service to conform to Russian law. As with other social networks, a wide variety of public figures use the service, as do political pundits, who use it for political commentary, particularly in Russia,[3] where it partners with the online newspaper Gazeta.ru.

Features

[edit]

The unit of social networking on LiveJournal is quaternary (with four possible states of connection between one user and another). Two users can have no relationship, they can list each other as friends mutually, or either can "friend" the other without reciprocation.

The term "friend" on LiveJournal is mostly a technical term, but because it is emotionally loaded for many people, there have been discussions in such LiveJournal communities as lj_dev[6] and lj_biz[7] as well as suggestions[8] about whether the term should be used this way.

A user's list of friends (friends list, often shortened to flist) will often include several communities and RSS feeds in addition to individual users. Generally, "friending" allows a user's friends to read protected entries and causes the friends' entries to appear on the user's "friends page". Friends can also be grouped together in "friends groups", allowing for more complex behavior.

Features common to all accounts
  • Each journal entry has its own web page, which includes the comments left by other users. In addition, each user has a journal page, which shows all of their most recent journal entries, along with links to the comment pages.
  • The most distinctive feature of LiveJournal is the "friends list", which gives the site a strong social aspect in addition to the blog services. The friends list provides various syndication and privacy services, described below. Each user has a friends page, which collects the most recent journal entries of the people on their friends list.
  • LiveJournal allows users to customize their accounts. The S2 programming language allows journal templates to be modified by members. Users may upload graphical avatars, or "userpics", which appear next to the username in prominent areas as on an Internet forum. Paid account holders are given full access to S2 management and more userpics, as well as other features.
  • Each user also has a "User Info" page, which contains a variety of data including contact information, a biography, images (linked from off-site sources) and lists of friends, interests, communities and even schools the user has attended in the past or is currently attending.
  • LiveJournal has five account levels: basic (comprising approximately 95% of the network); plus (sponsored with more advertising); "early adopters" who were registered prior to 14 September 2000;[9] paid; and permanent. Permanent accounts are normally not available to the average user; there have been occasional sale days or special offers, but such sales are not guaranteed in the future. Before March 12, 2008, basic accounts were ad-free; in August 2008, LiveJournal resumed new basic account creation but changed that account level to display ads to non-logged-in readers.[10] Basic users also see advertising, but not on other basic journals.
  • As well as allowing embedded videos from other sites, LiveJournal can host videos and allows users who have enabled the updated site design to post links to the hosted videos.[11][12]
Paid account features
  • Sending Text Messages[13] – users can receive text messages sent via LiveJournal without sharing their phone number. If the text messaging feature is set up, anyone (or any authorized user) can use LiveJournal to send text messages to their cellphone by following a link on the User Info page.
  • "To-do list" feature[14] – LiveJournal offers "to-do lists" for managing users goals and aims. Users can have 150 to-do list items. Each to-do list item must have a subject, priority, details and descriptions, status, percent done, due date and categories field.
  • "Express Lane"[15] – users with paid accounts have access to express lanes that make pages load faster. When logged into their Paid or Permanent Account during times of heavy site load, their requests for pages are sent to the web servers before other users' requests.
  • "Voice Post"[16] – members with paid accounts can call from any phone to a specific number, record the audio and upload it directly to their journal.
  • "Extra storage space"[17] – lets users store more Scrapbook photos and voice posts. Photos and voice posts that have been uploaded there are easy to include in the log entry.

Community

[edit]

User interaction

[edit]

As of 2014, LiveJournal in the United States had 10 million monthly uniques, 30 million monthly visitors, and 170 million pageviews.[18] As with most weblogs, people can comment on each other's journal entries and create a message board-style thread of comments – each comment can be replied to individually, starting a new thread. All users, including non-paying users, can set various options for comments: they can instruct the software to only accept comments from those on their friends list or block anonymous comments (meaning only LiveJournal users can comment on their posts). They can also screen various types of comments before they are displayed, or disable commenting entirely. Users can also have replies sent directly to their registered e-mail address.

In addition, LiveJournal acts as host to group journals, dubbed "communities" (frequently abbreviated as comms). Anyone who joins a community can make posts to it as they would on a regular journal; communities also have "maintainers", ordinary users who run the community and oversee membership and moderation.

LiveJournal community

[edit]

LiveJournal community is a collective blog in which different users can post messages. Users who are interested in a particular subject can find or create a community for this subject. All the users of the communities are divided into:

  • Owners[19] who are supervising the community and capable to use all administrative functions that are available for managing the community.
  • Maintainers[20] usually use their own user accounts to supervise a community, control its settings and Community Info, perform some administrative functions.
  • Moderators[21] can approve or reject messages left by participants, add existing records label or tags, approve requests to join a community, hide and freeze comments.
  • Members[22] can see the community's members-only entries. For Communities with fewer than 500 members, the entire Members list will be displayed on a Community Info page.
  • Watchers[23] can assign permissions, allow entry into the community, delete posts (messages) or hide comments on posts.

Contributors

[edit]

Some areas of LiveJournal rely heavily on user contributions and volunteer efforts.[24] In particular, the LiveJournal Support area is run almost entirely by unpaid volunteers. Similarly, the website is translated into other languages by volunteers, although this effort is running down due to a perceived lack of involvement from the LiveJournal administration.

The development of the LiveJournal software has seen extensive volunteer involvement in the past. In February and March 2003, there was an effort, nicknamed the Bazaar, to boost volunteer performance by offering money in return for "wanted" enhancements or improvements.[25] The Bazaar was intended to follow a regular monthly pay-out scheme, but it ended up paying out only once, after which it was neglected by the management, and shut down one year later.

Nowadays, voluntary contributions to the software are considered for inclusion less and less as the company has acquired more and more paid employees who focus on the organization's commercial interests. This has led to the formation of several forks, many of which introduce new features that users would like to see, especially features that are brought up repeatedly in LiveJournal's own suggestions journal.[26]

In some cases legal and administrative concerns have led LiveJournal to prohibit some people from volunteering.

Demographics

[edit]

As of November 2012, 39,663,771 accounts exist on LiveJournal, with 1,790,795 listed as "active in some way."[27] Of those users who provided their date of birth, the majority were in the 17–25 age group, with an exceptionally large group of 32-year-olds. Among the users specifying their gender in their profile, 45% of those accounts identified as male, and 55% as female. One fifth, or 20%, of accounts did not specify a gender.[28]

LiveJournal is most popular in English-speaking countries (although there is a language selection feature), and the United States has by far the most LiveJournal users among users who choose to list a location.[obsolete source] There is also a sizable Russian contingent. LiveJournal is the largest online community on the Runet, with about 45% of all entries in the Russian blogosphere.[29]

Mascot: Frank the Goat

[edit]

Frank the Goat is LiveJournal's mascot. During the early years of the site, Frank was treated like an actual living being by much of the LiveJournal userbase, and his brief "biography" as well as his "journal" reflect this.[30][31]

Sometimes, callers to LiveJournal's Voice Post service are informed "Frank the Goat appreciates your call." This occurs randomly.[32]

A weekly comic about Frank, written and drawn by cartoonist Ryan Estrada, was updated every Thursday on the "Frank: The Comic Strip" community on LiveJournal. As of July 2009 the community had roughly 8,000 members, and was watched by more than 7,000 LiveJournal users.[33]

Beginning at the end of January 2010, LiveJournal's weekly news posts included references to Frank's life,[34] becoming works of short fiction at the end of February.[35] These pieces are often tied to weekly virtual gift promotions, where commenters that meet a certain criterion will receive a free v-gift sent by Frank.

Content

[edit]

Privacy

[edit]

LiveJournal provides an option intended to reduce the chances of search engines indexing a journal; however, the only way to make it completely impossible for such indexing to occur is to set the entry security to "friends only" or higher when first posting the entry. If an entry is first posted publicly, and then edited to reflect a higher security level, it may have already been indexed by a search engine in the time between the security edit. The popular "friends only" security option,[36] which has since been adopted by Xanga and Myspace, hides a post from the general public so that only those on the user's friends list can read it. Some users keep all their posts friends-only (except for a single post explaining that the journal is friends-only). Still, such features as tags and userpics cannot be hidden. LiveJournal also allows users to create custom user groups within their group of friends to further restrict who can read any particular post, and to allow reading of subsets of a user's friends list.

LiveJournal additionally has a "private" security option which allows users to make a post that only the poster can read, thus making their LiveJournal a private diary rather than a blog. It is also possible to choose a default security setting for one's journal, so that all entries are posted at that security level by default even if one forgets to alter the security setting at the time of posting.

Users may restrict who can comment on their posts in addition to who has the ability to read their posts. Comments on a given entry may be allowed from anyone who can read the entry or restricted. Commenting may be restricted by disabling commenting altogether or by screening comments.[37] Screened comments are visible only to the original posters until the journal owner approves the comment. These restrictions can be applied to just anonymous users, users who aren't listed as a friend, or everyone. The IP address of commenters can be logged as well if the journal owner wishes to enable it.

An option allows users to hide their "friend of" list from public view, but leaves the list visible to the user. In this case, only the friends list is shown. When "friend of" is allowed, journal accounts who have friended the user and who are also friended are listed in neither "friend of" nor 'friend", but rather a third category, "mutual friends". This was eventually made a separate option, like the "friend of" list, and reworded so that the lists would have to be selected to include them in a profile, rather than to select an option to remove them.

LiveJournal lists that users can hide communities from their profile page by not friending them (friended communities are "watched") and by either banning the community from posting in their journal (which has no effect since they cannot anyway, but does remove them from the "member of" list) or by removing the "friend of" list, which removes the "member of" list in addition to the "friend of" list.

LiveJournal allows paid account users to change privacy settings on past entries in bulk. Basic and plus accounts do not have an official web-based method, and normally must manually change such settings one by one; some third party clients, such as Livejournal Visibility Changer,[38] provide this functionality for non-paid users.

Communities can also be private, with moderated or closed membership, when community holders give users different level of access to the content, based on the information about the user.[39]

Adult content

[edit]

While LiveJournal permits adult-oriented content, it is a user's responsibility to mark content as inappropriate for minors. There are two types of adult content:[40]

  • Adult concepts: This rating applies to content that is not explicitly graphic, but may contain things that are of a mature nature and could be inappropriate for anyone under the age of 14 years.
  • Explicit adult: This rating applies to graphic and explicit content (depicting nudity, sexuality, violence in images and language) that is appropriate only for adults, and is not suitable for viewers under the age of 18 years.

Labeling as adult material does not convey in any way that this content is considered obscene, in the legal definition of the term. Such content should be marked in order to be shown only to users whose birth dates on their user information page indicate that they are over the age of 18. At the same time the user itself can set own preferences in viewing adult content settings in order not to receive such materials. All users are defaulted to Moderate Filtering in the Safe Search Filter, but can change this option.

It is written in the LiveJournal rules that if the content is reported as being offensive or inappropriate, LiveJournal has the right to flag, restrict access, or delete it at any time without notice.[41]

Notable LiveJournals and users

[edit]

Oh No They Didn't, also known as ONTD, is the most popular[42] community on LiveJournal, with over 100,000 members.[43][44] The community's primary interest is celebrity gossip, and most of its posts are taken and sourced from other gossip blogs. At the end of January 2009, Oh No They Didn't! was the first LiveJournal to surpass 16,777,216 comments (224), effectively breaking LiveJournal's previously undocumented limit on comments.[45][46] This resulted in almost a week of downtime for the community, while LiveJournal worked to fix the issue.

In April 2010, the Oh No They Didn't community was moved to its own database cluster to improve site performance for all users, due to its size and the amount of traffic it was receiving.[47]

History

[edit]

Founding and eventual sale to Six Apart

[edit]
Brad Fitzpatrick

LiveJournal's parent company, Danga Interactive, was formed and held entirely by Brad Fitzpatrick. He sold the company to Six Apart in 2005. Rumors of the impending sale were first reported by Business 2.0 journalist Om Malik in January, 2005.[48] Fitzpatrick confirmed the sale, and insisted the site's core principles would not be discarded by the new ownership.[49]

In August 2007, Fitzpatrick left to work for Google.[50][51][52] He continued to serve on the advisory board of LiveJournal, Inc until it was retired in June 2010.[53][54]

Sale to SUP Media

[edit]

LiveJournal became extremely popular in Russia. The Russian translation of LiveJournal – ЖЖ (ZheZhe, which stands for Живой Журнал) – has become a genericized trademark for blogging in Russia, and the community boasts approximately 700,000 Russian LiveJournals, with 300,000 of them being active.[55]

Six Apart licensed the LiveJournal brand to the Russian company SUP Media in August 2006.[55] The deal was brokered with Fitzpatrick's assistance, but expatriated Russians have expressed concerns, citing links between the company and state security. Some have also worried that SUP's purchase of the community was less to make a profit and more to curtail or even dissolve the strong independent Russian blogging community, silencing dissent the government found inconvenient.[55] These concerns started with the licensing deal, and have grown with the announcement of LiveJournal's sale to SUP Media in December 2007.[56][57]

In a March 2008 interview, Anton Nosik, an advisor to SUP Media, accused LiveJournal users of "trying to scare and blackmail us, threatening to destroy our business," and said that a large class of users are on LiveJournal only to harm it and its owners; "their goal is to criticize, destabilize and ruin our reputation." Nosik said his likely reaction to such pressure would be to retaliate against the users rather than bowing to their pressure.[58]

Despite stating that LiveJournal would maintain the majority of its operations in the United States via the local subsidiary LiveJournal, Inc.,[59][60] in January 2009 SUP laid off some employees and moved product development and design functions to Russia.[61][62] In December 2016, LiveJournal moved to servers hosted in Russia;[59] in April 2017, it changed its terms of service to conform to Russian law and to be written (in their official form) only in Russian.

Controversies and criticism

[edit]

Invite system

[edit]

From September 2, 2001, until December 12, 2003, the growth of LiveJournal was checked by an "invite code" system. This curbing of membership was necessitated by a rate of growth faster than the server architecture could handle. New users were required to either obtain an invite code from an existing user or buy a paid account (which reverted to a free account at the expiration of the period of time paid for). The invite code system serendipitously reduced abuse on the site by deterring people from creating multiple throw-away accounts. The invite code system was lifted after a number of major improvements to the overall site architecture.

Elimination of the invite code system was met with mixed feelings and some opposition. LiveJournal's management pointed out that the invite code system had always been intended to be temporary.[63]

The word "friend"

[edit]

The dual usage of "friends" as those whose journals one reads, and those one trusts to read one's own journal, has been criticized for being at odds with everyday use of the term. The individual users on a user's friends list may contain a mixture of people met through real world friendships, online friendships and general interests, as well as courtesy friendships where a user has "friended" someone who friended them. A friends list may represent something entirely unrelated to social relationships, such as a reading list, a collection or a puzzle.[64]

The difference between online and real-world friendships is sometimes a source of conflict, hurt feelings, and other misunderstandings. LiveJournal friendships are not necessarily mutual; any user can befriend or "defriend" any other user at any time.[65]

In the Russian LiveJournal community, the word френд ("friend", an English borrowing) is often used to describe this relationship instead of the native Russian word "друг" ([ droog ]) that translates to "friend".

The Dreamwidth code fork of LiveJournal has split the 'friend' concept into its two component pieces of subscription and access.[66]

Abuse Prevention Team decisions

[edit]

As LiveJournal has grown, it has had to deal with issues involving the content it hosts. Like most web logging hosts, it has adopted a basic Terms of Service.[67] The Terms of Service simultaneously expresses a desire for free speech by the users while outlining impermissible conduct such as spamming, copyright violation, and harassment. LiveJournal created an Abuse Prevention Team and processes to handle claims about violations of the Terms of Service, violations of copyright, violations of the law, and other issues. There is an ability for a user to report an entry as "spam", and it is a user's responsibility to separate spamming and bot activity from actual violations while reporting.[68]

If the Abuse Prevention Team determines that a violation has occurred, the user will be either required to remove the infringing material (as in the case of copyright violations);[67] the journal will be suspended until such time as the material can be removed (e.g., posting of home addresses or other various contact information of another); or, in cases of severe or multiple violations, the journal will be suspended (e.g., account hijacking, multiple instances of copyright violation, child pornography).[67] The offending user is notified by email of any journal suspension or, if any offending material must be removed, the user is given a deadline for its removal. When a journal is suspended, it effectively removes from sight everything the user has written on LiveJournal, including comments in other people's journals; however, the user is able to download the material while suspended. Those suspended users who have paid for LiveJournal's service do not have payments refunded.

A small controversy arose in November 2004 when a policy document used by the Abuse Prevention Team was leaked to a group of its critics before it was due to be released. The policy document has since been officially released.[69]

Another controversy arose when users complained after an unknown number of users were asked to remove default user pictures containing images of breast feeding that were considered inappropriate as they contained a view of nipples or areolae.[70] The incident attracted the attention of breast feeding advocacy groups such as Pro-Mom[71] who publicized the issue to gain larger media awareness. LiveJournal responded by changing the FAQ on appropriate content for default user pictures. The current FAQ 111 says that nudity is not appropriate in default user pictures; the original FAQ 111 said that graphic sexual content was not appropriate. Breastfeeding pictures were not restricted by the original FAQ, and the current FAQ reflects the fact that they are only restricted from use as a default user picture.[72] Breastfeeding pictures are still allowed as user pictures that may be manually chosen while posting but may not be the default.

Account vulnerabilities

[edit]

In January 2006 the site had to make emergency changes to the way the site hosts user accounts due to a web browser-side security vulnerability. The hacker group responsible was later identified as "Bantown". Approximately 900,000 accounts were at risk.[73]

LiveJournal and advertisements

[edit]

In April 2006, LiveJournal announced[74] it was introducing a new user type that gave free users some of the features available to paid members in exchange for ad sponsorship. This user type was initially called Sponsored+, but was later renamed to Plus.

This announcement was met with a whirlwind of controversy. Between April 2004 and January 2005, one of LiveJournal's Social Contract promises stated the site would, "Stay advertisement free." The Social Contract went on to say, "It may be because it's one of our biggest pet peeves, or it may be because they don't garner a lot of money, but nonetheless, we promise to never offer advertising space in our service or on our pages."[75]

Another ad-related controversy occurred in June 2006, when ads for Kpremium began installing malware and triggering pop-up ads on Australian and Western European users' computers,[76] against the LiveJournal ad guidelines.[77] LiveJournal responded by removing the advertisement from the website and issuing an apology to its users.[76]

In March 2008, LiveJournal discontinued the ability for new users to select the "basic" level of journal, which allowed for a minimal set of features with no advertising at no cost.[10] However, in August of the same year, the company reversed the decision, reviving "basic" service as a manual, post-registration downgrade. However, the resumed basic service level is no longer ad-free: advertisements are displayed when readers who are not logged into livejournal view postings on a basic account.[78]

Advertisement in LiveJournal is based on the user's preferable categories, gender, age, location, interests, or a small portion of public page contents. Ads are targeted according to information about the author, the viewer, and LiveJournal's ad preferences as a whole. Users can choose the preferences in their settings[79] among five or more categories of advertising, including Art & Humanities, Cars & Wheels, Books & Reading, Charities, Home & Hobbies, Housing, Internet & Media etc. It is not possible to completely remove the advertisement other than by upgrading to a Paid Account.[80]

As part of changes made in April 2017, Livejournal eliminated the ability of paid contributors to prevent ads being shown to their readers. Instead, LiveJournal began showing ads on all pages, including postings by paid contributors, unless the reader of the page was also a logged-in paid contributor.[81]

Account suspension

[edit]

In May 2007, LiveJournal suspended approximately 500 accounts and communities, causing what CNET referred to as a "revolt" from "thousands of LiveJournal customers",[82] after a number of activist groups, including one named Warriors for Innocence, reported pedophilic material on its website.[82][83][84][unreliable source?][85][86]

According to Six Apart chairman and chief executive Barak Berkowitz, "We did a review of our policies related to how we review those sites, those journals, and came up with the fact that we actually did have a number of journals up that we didn't think met our policies and didn't think they were appropriate to have up".[82] In a subsequent posting to the LiveJournal news community,[87] he apologized, discussed some of the circumstances behind the suspensions, and indicated that the suspended journals would be reviewed and potentially brought back online. In particular, he noted that Livejournal's normal practice of reviewing suspensions and notifying suspended account holders had not been followed:

[T]hese journals were suspended for easily correctable problems [...] [T]his was not communicated to the journal or community owners at all. [T]hese journals were taken down before review could be completed to avoid mistakes.

Most of the backlash was from fan fiction writers whose communities and personal journals were among those suspended, seemingly because they listed interests such as "incest" or "non-con" (short for non-consensual).[82] Although these communities did not necessarily encourage illegal behavior, it has been reported that there was no further investigation into the content of these journals.[87]

Beyond merely fan communities, many were initially upset that communities entirely unrelated to anything but the discussion, sometimes therapeutic and other times literary, of rape or child molestation were among those suspended.[82]

On May 31, 2007, Berkowitz released a statement to the LiveJournal news community[88] announcing that Six Apart was currently in the process of unsuspending about half of suspended journals. The journals being reinstated fell into fandom or fiction categories or were journals that were suspended for problems related only to the contents of their profiles. In an earlier interview with news.com,[82] he had stated that he would be "shocked" if "more than a dozen" journals would be reinstated.

On July 19, 2007, Abe Hassan at LiveJournal released a statement clarifying LiveJournal's suspension policies.[89] A further statement was made on August 7, 2007.[90]

Advisory board election

[edit]

As previously announced, SUP Media, the latest owners of LiveJournal, decided to create an advisory board to help it make decisions. The first members were distinguished people in the areas of law and technology, danah boyd, Esther Dyson, Lawrence Lessig, and the original LiveJournal founder, Brad Fitzpatrick. SUP announced two other members would be appointed from the LiveJournal userbase, one Russian and one English speaking.[91] The English speaking election was marred with accusations of ballot stuffing, conflicts of interest, and multiple death threats. The developer who wrote the poll software running the election called the ballot stuffing plausible.[92]

Distributed denial-of-service attacks

[edit]

LiveJournal was the victim of several DDoS attacks in 2011. The first attack on March 30 took down the site for several hours. The attack is reported to be the largest DDoS attack against LiveJournal since the site's creation. A second attack continued through April 4 and 5, causing service disruption for some users.[93][94] A third attack in July caused the site to be unavailable for several hours at a time for a week.[95] On December 2, 2011, another attack was recorded, with LiveJournal's status blog acknowledging it as such. Of the attacks, Russian president Dmitry Medvedev commented in April 2011 that "what has occurred should be examined by LiveJournal's administration and law enforcement agencies."[96]

On Russia's election day in December 2011, LiveJournal saw another attack.[97]

Presumed database breach

[edit]

In October 2018, Troy Hunt, creator of the Have I Been Pwned? site, tweeted that he was getting multiple independent reports that email addresses and passwords from the LiveJournal user database were being used in a scam email campaign.[98]

In May 2020, admins at Dreamwidth reported that they had repeatedly warned LiveJournal of an apparent breach with exposure of LiveJournal passwords, dating back to 2017 or 2014, but that LiveJournal had declined to disclose this to their users.[99]

This information was also passed on to (or somehow otherwise received by) the MyIDCare website, a site that was created in 2015 for Federal employees or retirees, who were given free lifetime monitoring to this service by the Office of Personnel Management (the "opm" in the URL), an agency of the Federal Government, after the personal information of millions of people was compromised in a major data breach involving approximately 21,500,000 records in that year (which was made even more serious by the fact that some of the compromised data included information such as fingerprints, which helped this breach gain national attention.[100] The MyIDCare site sent out an alert (dated May 22, 2020) to their previously registered users about a potential data breach at LiveJournal and requested that users change their passwords to protect those accounts against potentially fraudulent activity.

[edit]
Main article: Internet censorship

Lawsuits against bloggers

[edit]

In 2007, Russian blogger Savva Terentyev was accused of fomenting social hatred to the staff of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and sentenced to one year probation due to his comment in the blog of a local journalist.[101] Later another number of individuals were accused of calling for extremist activity, libel and incitement of interethnic hatred.[102]

LiveJournal blocking

[edit]

In May 2007, the Chinese government began blocking LiveJournal.[103] According to SixApart, there were 8,692 self-reported Chinese bloggers on the site.[104]

In October 2010, LiveJournal was blocked in Kazakhstan by court order due to blogs containing extremist content.[105] In March 2012, Uzbekistan began blocking LiveJournal. Although the home page and many of the advertised articles remained accessible, blogs contributed by certain well-known authors couldn't be accessed from Uzbekistan.[106]

Russian jurisdiction

[edit]

On April 4, 2017, LiveJournal significantly modified its terms of use, making the service subject to Russian law. The new terms prohibit users from posting "advertising and/or political solicitation materials" or performing any actions "contradictory to the laws of the Russian Federation". The terms also state that users are subject to Article 10.2 of the Federal Act of the Russian Federation No. 149, which dictates that blogs with more than 3,000 daily visitors are classified as media outlets and may not be published anonymously, are responsible for the dissemination of unverified information, and are restricted from posting pornography, obscene language, or "extremist materials".[107][108][109] Western media have described these laws as "draconian" and restricting free expression.[107][109]

Additionally, only the Russian-language version of the terms of service are considered legally binding. The new terms prompted wide concern from users who believed that their content would now be targeted under Russian censorship policies, including the country's "gay propaganda" law.[59][110] This prompted an "exodus" to alternate platforms of groups who either support LGBT rights or wished to continue discussing those topics.[111]

Other sites running the LiveJournal engine

[edit]

The software running LiveJournal is primarily written in Perl. It was open source software under the GNU General Public License until 2014, when LiveJournal closed their official source code repository to the public; the license continues to apply to the old code from before this change.[112] Because it was open source software, many other communities have been designed using the LiveJournal software or code forks of it, with features and formats similar to LiveJournal itself, including Dreamwidth, InsaneJournal, DeadJournal and GreatestJournal (defunct).[2] However, they often have different terms of service than LiveJournal's, making them attractive to users who have become disenchanted with LiveJournal's rules and wish to move their journals to other hosts.[82]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

LiveJournal

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
LiveJournal is a pioneering blogging and social networking platform launched in April 1999 by American programmer Brad Fitzpatrick to enable users to maintain personal online journals and track updates from selected friends via aggregated feeds. Its core features include customizable journal entries with embedded comments, "friending" mechanisms for privacy-controlled sharing, and community-focused groups that facilitated early interactive online discourse, particularly among fandoms, role-players, and diary enthusiasts. Originally developed as a personal project after Fitzpatrick's experimentation with server access, LiveJournal rapidly expanded through open-source contributions and user-driven growth, influencing subsequent platforms by demonstrating scalable syndication of . The service's ownership transitioned from Fitzpatrick's independent Danga Interactive to Six Apart in 2005, followed by a sale to Russian firm SUP in , which correlated with a shift in user demographics toward Russian speakers and adaptations to local regulatory demands. This evolution brought notable controversies, including the 2007 "" incident where automated content suspensions targeted child exploitation material but erroneously extended to non-violative communities, sparking user protests and reversals. Subsequent Russian legal compliance, such as 2017 restrictions on political and LGBTQ-related content, prompted mass user migrations and highlighted tensions between platform moderation and free expression. Despite declining Western adoption amid competition from sites like and , LiveJournal persists as of 2025 with operational stability, a focus on journaling heritage, and a primarily Russian user base, marking its 26th year while serving niche communities resistant to mainstream centralization.

History

Founding and Early Expansion (1999-2004)

LiveJournal was created by Brad Fitzpatrick, a student at the , as a personal journaling tool to update high school friends on his activities after relocating to . Development began in early 1999, with the first entry posted on March 18, 1999, under an initial system called "bradlog." The livejournal.com domain was registered on April 15, 1999, following adoption by a friend on April 4, which necessitated multi-user support. The platform opened to the public on May 3, 1999, marking the start of its expansion beyond personal use. Core early features emphasized social connectivity, including a "friends view" that aggregated posts from subscribed users into a single feed, differentiating it from isolated personal pages, and support for user-uploaded profile pictures. Comments were introduced on March 31, 2000, fostering interactive engagement on entries. To address rising operational costs from among university circles, paid accounts launched on June 25, 2000, providing benefits like extra icons and no ads for $3 to $25 depending on term length, yielding $495 in revenue the first day and $580 the first month. In March 2001, Fitzpatrick open-sourced the codebase, enabling community-driven enhancements and establishing LiveJournal under his company Danga Interactive. Infrastructure scaled with the hiring of the first paid system administrator, Lisa Phillips, in 2001 to manage expanding servers in . By February 2002, the user base reached 480,000 accounts with 50 GB of data across 30 servers utilizing 20 Mbps bandwidth, including 18,500 paid users. Growth was moderated by an invite code system from September 2, 2001, to December 12, 2003, culminating in over one million users by late 2003.

Acquisitions and Ownership Shifts (2005-2007)

In January 2005, Six Apart, a U.S.-based blogging software company known for products like and TypePad, acquired Danga Interactive, the entity founded by Brad Fitzpatrick that operated LiveJournal. The deal, announced on January 6, integrated LiveJournal into Six Apart's portfolio, with the combined companies reporting a user base exceeding 6.5 million at the time; financial terms were not publicly disclosed. This acquisition aimed to bolster Six Apart's position as a leading provider of weblogging tools and services, leveraging LiveJournal's community-driven platform alongside Six Apart's publishing software. During Six Apart's ownership, LiveJournal experienced steady growth, expanding from approximately 5 million accounts in early 2005 to over 14 million by late 2007. In October 2006, Russian media SUP obtained licensing rights to operate a localized version of LiveJournal within , marking an early expansion into the Russian market without altering global ownership. Unique monthly visitors rose from 11.1 million (with 408 million page views) in October 2006 to 13.8 million (475 million page views) in October 2007, reflecting sustained engagement amid platform enhancements. On December 2, 2007, Six Apart sold LiveJournal to SUP, a Moscow-headquartered international media firm, for undisclosed terms, concluding its nearly three-year ownership. SUP established a new U.S.-based entity, LiveJournal, Inc., to manage global operations, with the existing LiveJournal team transitioning to this company; Six Apart agreed to handle advertising representation for 12 months post-sale. SUP's CEO Andrew Paulson described the acquisition as an opportunity to invest in infrastructure upgrades and new features, while Six Apart shifted focus to its core brands like Vox and TypePad. This transfer positioned SUP as the full owner, setting the stage for deeper integration with Russian operations where LiveJournal had already gained significant traction.

Russian Ownership Era and Stagnation (2008-2025)

In December 2007, blogging platform LiveJournal was acquired by SUP Media, a Moscow-based online media company, from its previous owner Six Apart for an undisclosed sum, marking the beginning of Russian control over the service. SUP, which had already operated a localized Russian version of LiveJournal since 2006, established a U.S.-based , LiveJournal Inc., to handle global operations while prioritizing expansion in the Russian market, where the platform had gained significant traction among users seeking long-form blogging and community discussions. This shift aligned with SUP's strategy to leverage LiveJournal's established infrastructure for Russian-language content, but it coincided with early signs of stagnation in the broader user base, as global unique visitors began to plateau amid competition from platforms like and . By , LiveJournal's worldwide monthly unique users had declined to 27.7 million, a drop of 8.2 million from the prior year, though the decrease was less pronounced in , reflecting a pivot toward a predominantly domestic audience. Under SUP's ownership—which later integrated with Russian firm Rambler Media Group—the platform experienced operational challenges, including reduced innovation in features and moderation policies increasingly influenced by Russian regulatory pressures, contributing to a lack of growth in non-Russian demographics. English-speaking and Western user engagement waned as perceptions of mismanagement and cultural misalignment grew, with reports from indicating stagnant community sizes outside spam-influenced segments. A pivotal escalation occurred in December 2016, when LiveJournal's servers were relocated from to without prior user notification, subjecting the platform to Russian jurisdiction and laws. This move prompted further policy changes in April 2017, including updated to comply with Russian on and prohibited content, resulting in bans on "political " and the deletion of journals deemed non-compliant, such as those discussing sensitive political topics or certain activist communities. These actions, enforced to align with Russia's on and federal statutes, accelerated a mass exodus of Western users—particularly in fandom and creative communities—to alternatives like and , exacerbating the platform's global decline. From 2017 onward, LiveJournal stabilized as a primarily Russian service under Rambler ownership, functioning more as a venue for political blogging and media aggregation in while maintaining minimal updates to core features for international users. Compliance with ongoing Russian censorship requirements, such as blocking content flagged by , continued to limit free expression, with instances of mandatory removals for "extremist" material reported as late as 2021. By 2025, the platform's active user base remained niche and regionally concentrated, with global engagement reflecting long-term stagnation: no significant rebound in Western adoption, persistent technical issues, and a reliance on legacy Russian communities for viability, underscoring the causal link between foreign ownership, regulatory alignment, and diminished international appeal.

Platform Architecture and Features

Core Journaling and Posting Mechanics

Users create journal entries on LiveJournal by accessing the "New Post" interface, which supports both a visual editor for styling text with buttons for bold, italics, , and other formatting, and an for direct code input. Entries are timestamped upon posting and can include such as images, voice recordings, polls, and embedded content, with the platform providing real-time preview of the formatted output during composition. Posts may be directed to the user's personal journal, shared journals, or communities where they hold posting privileges. Privacy controls govern entry visibility, with options including access for all users, friends-only visibility limited to subscribed contacts, or private designation restricting view to the account holder alone. These settings prevent private or friends-only entries from appearing in site-wide searches or external syndication, enforcing data isolation through server-side mechanisms. Friends lists aggregate recent entries from subscribed journals into a personalized feed, enabling chronological reading of updates from selected sources. Entries support tagging with user-defined keywords for categorization and retrieval, allowing filtering via URL parameters like "/?tag=keyword" appended to journal addresses. and Atom feeds are automatically generated for public entries, friends pages, and user interests, facilitating external syndication and aggregation without requiring manual setup. The Memories feature enables archiving of selected entries under custom keywords for personal organization, separate from public tagging. All entries can be exported in bulk via the platform's tools for or migration purposes.

Social Networking and Community Tools

LiveJournal's friending system enables users to subscribe to updates from other journals by adding them to a personal friends list, which aggregates recent entries into a chronological "friends page" for streamlined social feed consumption. This mechanism supports asymmetric relationships, where one user may follow another without reciprocation, and allows for custom friend groups to selectively restrict post visibility, thereby balancing openness with in networked interactions. Communities represent a core community-building tool, operating as moderator-controlled group journals where multiple members contribute posts on shared topics, ranging from niche interests to large-scale discussions. Users join by friending the community profile, which incorporates its content into their personal feed; maintainers handle post approvals, member management, and access settings to maintain order and relevance. These features, introduced in LiveJournal's early years following its 1999 launch, prefigured modern social aggregation by emphasizing user-driven connections over centralized algorithms, with communities like "Oh No They Didn't!" exemplifying scalable engagement that drew millions of views for real-time news sharing by the mid-2000s. Supplementary interaction tools include polls, restricted to paid accounts for embedding in personal or entries to solicit structured feedback, and user-initiated memes—templated posts for self-introductions or interest-matching—that organically expand friending networks.

Customization, Privacy Controls, and Technical Evolutions

LiveJournal provided users with extensive customization options through its proprietary styling systems, evolving from the simpler S1 framework to the more flexible S2 system introduced in the early 2000s. S1 styles allowed basic modifications such as custom icons, color overrides, and component placements for elements like recent entries, friends lists, and calendars, enabling users to rearrange page modules without deep coding knowledge. The transition to S2 layered architecture—comprising presentation layers for colors and fonts, layout layers for structural elements, and view layers for content rendering—permitted advanced scripting in a custom S2 language, where users could define variables for backgrounds, , and dynamic components like menus or tag displays, fostering highly personalized journal appearances. This system supported generator tools and pre-built themes, with paid accounts accessing premium layouts via partnerships, such as those integrated by Six Apart around 2006. Privacy controls emphasized granular access management, allowing per-entry settings for visibility: public (accessible to all), friends-only (limited to an approved mutual friends list), private (viewable only by the author), or restricted to custom groups within the friends list. Users could further segment audiences by creating multiple access levels or circles, directing specific posts to subsets of followers, which supported targeted sharing in communities or personal networks. Comment privacy options extended these controls, permitting restrictions to the commenter and journal owner or broader groups, while account-wide defaults enforced friends-only or private modes for entire journals. Additional tools included age-gating for mature content, introduced in 2007, to filter visibility from users under 18, and policies for non-consensual image removal regardless of posting context. Technical evolutions centered on scaling a Perl-based architecture to handle explosive growth, initially relying on mod_perl for dynamic content generation, for serving, for data storage, and servers, with over 100 machines by 2004 to manage high traffic and long-running queries via techniques like directory servers and battery-backed caches. Performance optimizations incorporated for in-memory caching of frequently accessed data, reducing database load during peak usage. Post-2007 ownership shifts to Russian entities correlated with reduced innovation, as major backend rewrites or framework migrations—like potential adoption of modern MVC systems such as —were not publicly documented, leading to reliance on the legacy stack amid platform stagnation. Updates focused incrementally on stability rather than overhauls, with frontend customizations remaining the primary evolution vector through S2 enhancements.

User Base and Cultural Role

Demographics and Engagement Patterns

LiveJournal's early user base, from 1999 to the mid-2000s, was characterized by a predominance of young, English-speaking individuals, particularly teenagers and young adults in and . Usage skewed heavily female, with approximately two-thirds of users identifying as women and one-third as men, and age distribution peaking around 18 years old. This demographic aligned with the platform's appeal to personal journaling, communities, and creative expression among youth navigating early social spaces. At its peak around , LiveJournal hosted roughly 6.5 million users, with over 860,000 updating journals weekly, reflecting high initial engagement driven by friending mechanics and customizable profiles. Following the 2007 acquisition by Russian firm SUP and subsequent localization efforts, the platform's demographics shifted markedly toward Russian-speaking users, who became the majority. In Russia, LiveJournal captured a dominant share of the blogging ecosystem, hosting over 80% of the top 100 Russian blogs and serving millions of Cyrillic accounts, with estimates of 5.7 million Russian users persisting into the 2020s. This transition reduced the proportion of Western users, as many migrated to platforms like Facebook and Twitter amid ownership concerns and interface changes, while Russian adoption grew due to cultural fit for intellectual discourse and political commentary. Contemporary demographics, as of 2025, show a more balanced gender split, with about 53% male and 47% female visitors, alongside a primary age cohort of 25- to 34-year-olds, likely influenced by the Russian user majority where demographics favor slightly older adults. The platform's global audience has contracted from its peak, retaining niche pockets of long-term users rather than broad appeal, with younger demographics (under 25) diminishing as newer supplanted daily journaling habits. Engagement patterns emphasize sustained, community-oriented interactions over transient virality. Users primarily post text-based entries, comment on friends' journals, and participate in themed , fostering deep ties through "friending" lists and customizable layers that encourage selective sharing. Both active posters and "lurkers" (readers who rarely post) report comparable social and informational benefits, such as belonging and knowledge exchange, though demonstrate higher passion via prolific commenting and . Post-peak, engagement has trended toward sporadic updates among loyalists, with Russian users sustaining political and cultural discussions, while Western remnants focus on archival preservation and groups; overall activity remains low compared to modern platforms, with traffic analytics indicating modest but steady niche usage.

Community Formation and Interactions

Communities on LiveJournal served as multi-author journals centered on shared topics, allowing multiple users to post entries collectively rather than individually. Formation began with any creating a by selecting a unique username, providing a description, and setting parameters such as posting privileges and entry visibility, which could be public, members-only, or restricted. This low-barrier process enabled rapid assembly of groups around diverse interests, including politics, hobbies, literature, and specialized fandoms like or scenarios. Hierarchical roles structured participation and governance: owners retained ultimate administrative control, including the ability to appoint others; maintainers managed settings, membership, and content oversight; moderators screened and approved posts in moderated communities to enforce topical relevance or decorum; members formally joined to access restricted content and contribute comments; and watchers friended the community to receive syndicated updates on their personal reading pages without joining. These distinctions balanced openness with control, preventing spam while encouraging sustained involvement, as communities grew to encompass millions of users by the mid-2000s through organic discovery via searches or referrals. Interactions emphasized threaded discussions, with approved posters submitting entries that members could comment on publicly or anonymously, fostering debates, , and collaborative narratives. Friending extended engagement by aggregating community feeds alongside personal journals, streamlining access to updates and promoting reciprocal connections across networks. Users engaged actively through posting and replying or passively by lurking—reading without commenting—which studies identified as yielding benefits like and reduced , particularly in large or intense groups. Custom security levels further tailored interactions, such as limiting posts to members-only to build trust in sensitive topics, while features like user pictures and profiles enhanced interpersonal recognition amid pseudonymous exchanges. This framework cultivated tight-knit subcultures, distinguishing LiveJournal from solitary blogging by integrating personal and communal elements into a networked .

Notable Users, Contributors, and Symbolic Elements

Brad Fitzpatrick, a student at the , founded LiveJournal on April 15, 1999, initially as a personal tool to update high school friends on his activities, which evolved into a scalable blogging platform through his innovations in distributed systems and caching technologies like . He served as the primary developer until 2007, contributing core features such as friend lists, commenting systems, and early social networking elements that influenced subsequent platforms. Fitzpatrick's open-source ethos extended to releasing tools like Perlbal and MogileFS, enabling LiveJournal's growth to millions of users without initial venture funding. Among notable users, author maintained an active LiveJournal from the early until March 2018, using it to share updates on A Song of Ice and Fire, interact with fans, and discuss writing progress, amassing a significant following before migrating due to platform decline. Musicians and artists like of posted sparse updates, press releases, and personal notes on his account, which garnered over 2,100 followers by 2010. Similarly, regularly chronicled her life, writing projects, and New Orleans experiences, while shared inspirational content and joined thematic communities focused on and music. Other figures, including comic writer for frequent links and photos, and of for informal band updates, leveraged the platform's intimacy for direct fan engagement in the . Symbolic elements of LiveJournal culture include userpics—small, customizable 100x100 pixel icons users selected to represent moods, interests, or personas, often drawn from pop culture or personal art, which became central to identity expression and rotated per post for nuanced self-presentation. These icons facilitated "fractured selves," allowing users to convey layered aspects of personality without textual explanation, fostering a visual shorthand unique to the platform's early era. Communities, such as the gossip hub Oh No They Didn't (ONTD) with over 100,000 members by the mid-2000s, symbolized niche aggregation and threaded discourse, bridging personal journaling with collective fandoms in , , and music. The mascot "Frank the Goat," an early quirky symbol of the site's informal roots, and features like friends-only privacy layers underscored LiveJournal's emphasis on controlled intimacy over broad publicity.

Content Management and Policies

Guidelines for Privacy and User-Generated Material

LiveJournal provides users with granular control over the visibility of their journal entries through settings, allowing posts to be designated as (accessible to all readers), Friends-only (limited to users on the poster's friends list), (viewable solely by the author), or customized to specific groups or individuals. Users can apply these settings at the time of posting or retroactively via the Edit Journal interface, which enables bulk modifications across multiple entries, though advanced features like group-based access are more seamless for paid account holders. In cases of unauthorized access, such as journal break-ins, the platform terminates offending accounts and directs affected users to recovery protocols, emphasizing personal responsibility for password without sharing credentials. Third-party requests to alter are disregarded unless submitted by the account owner or their legal representative, underscoring user autonomy over personal data exposure. Regarding user-generated material, LiveJournal's guidelines prohibit content that harasses individuals, invades by disclosing non-public personal information without consent, incites violence against protected groups, or constitutes (defined as any explicit, nude, or erotic depictions of minors under 18). Additional restrictions target spam (unsolicited commercial promotions), or infringements, instructional material on illegal activities, and any violations of applicable laws, with the platform reserving the right to suspend accounts for repeated or severe breaches as enforced by the Prevention Team. Adult content is permitted if properly flagged as explicit, but default user pictures must avoid or to maintain site usability; unflagged explicit material may trigger automatic warnings or restrictions for underage viewers. Following the 2017 terms update under Russian jurisdiction, policies align with local laws, including zero-tolerance for or promotion, where offending posts are disabled pending review and accounts may face permanent suspension if the journal's primary focus violates these standards. Users retain ownership of their content but grant the platform a license for hosting and display, with reports of violations handled via in-platform tools rather than external channels to ensure targeted enforcement.

Policies on Adult Content and Sensitive Topics

LiveJournal permits adult content provided it is flagged appropriately to prevent access by minors, with options for users to designate entire journals or individual entries as containing "Adult Concepts" or "Explicit Adult Content." Flagged explicit content triggers warnings for underage users, who are automatically blocked from viewing it or joining associated communities, a restriction implemented in 2007 to balance user expression with legal compliance. The platform strictly prohibits any images or depictions of individuals under 18 in nude, semi-nude, or sexually arousing contexts, treating such material as subject to immediate removal. Reports of unflagged adult content are handled by the Abuse Prevention Team, which reviews submissions via in-platform "" links rather than external channels; verified explicit material is flagged for age restriction rather than deleted unless it breaches broader prohibitions like illegality or . These policies emphasize user responsibility for warnings, with no automatic punitive action for participation but potential suspension for repeated violations of flagging requirements. Default user icons must exclude , reflecting early guidelines updated over time to prioritize non-graphic thumbnails. On sensitive topics, LiveJournal bans material illegal under applicable laws or disruptive to platform usability, encompassing categories such as , spam, high-volume reposting without consent, and content promoting violence or . Following ownership transfer to Russian firm SUP in and full operational shift to Russian jurisdiction—including server relocation in 2016—terms of service were revised in 2017 to prohibit "political solicitation" or any posts "contradictory to the laws of the Russian Federation," aligning with statutes against , , and propaganda of non-traditional sexual relations to minors (e.g., No. 135-FZ of 2013). This enforcement, managed centrally under Russian legal oversight, resulted in mass deletions of political and LGBTQ-related content, prompting widespread user migration to alternatives like . Community-level moderation supplements platform rules but cannot override jurisdiction-mandated removals for content violating national prohibitions.

Moderation Systems and Enforcement Changes

LiveJournal's initial moderation relied on a combination of community-driven oversight in user-created groups and a central Abuse Prevention Team (APT) staffed by volunteers and later employees to address site-wide violations such as spam, , and illegal content like child exploitation material. The APT processed user reports, issuing warnings, temporary suspensions, or permanent bans, with policies emphasizing response to complaints rather than proactive scanning due to the platform's scale. A 2004 leak of an internal APT policy document sparked controversy among users critical of perceived inconsistencies in enforcement, prompting reviews but no fundamental overhaul. Enforcement evolved incrementally through the 2000s, with clarifications issued for specific issues; for instance, in the mid-2000s, policies were updated to treat user profiles equivalently to journal entries for violations involving child sexual abuse material, aiming for uniform application. Following the 2007 acquisition by Russian firm SUP Media, moderation remained largely reactive, but the platform faced legal challenges over APT decisions, including lawsuits from suspended users alleging unfair handling of content disputes. These changes focused on procedural transparency, such as appeals processes, without broad shifts in criteria until external regulatory pressures intensified. A pivotal enforcement transformation occurred after LiveJournal relocated its servers to in December 2016, subjecting it fully to Russian and oversight. In April 2017, the were rewritten in Russian and amended to prohibit content involving "political " or contradicting Russian federal laws, mandating removal of deemed extremist, promotional of narcotics, or otherwise prohibited. This compliance-driven shift expanded moderation to include proactive purging of political discussions, LGBTQ-related advocacy interpreted as , and dissent against state narratives, enforced via automated filters and manual reviews to preempt blocks by . User reports noted mass deletions and suspensions, prompting widespread migrations to alternatives like , as enforcement prioritized legal conformity over prior community tolerances. Subsequent updates maintained this framework, with the APT integrating Russian legal requirements into suspension protocols; for example, platforms added to Roskomnadzor's registry in 2021 obligated ongoing blocking of prohibited content without specified timelines for appeals. Critics, including observers, attributed these changes to state mechanisms that equate online expression with , eroding LiveJournal's earlier decentralized ethos in favor of centralized, jurisdictionally mandated controls.

Controversies and Operational Challenges

Invite Systems, Terminology, and Early User Frictions

LiveJournal introduced an invite code system on September 2, 2001, requiring new users to obtain a code from existing members to create accounts, as a measure to curb rapid growth and mitigate server overloads stemming from exponential user expansion since the public launch on March 3, 2000. This mechanism limited free registrations while allowing paid users and select free accounts—created at least one week prior—to generate a limited number of codes, aiming to foster organic expansion rather than unchecked influxes that had previously strained , including delays in server upgrades from October to November 2000. The system persisted until December 12, 2003, when it was discontinued after backend improvements enabled unrestricted sign-ups without compromising performance. Early platform terminology emphasized personal journaling over blogging, with users referring to their feeds as "journals" featuring "entries," "friends pages" aggregating subscribed updates, and "userpics" for profile images, distinctions that highlighted interpersonal dynamics like "friends-locked" posts visible only to designated circles. Invite codes themselves became shorthand for access barriers, while "early adopter" status—granted to pre-September 13, 2000, accounts—denoted retained privileges such as custom unavailable to later free users, reinforcing hierarchies between veteran and novice participants. These terms underscored LiveJournal's evolution from a hobby project to a gated social diary network, where "memories" functions for archiving entries further differentiated it from static web logs. Initial user frictions arose from acute growth pressures, including frequent site slowdowns and outages by mid-2000, prompting complaints about and unsubstantiated jokes alleging mismanagement of server funds. The shift to paid accounts on June 25, 2000 ($25 annually for ad-free access and extras), followed by ads on free tiers in September 2000, exacerbated tensions, as did the 2001 invite regime, which created scarcity and led to widespread requests for codes via anonymous comments and informal trades, though official policies discouraged commercialization. This exclusivity, while stabilizing operations amid 480,000 users by early 2002, bred resentment among excluded prospects and perceptions of cliquishness, with some users decrying the "crutch" of controls that prioritized stability over openness despite the platform's community-driven ethos.

Security Breaches, Advertisements, and Account Issues

In 2014, LiveJournal experienced a security breach that compromised credentials for over 26 million user accounts, including usernames, email addresses, and passwords, some stored in plain text. The incident remained undisclosed at the time, with data surfacing for sale on dark web marketplaces in 2020 for approximately $35, and subsequently shared freely on hacking forums. LiveJournal has denied the breach occurred, though independent verification confirmed the legitimacy of the affected usernames and emails as existing on the platform. Earlier vulnerabilities included a cross-site scripting (XSS) flaw in versions 1.0 and 1.1, enabling remote attackers to execute JavaScript via manipulated stylesheets. Advertisements on LiveJournal were introduced in as part of a tiered service model, allowing free users to encounter contextual ads while paid accounts could . Users retained control over ad placement through settings, such as horizontal positioning to minimize disruption, and ad content adhered to platform guidelines without direct access to private user data like emails. Occasional user complaints arose regarding intrusive formats, including autoplay audio in flash ads from partners like , prompting temporary adjustments such as close buttons and removal of audio elements. No widespread controversies or incidents tied to systems were reported, with many users employing ad blockers to mitigate visibility issues. Account issues primarily stemmed from policy enforcement and breach-related risks. Suspensions occurred for violations of the user agreement, such as spam or , with reasons displayed on the affected journal page and appeals available through support, often resulting in temporary holds for corrections. The 2014 breach heightened hijacking vulnerabilities, as leaked credentials enabled unauthorized access, though platform-wide reports of mass hijackings remained limited to anecdotal cases tied to weak passwords or . Discussions in 2009 highlighted flaws in secret question recovery mechanisms, exacerbating risks for users with predictable answers. Recent operational challenges, including intermittent site loading failures reported in mid-2025, affected access for long-term users but were not classified as events.

Content Purges, DDoS Attacks, and Governance Disputes

In May 2007, LiveJournal conducted a mass suspension of hundreds of accounts and communities under its then-owner Six Apart, targeting content flagged for potential violations related to child protection, including tags like "incest," "pedophilia," and "rape." The action, dubbed "Strikethrough" by users, aimed to remove illegal material but erroneously suspended legitimate fan fiction archives, literary discussion groups, and role-playing accounts discussing sensitive themes in fiction, such as those in Greek mythology or Shakespearean works. This led to widespread user protests, with thousands rebelling via petitions and migrations to alternatives, prompting LiveJournal to issue an apology on May 31, 2007, restore many accounts, and refine its moderation processes to avoid blanket deletions. The incident highlighted tensions between automated flagging tools, external pressure from groups like Warriors for Innocence, and the platform's user-driven content ecosystem. LiveJournal faced repeated distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, particularly after its 2007 acquisition by Russian firm SUP Media, which intensified its popularity among Russian dissidents and opposition figures. A notable series began on September 5, 2013, peaking at 120 Gbps and over 8 million packets per second, causing multi-day outages and intermittent access issues. Earlier, in March-April 2011, massive DDoS campaigns targeted the site's Cyrillic segment, with one attack analyzed as the most severe to date, amid rumors of political motivations linked to anti-government blogging. These attacks, which LiveJournal attributed to botnets and coordinated floods, disrupted service for hours or days and prompted investments in mitigation services like Defense.Net by 2014. Analysts suggested links to Russian state actors or rival interests suppressing opposition voices, given LiveJournal's role in events like the 2011-2012 protests. Governance disputes escalated with SUP's full acquisition in December 2007, as users expressed concerns over Russian control potentially enabling , despite operations remaining U.S.-based initially. SUP formed an with users and staff to guide decisions, but communications often lacked transparency, fueling backlash over shifts like stricter adult content rules. Tensions peaked in 2017 when servers migrated to , leading to new terms banning "political solicitation" under Article 9.2.7 to comply with local laws, resulting in bans of activist accounts and a mass user exodus. Protests included symbolic actions like reviving the site's avatar, criticizing alignment with Russian regulatory pressures over user autonomy. These conflicts reflected broader stakeholder frictions, with users prioritizing free expression against owners' legal and operational imperatives.

User Lawsuits and Platform Liability

In Mavrix Photographs, LLC v. LiveJournal, Inc., filed on April 25, 2014, in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of , Mavrix alleged direct and secondary for twenty unauthorized photographs of celebrities posted by users in LiveJournal's "Oh No They Didn't!" community between 2009 and 2012. The images, which depicted celebrities in beachwear and were commercially licensed by Mavrix to media outlets, appeared in posts that received significant user engagement, including promotion by volunteer moderators who reviewed submissions for relevance to entertainment news. LiveJournal removed the posts upon notification during litigation but argued eligibility for the (DMCA) safe harbor under 17 U.S.C. § 512(c), asserting it stored material "at the direction of a user" without actual or "red flag" knowledge of infringement and maintained a policy against repeat infringers. The district court granted summary judgment to LiveJournal on March 31, 2015, ruling that the platform qualified for safe harbor protection because moderators' editorial discretion did not constitute material contribution to infringing content under § 512(c)(1)(A)(ii), and Mavrix failed to provide pre-suit DMCA takedown notices as required for willful blindness claims. On appeal, the Ninth Circuit reversed on April 7, 2017, holding that volunteer moderators could qualify as LiveJournal's agents under common-law agency principles, given users' reasonable perception of their authority and the platform's delegation of content selection, organization, and promotion. The panel remanded for trial to assess whether moderators' actions—such as curating posts for popularity and visibility—imputed knowledge to LiveJournal or disqualified safe harbor by transforming it from a passive conduit to an active contributor, potentially triggering liability if infringement was apparent from context like watermarked images. This ruling highlighted limits on DMCA safe harbors for platforms with structured moderation, as agency relationships could erode protections traditionally afforded to user-directed storage, prompting platforms to reevaluate volunteer oversight to avoid imputed liability. Unlike of the (47 U.S.C. § 230), which broadly immunizes interactive services from state-law claims like over third-party content but excludes federal enforcement per § 230(e)(2), the Mavrix case tested copyright-specific mechanisms amid LiveJournal's hybrid model of user submissions and curatorial filtering. No equivalent high-profile suits have pierced in LiveJournal's context for non-copyright issues, such as user disputes over defamatory posts, where courts have upheld immunity for republishing or mirroring user material without editorial alteration. Direct lawsuits by LiveJournal users against the platform—for instance, over account terminations, privacy violations, or decisions—remain undocumented in major federal or state dockets, attributable to 's bar on treating providers as publishers or speakers of user content. Isolated user-to-user claims, like those involving Boston-area LiveJournal communities, have targeted individual posters or moderators rather than the platform, with federal courts consistently applying to shield interactive services from in such transfers or hosts. Post-2007 acquisition by Russian entities, LiveJournal's U.S. operations retained domestic legal exposure, but no verified class actions or systemic user suits emerged, underscoring statutory safeguards despite operational shifts like server relocations.

Censorship Under Russian Jurisdiction

In December 2007, LiveJournal was acquired by the Russian media company SUP, transferring operational control to Russian jurisdiction and subjecting the platform to Russian data protection and content regulation laws. This shift introduced compliance requirements under No. 149-FZ on information, which mandates removal of content deemed extremist or harmful by authorities like . To adhere to Russia's 2015 personal data localization law (amendments to Federal Law No. 152-FZ), LiveJournal relocated its servers to in 2016, increasing vulnerability to state-mandated content takedowns and surveillance. By early 2017, the platform began systematically deleting user posts and communities violating laws such as Federal Law No. 398-FZ, which prohibits "propaganda of non-traditional sexual relations" to minors, resulting in the purge of LGBTQ+-themed content across Russian-hosted journals. Administrators justified these actions as necessary for legal compliance, prompting widespread user backlash and migrations to alternatives like . In April 2017, LiveJournal updated its to explicitly prohibit "political solicitation materials" without permission, aligning the English version subordinate to the Russian one and heightening risks of or state intervention. This followed directives and mirrored broader platform obligations to block criticism of the or content labeled as , as seen in prior partial blocks of the site in 2012. By October 2021, further required LiveJournal to filter prohibited materials, reinforcing ongoing censorship mechanisms under Russian oversight. These measures eroded user trust, with reports of spying risks and content suppression driving a significant decline in international engagement.

Broader Impacts on Free Speech and Platform Access

The 2007 "Strikethrough" incident, where LiveJournal abruptly suspended over 500 accounts and communities on May 29 for content involving fictional depictions of underage characters in sexual contexts—often fanfiction and artwork—sparked widespread debate on the balance between platform moderation and expressive freedoms in user-generated spaces. Critics, including affected fandom communities, argued the automated tagging-based purge was overly broad, ensnaring non-obscene material and eroding trust in private platforms' handling of edge-case content, while LiveJournal's leadership attributed it to advertiser pressures and minor-protection policies but acknowledged execution flaws. This event amplified calls for transparent moderation algorithms and user appeals, influencing subsequent platform designs to incorporate community input mechanisms, though it also underscored how commercial incentives can prioritize broad compliance over nuanced speech protections. Under Russian ownership following the 2009 acquisition by SUP and the 2017 server relocation to with updated terms aligning to local s—prohibiting "extremist" materials, LGBT "propaganda," and other restricted topics—LiveJournal faced intensified pressures, prompting a significant user exodus estimated in the tens of thousands, particularly among international creative and political communities. Compliance with edicts like the 2012 nationwide block of the platform amid anti-Putin protests and the 2013 "gay propaganda" law led to preemptive content deletions, diminishing its role as a free-speech haven in , where it once hosted dissident voices. These shifts eroded platform access for users wary of jurisdictional overreach, accelerating migrations to alternatives like , a 2009 open-source emphasizing ad-free operation and robust controls, which absorbed displaced communities and preserved via data export tools. These episodes collectively illustrated the fragility of speech on consolidated platforms, catalyzing broader for decentralized architectures and portable user data standards to mitigate risks from transitions or . In and activist circles, the disruptions fostered a cultural shift toward self-hosted or federated networks, highlighting how inconsistent enforcement can fragment audiences and incentivize niche platforms less susceptible to external legal . Ultimately, LiveJournal's trajectory reinforced empirical lessons on causal links between models and expressive continuity, prompting developers to prioritize exportable archives and forkable codebases in response to observed user displacements.

Legacy and Alternatives

Innovations and Influence on Digital Communication

LiveJournal introduced key innovations in blending personal journaling with social elements, launching on April 15, 1999, as an accessible platform for users to maintain online diaries while fostering interpersonal connections. Its friending system, developed by founder Brad Fitzpatrick in the early , enabled users to curate custom friend groups for targeted post visibility, allowing granular control over audience access and privacy—features that predated similar mechanics in later networks. Complementing this, the communities feature supported user-created collective journals for topic-specific discussions, such as the entertainment-focused "Oh No They Didn't!" group, which amassed millions of views and modeled scalable group interactions. Technically, LiveJournal advanced digital infrastructure through Fitzpatrick's creation of in 2003, a distributed caching system that addressed challenges as the platform hit one million accounts that year, influencing high-traffic web architectures used by companies like and . Early syndication options, including feeds and mobile posting via or audio by the early 2000s, facilitated real-time content distribution and aggregation, expanding blogging beyond static web pages into dynamic, feed-based communication. These elements profoundly shaped digital communication by normalizing social curation of personal content, where users could subscribe to friends' updates in a reverse-chronological feed, laying groundwork for news feed paradigms in platforms like . LiveJournal's emphasis on customizable profiles—with options for moods, music embeds, and layered —encouraged expressive, community-driven , contributing to the democratization of long-form online discourse and influencing the hybrid blogging-social models of and early . By 2003, its one-million-user milestone underscored its role in popularizing blogs as interactive mediums, shifting digital expression from isolated posts to networked conversations.

Forked Engines and Competitor Platforms

Dreamwidth Studios forked the open-source LiveJournal server codebase in 2008, creating an independent platform that diverged from LiveJournal's evolving policies under corporate ownership. Founded by former LiveJournal staff members Mark Smith and Denise Paolucci, Dreamwidth emphasized user privacy, open-source transparency, and the absence of third-party advertising, responding to criticisms of LiveJournal's content moderation and commercialization post-2007 acquisition by Russian firm SUP. The platform launched in June 2009, incorporating enhancements like separated subscription and access lists to refine the "friends" model, while maintaining compatibility for LiveJournal data imports. InsaneJournal, launched in July 2008 amid user dissatisfaction with LiveJournal's 2007 "" content purges, utilizes an older, unmodified version of the LiveJournal codebase known as Generator for templating and functionality. This setup allowed it to replicate LiveJournal's core features—such as customizable diaries, communities, and friending—without adopting later proprietary changes, appealing to users prioritizing interface familiarity over innovation. Unlike Dreamwidth's active and updates, InsaneJournal has remained stable but stagnant, relying on paid codes for new account creation to manage server load. Other platforms attempted to leverage LiveJournal's codebase as competitors, including GreatestJournal (2004–2009) and Journalfen (2007–2012), but these faced shutdowns due to legal disputes over code licensing and sustained DDoS attacks, respectively, underscoring the challenges of maintaining independent instances without robust infrastructure. Broader competitors like emerged in the late 2000s, attracting LiveJournal migrants with and mechanics, though lacking the structured community and privacy tools of journaling-specific sites. By 2010, migrations to and InsaneJournal had stabilized niche and personal blogging communities wary of LiveJournal's Russian jurisdiction and perceived censorship risks.

References

  1. https://www.livejournal.com/support/faq/4.html
  2. https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2019/01/the-linux-of-social-media-how-livejournal-pioneered-then-lost-web-blogging/
  3. https://www.livejournal.com/about/
  4. https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1194/1114
  5. https://www.wpbeginner.com/research/history-of-blogging/
  6. https://thehistoryoftheweb.com/postscript/whatever-happened-livejournal/
  7. https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/business/six-apart-sells-livejournal-to-russian-firm
  8. https://news.livejournal.com/99159.html
  9. https://mashable.com/article/livejournal-russian-law
  10. https://www.theregister.com/2007/06/01/livejournal_sorry_censor/
  11. https://status.livejournal.com/
  12. https://news.livejournal.com/
  13. https://www.livejournal.com/
  14. http://bradfitz.com/misc/bct/
  15. https://news.livejournal.com/152002.html
  16. https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/06/technology/technology-briefing-six-apart-acquires-livejournalcom.html
  17. https://www.infoworld.com/article/2212077/weblog-software-vendor-six-apart-buys-livejournal-site.html
  18. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2005/jan/06/sixapartbuysl
  19. https://techcrunch.com/2007/12/02/six-apart-sells-livejournal-to-sup/
  20. https://news.livejournal.com/104520.html
  21. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/03/technology/03deal.html
  22. https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-17177053
  23. https://www.propublica.org/article/us-company-helps-russia-block-prominent-putin-critic
  24. https://jhubert.livejournal.com/242115.html
  25. https://globalvoices.org/2017/04/04/after-moving-servers-to-russia-livejournal-bans-political-solicitation/
  26. https://www.avclub.com/livejournal-bans-political-topics-is-now-subject-to-ru-1798260257
  27. https://meduza.io/en/news/2021/10/26/russia-s-censor-obliges-telegram-and-livejournal-to-block-prohibited-content
  28. https://www.sitepoint.com/livejournal-a-cautionary-tale/
  29. https://www.livejournal.com/support/faq/222.html
  30. https://news.livejournal.com/152279.html
  31. https://lj-userdoc.livejournal.com/252839.html
  32. https://www.livejournal.com/support/faq/50.html
  33. https://www.livejournal.com/support/faq/cat/entries.html
  34. https://l-j-for-dummies.livejournal.com/tag/
  35. https://www.livejournal.com/support/faq/149.html
  36. https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1835/1719
  37. https://www.livejournal.com/support/faq/cat/community.html
  38. https://www2.sjsu.edu/anthropology/docs/projectfolder/Moellenberndt_Christine_thesis.pdf
  39. https://friend-memes.livejournal.com/
  40. https://lj-nifty.livejournal.com/82207.html
  41. https://www.livejournal.com/doc/s2/quickstart.intro.html
  42. https://lj-userdoc.livejournal.com/267501.html
  43. https://everything-lj.livejournal.com/5069746.html
  44. https://www.livejournal.com/support/faq/176.html
  45. https://s2docs.livejournal.com/822.html
  46. https://www.livejournal.com/support/faq/24.html
  47. https://dhaaz.livejournal.com/242580.html
  48. https://suggestions.livejournal.com/673482.html
  49. https://lj-biz.livejournal.com/243697.html
  50. https://lj-policy.livejournal.com/
  51. https://www.usenix.org/legacy/event/lisa04/tech/talks/livejournal.pdf
  52. https://lj-maintenance.livejournal.com/60984.html
  53. https://www.ghostweather.com/blog/archive/20051109-stats-on-livejournal/
  54. https://internet.medialities.org/2024/12/06/livejournal-through-the-lens-of-the-circuit-of-culture/
  55. https://expandedramblings.com/index.php/russian-social-media-stats-yandex-vkontakte/
  56. https://www.similarweb.com/website/livejournal.com/
  57. https://no-lj-ads.livejournal.com/48335.html
  58. https://www.spotsaas.com/blog/livejournal-community/
  59. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235314191_Living_and_lurking_on_LiveJournal_The_benefits_of_active_and_non-active_membership
  60. https://www.livejournal.com/support/faq/77.html
  61. https://www.livejournal.com/support/faq/78.html
  62. https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/LiveJournal-grew-out-of-one-18-year-old-s-2567126.php
  63. https://bradfitz.com/
  64. https://codersatwork.com/brad-fitzpatrick
  65. https://www.polygon.com/2018/4/13/17235976/george-r-r-martin-livejournal-blog-quits/
  66. https://www.flavorwire.com/125407/8-famous-people-who-still-have-livejournals
  67. https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/ndif/article/download/868/918/3643
  68. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dpqyQbhqsxU
  69. https://www.livejournal.com/support/faq/120.html
  70. https://www.livejournal.com/abuse/policy-en.bml
  71. https://www.livejournal.com/support/faq/107.html
  72. https://www.livejournal.com/support/faq/111.html
  73. https://lj-policy.livejournal.com/3193.html
  74. https://news.livejournal.com/151767.html
  75. https://www.livejournal.com/legal/tos-en.bml
  76. https://www.livejournal.com/support/faq/281.html
  77. https://rockstar-slash.livejournal.com/2040.html
  78. https://lj-policy.livejournal.com/1369.html
  79. https://gizmodo.com/russian-owned-livejournal-bans-political-talk-adds-ris-1794143772
  80. https://lj-userdoc.livejournal.com/730222.html
  81. https://butlershannon.medium.com/the-rise-and-fall-of-livejournal-69876a94062f
  82. https://lj-biz.livejournal.com/240884.html
  83. https://advox.globalvoices.org/2017/04/04/after-moving-servers-to-russia-livejournal-bans-political-solicitation/
  84. https://lj-userdoc.livejournal.com/68875.html
  85. https://lj-userdoc.livejournal.com/128120.html
  86. https://news.livejournal.com/74165.html
  87. https://lj-userdoc.livejournal.com/116572.html
  88. https://blog.avast.com/livejournal-hack-exposes-26m-old-credentials-avast
  89. https://www.dashlane.com/blog/livejournal-dreamwidth-breach
  90. https://www.helpnetsecurity.com/2020/05/27/livejournal-data-dump/
  91. https://haveibeenpwned.com/breach/LiveJournal
  92. https://www.galacticadvisors.com/research/old-livejournal-database-breach-is-now-being-leaked-online/
  93. https://www.cve.org/CVERecord/SearchResults?query=livejournal
  94. https://ma.tt/2006/03/livejournal-ads/
  95. https://layout-lounge.livejournal.com/24601.html
  96. https://lj-biz.livejournal.com/84145.html
  97. https://kylecassidy.livejournal.com/571414.html
  98. https://permmembers.livejournal.com/38905.html
  99. https://www.livejournal.com/support/faq/106.html
  100. https://lj-userdoc.livejournal.com/838546.html
  101. https://soph.livejournal.com/177792.html
  102. https://www.reddit.com/r/digitaljournaling/comments/1lb9fpu/any_idea_is_livejournal_is_still_working/
  103. https://www.cnet.com/culture/mass-deletion-sparks-livejournal-revolt/
  104. https://www.cnet.com/culture/livejournal-apologizes-for-mass-deletion/
  105. https://madisoniannet.mystagingwebsite.com/2007/05/31/livejournal-deletes-groups-it-deems-violates-its-policy/
  106. https://tim.livejournal.com/1428.html
  107. https://securelist.com/livejournal-under-attack/29656/
  108. https://globalvoices.org/2011/03/31/russia-the-most-fierce-ddos-attack-on-livejournal-analyzed/
  109. https://www.f5.com/company/news/press-releases/livejournal-selects-defensenet-to-protect-against-growing-threat-of-distributed-denial-of-service
  110. https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/04/05/who-was-behind-the-russian-livejournal-attack/
  111. https://gizmodo.com/livejournals-goat-mascot-is-back-to-protest-the-sites-r-1796587529
  112. https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca9/14-56596/14-56596-2017-04-07.html
  113. https://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2017/04/07/14-56596.pdf
  114. https://www.eff.org/files/2017/04/08/mavrix-livejournal-cdcal.pdf
  115. https://www.loeb.com/en/insights/publications/2017/04/mavrix-photographs-llc-v-livejournal-inc
  116. https://media.ca1.uscourts.gov/pdf.opinions/21-1146P-01A.pdf
  117. https://blog.ericgoldman.org/archives/2022/03/first-circuit-says-mirroring-qualifies-for-section-230-monsarrat-v-newman.htm
  118. https://www.nytimes.com/idg/IDG_002570DE00740E18482573A6001D5316.html
  119. https://www.techdirt.com/2012/07/26/not-long-after-passing-censorship-legislation-russian-government-censors-all-livejournal/
  120. https://www.pcmag.com/news/still-use-livejournal-dont-criticize-russia
  121. https://www.themarysue.com/livejournal-russian-federation-tos/
  122. https://www.wired.com/2006/11/russia-growls-at-livejournal-deal/
  123. https://www.hrw.org/report/2017/07/18/online-and-all-fronts/russias-assault-freedom-expression
  124. https://globalvoices.org/2014/04/24/livejournal-fights-coming-censorship-but-dont-tell-anyone/
  125. https://www.dreamwidth.org/about
  126. https://theorg.com/org/dreamwidth-studios
  127. https://journal.transformativeworks.org/index.php/twc/article/view/166/125
  128. https://absolutewrite.com/forums/index.php?threads/dreamwidth-vs-insane-journal.146677/
  129. https://noscans-daily.livejournal.com/182179.html
  130. https://en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/9379615
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.