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Lumber River
Tributary to Little Pee Dee River
The Lumber River as seen from the boat launch at Princess Ann near Orrum
Map of the Pee Dee River watershed showing the Lumber River.
Location
CountryUnited States
StateNorth Carolina
South Carolina
County (South Carolina)Dillon
Horry
Marion
County (North Carolina)Columbus
Hoke
Robeson
Scotland
CityLumberton
Physical characteristics
SourceDrowning Creek, Moore County, NC
 • location1.25 mi (2 km) west of Samarcand, Moore County, North Carolina
 • coordinates34°57′43″N 079°21′58″W / 34.96194°N 79.36611°W / 34.96194; -79.36611[1]
 • elevation225 ft (69 m)[2]
MouthLittle Pee Dee River
 • location
about 1 mile southwest of Nichols, South Carolina
 • coordinates
34°11′44″N 079°09′56″W / 34.19556°N 79.16556°W / 34.19556; -79.16556[2]
 • elevation
39 ft (12 m)[2]
Length123.71 mi (199.09 km)[3]
Basin size1,749.86 square miles (4,532.1 km2)[4]
Discharge 
 • locationLittle Pee Dee River
 • average1,851.55 cu ft/s (52.430 m3/s) at mouth with Little Pee Dee River[4]
Basin features
Progressionsoutheast then southwest
River systemPee Dee River
Tributaries 
 • leftGum Swamp
Mill Branch
Bear Swamp
Jacks Branch
Raft Swamp
Powell Branch
Saddletree Swamp
Jacob Swamp
Piney Island Canal
Big Swamp Canal
River Swamp
Porter Swamp
Gapway Swamp
 • rightBuck Swamp
Cotton Mill Branch
Jacob Swamp
Mill Swamp
Flowers Swamp
Ashpole Swamp
BridgesUS 401, McGirt Gin Road, Red Springs Road (NC 71), Old Red Springs Road, Alma Road, Recreation Center Road, NC 711, Three Bridges Road, N Chicken Road, Lowe Road, Caton Road, US 301, W 5th Street, NC 41 + 72, S Chestnut Street, Hestertown Road, NC 72, Matthew's Bluff Road, Willoughby Road, NC 904, S Nichols Street (US 76-SC 9)
TypeScenic, Recreational
DesignatedSeptember 25, 1998

The Lumber River, sometimes referred to as the Lumbee River, is a 133-mile-long (214 km)[5] river in south-central North Carolina in the flat Coastal Plain. Due to its number of whirlpools European settlers called the river Drowning Creek, which is still used as the name of its headwater.[6] The waterway known as the Lumber River extends downstream from the Scotland County-Hoke County border to the North Carolina-South Carolina border. Soon after crossing into South Carolina, the Lumber River flows into the Little Pee Dee River, which flows into the Pee Dee River, or Great Pee Dee River. Finally, the combined waters flow into Winyah Bay and the Atlantic Ocean.

In 1989, the river was designated as a "Natural and Scenic River" by the North Carolina General Assembly. In addition, it is the only blackwater river in North Carolina to be designated as a National Wild and Scenic River by the Department of the Interior. In 2010, the Lumber River was voted one of North Carolina’s Ten Natural Wonders, the result of an on-line contest held by Land for Tomorrow, a coalition dedicated to supporting the preservation of North Carolina’s land and water resources.[7]

History

[edit]

Ancient indigenous peoples

[edit]

Evidence from archeological excavations along the Lumber River has shown that successive cultures of indigenous Native Americans inhabited this area for thousands of years. A number of archaeological sites have been excavated on high ground along the river. While many have been disturbed by the agricultural practices of the post-Columbian era, numerous artifacts and some fossils have been recovered. These include a dugout canoe made by indigenous people and estimated to be over 1,025 years old. This ancient canoe is on display at the Native American Resource Center at the University of North Carolina at Pembroke.

Much of the archaeological work in the Lumber River region has been done in Robeson County. A total of 429 archaeological sites have been recorded in this area. The sites contain components from various archaeological periods: Paleo-Indian, Archaic Woodland, Mississippian and Historic (after European encounter).

Iroquoian, Siouan, and Carolina Algonquian-speaking peoples were among the historic tribes who lived in the coastal and inland region prior to European encounter. Archeologists have identified 47 sites of potential importance, 20 of which are eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places.

Eighteenth century

[edit]

Early English surveyors named the river "Drowning Creek." In 1749, British colonial records identified the river as a branch of the Little Pee Dee River. In 1809, the North Carolina state legislature changed the name of the river to Lumber, most likely to symbolize the thriving lumber industry in the area, and its use of the river for transporting logs. They wanted a name more positive than Drowning Creek[8].

Nineteenth century

[edit]

In the late 18th and the 19th centuries, the lumbering and naval stores industries were critical to the region's economy[8]. The Lumber River became a vital route for transporting 100-foot logs downriver to the seaport of Georgetown, South Carolina. Lumberton, North Carolina was important for the timber industry and associated production of turpentine. Although no large 19th-century mills or factories remain intact, the landscape still bears physical traces of that bygone era. Old bridge abutments, remnants of tram bridges, and dock pilings are especially visible in areas like the “Net Hole” and stand as silent reminders of the Lumber River’s historic role as the backbone of the region’s timber and naval stores economy[9].The Lumber River did more than just transport logs. It shaped settlement patterns and commercial development. Towns like Lumberton and early inland communities such as Princess Ann were established along the river during this time although they are not present today[10].

Twenty first century

[edit]

Recent hurricanes like Matthew (2016) and Florence (2018) produced widespread flooding in the Lumber River basin and affected Robeson County communities significantly. Research on disaster recovery in the region highlights regional resilience, including aid efforts, tribal cordination, and communities who came togeather and supported long term building[11]. Many citizens along the Lumber River and surrounding areas experienced long-term displacement and economic disruption as floodwaters remained in low-lying areas for days and, in some cases, weeks[11]. In addition, these disasters have led to increased discussions about climate change, floodplain management, and the need for future planning to reduce vulnerability in the Lumber River watershed[12].

Ecology

[edit]

The Lumber River has a very diverse swamp and wetland ecosystem that includes cypress and black gum swamps[13]. These habitats provide critical nursery grounds for fish and wildlife. Environmental changes have affected water quality and ecological resilience in the system[14].

As a blackwater river, the Lumber has naturally acidic, dark-colored water caused by tannins from decaying leaves and plants in nearby swamps[14]. This water is low in nutrients, so only certain plants and animals that can handle these conditions are able to live there. Many species in the Lumber River have adapted to the low pH and limited nutrients, making the river an important home for unique wetland and aquatic life.

In addition to supporting fish and aquatic species, the wetlands along the Lumber River also provide habitat for mammals, amphibians, migratory birds, and many species of reptiles. Conservation efforts in the region aim to preserve these natural functions by protecting wetlands, restoring damaged areas, and monitoring water quality[14]. Such efforts play a key role in ensuring the long-term health of the river and the wildlife and communities that depend on it.

Studies of the Lumber River watershed indicate that climate change has contributed to increased rainfall variability, more frequent high-flow events, and greater hurricane-related flooding in southeastern North Carolina[14]. Heavy storms such as Hurricanes Matthew and Florence produced prolonged inundation in the watershed and exacerbated water-quality degradation through sediment and nutrient loading.[15]

Recreation

[edit]

In the 21st century, the Lumber River has become a major recreation corridor in southeastern North Carolina and is recognized for its scenic, ecological, and cultural value[16]. The river serves as the central feature of The Lumber River State Park, which offers numerous opportunities for outdoor activities, including canoeing, kayaking, boating, fishing, hunting, picnicking, camping, nature study, swimming, hiking, and cycling[17]. The calm blackwater conditions and extensive swamp forest environment make the river especially popular for paddling and wildlife viewing, with visitors frequently encountering deer, otters, turtles, and a wide variety of bird species[18].

In addition to outdoor recreation, the river supports a variety of community events and seasonal festivals such as powwows that celebrate regional history and culture. Local organizations and municipalities host fishing tournaments, paddling excursions, educational nature walks, and heritage programs that highlight the landscape, Lumbee cultural traditions, and the role of the river in shaping the region’s identity[18]. The accessible boat launches, park facilities, and designated recreation areas have helped increase tourism and visibility for the Lumber River, making it an important natural and economic resource for Robeson, Hoke, Scotland, and Columbus counties.

Lumber River State Park

[edit]

The Lumber and some of its adjoining banks are part of the Lumber River State Park, which comprises 9,874 acres of land and 115 miles of waterway. The park’s recreational activities are currently at Princess Ann Access in the south and the Chalk Banks access to the north (near the town of Wagram).[19]

There are 24 boat launches along the Lumber River that serve as access points to Lumber River State Park. The entire length of the river is open to fishing. The common game fish are black crappie, largemouth bass, catfish and redbreast sunfish. All anglers must have a valid fishing license and follow the regulations of the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission. Nine primitive camping sites are located at the Princess Ann section of the park, between Orrum and Fair Bluff. These campsites are meant to be used by no more than 6 people at a time. Each camp site features, a picnic table and grill, lantern holder, trash can, and fire ring. There are several hiking trails and picnic areas at Princess Ann as well as the many municipal and county parks that are located on the Lumber River.[20]

Fourteen individual campsites are available at the Chalk Banks Access Area in Scotland County for family camping. Each site has a table, lantern holder, trash can and fire pit. Canoe-in campsites are also available.

Local wildlife

[edit]

The Lumber River supports a rich diversity of wildlife, including several rare or conservation-concerned species. One of the most notable is the Sandhills chub (Semotilus lumbee), a freshwater fish found in the Sandhills region through which the river originates[21]. The river also provides habitat for other uncommon species, such as the giant yucca skipper (Megathymus yuccae), an insect whose larvae depend on yucca plants found in sandy upland habitats along the basin[22]. Among the birds associated with the river is the red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis), which favors the longleaf pinesandhills ecosystem near the river’s headwaters and is considered one of the best red-cockaded-woodpecker habitats north of Florida[23].

Beyond these, the Lumber River basin supports a wide variety of other species, from American alligators to various amphibians, bottomland forest birds, and neotropical migrants, reflecting the river’s mosaic of sandhill, swamp, and bottomland habitats. This combination of ecological diversity and rare species helps make the Lumber River one of North Carolina’s most important natural corridors for biodiversity[24].

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Lumber River

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The Lumber River is a 115-mile-long in south-central , originating at Drowning Creek along the border of Hoke and counties and flowing southeast through the flat to its confluence with the Little Pee Dee River near the North Carolina-South Carolina state line, ultimately draining into the Atlantic Ocean via . Its dark, tea-colored waters result from leached from decomposing vegetation in surrounding bottomland swamps and cypress-gum forests, creating a unique ecosystem characteristic of slow-moving rivers. The river's basin spans approximately 3,336 square miles across ten subbasins, primarily in but extending into , and is part of the larger Basin, supporting diverse habitats including forests, swamps, and estuarine waters. Ecologically significant, it serves as a corridor for such as black bears, the federally endangered , and various fish species including sunfish, , and catfish, while hosting rare plants like the Carolina bogmint and contributing to 12 Natural Heritage Priority Areas for biodiversity conservation. Designated as a state Natural and Scenic River in 1989 and added to the federal National Wild and Scenic Rivers System in 1998, the Lumber River is the only in with this federal designation, with 81 miles classified as wild or scenic to protect its outstanding natural, cultural, and recreational values, including historical archaeological sites and opportunities for canoeing, , and nature observation along its meandering course. The river's gentle flow, averaging 2-4 miles per hour, and narrow width of 40-75 feet make it particularly accessible for paddling, with 24 public access points and associated state park facilities enhancing its role as a vital recreational and ecological resource in the region.

Geography

Location and Course

The headwaters of the Lumber River, known as Drowning Creek, originate in the Sandhills region of , where the terrain transitions into the flat . The river proper begins at the border between Hoke and counties. The river flows initially southeastward through Hoke, Robeson, , and Columbus counties in before turning southwest and crossing into , passing through Dillon, Horry, and Marion counties. The North Carolina portion measures approximately 115 miles (185 km) to the state border, with an additional about 17 miles (27 km) traversing for a total length of approximately 132 miles (212 km). The river's mouth is at the confluence with the Little Pee Dee River near the town of Nichols in , where the elevation drops to roughly 39 feet above , reflecting the low-gradient landscape. From there, it contributes to the larger system, which ultimately drains into along the Atlantic Ocean coast. The overall covers about 3,343 square miles across parts of ten counties, primarily in the with its characteristic meandering channels and slow-flowing waters shaped by minimal elevation change—from around 245 feet near the headwaters to 55 feet at the North Carolina-South Carolina border. This flat , with slopes generally less than 5%, fosters extensive bottomland swamps and a sinuous path that defines the river's regional hydrological role.

Hydrology and Tributaries

The Lumber River, situated in the physiographic province, exhibits a characteristically low-gradient that results in slow-moving waters with minimal load. This gentle slope, typically less than 1 foot per mile in the lower reaches, promotes a meandering course through swampy lowlands, fostering deposition in broad floodplains rather than transport downstream. The river's flow is further influenced by its blackwater nature, where waters acquire a dark, tannin-stained appearance from organic acids leached from surrounding vegetated swamps and peatlands, contributing to acidic conditions and low . At its mouth near the with the Little Pee Dee River, the Lumber River has a mean discharge of approximately 1,910 cubic feet per second, reflecting the cumulative drainage from its 3,343-square-mile basin. This volume underscores the river's role as a significant contributor to the system, with flows sustained by seepage and across the Sandhills and . Seasonal variations in the river's are driven by patterns, with higher flows typically occurring from late winter to early spring due to increased rainfall in the Sandhills uplands and lowlands, while summer and fall periods experience lower discharges amid elevated and drier conditions. Tropical storms can cause sharp spikes, but base flows remain relatively stable owing to the region's sandy aquifers. The river's tributary network enhances its hydrological complexity, with major left-bank inputs such as Gum Swamp providing steady flows from swamp-fed channels, while right-bank tributaries like Raft Swamp, Buck Swamp, and Ashpole Swamp deliver additional volume from extensive wetland systems. These tributaries, often blackwater streams themselves, integrate into the mainstem through low-gradient confluences, supporting the overall sediment-poor regime.

History

Indigenous and Early Settlement

The Lumber River region exhibits extensive evidence of indigenous habitation spanning from the Paleo-Indian period (circa 10,000 B.C.) through the Historic period, reflecting continuous human use for , , , and . Archaeological surveys have documented 429 sites in Robeson County alone, encompassing projectile points, ceramics, and village remnants that indicate evolving subsistence strategies, from nomadic foraging to settled farming communities during the (ca. 1000 B.C. to 1000 A.D.) and Mississippian (ca. 1000 A.D. to European contact) periods. Of these, 47 sites hold potential archaeological significance, with 20 nominated to the for their contributions to understanding pre-Columbian lifeways. A notable artifact is a , dating to approximately 930 A.D., discovered in 1984 near McNeill's Bridge in Lumberton; this 16-foot vessel underscores indigenous navigation of the river for resource extraction and regional exchange. The river holds profound cultural significance for the (also known as the Lumbee people), whose ancestors inhabited the surrounding lands for centuries and derived their name from the waterway—known indigenously as "Lumbee," meaning "dark water"—viewing it as a vital source of sustenance, identity, and community resilience. Early records from 1725 document Siouan-speaking groups, including the (or Saraws), Pedee, and , living along Drowning Creek—the river's original name—with a settlement of about 50 families noted by 1754, emphasizing the area's role as a refuge amid colonial pressures. These communities practiced small-scale agriculture, cultivating corn, potatoes, and rice on cleared plots while relying on the river for fishing and transportation, fostering a deep, enduring bond that persists in Lumbee traditions. European settlers began arriving in the mid-1700s, initially around in what became Robeson , drawn by the fertile lowlands and river access for agriculture and commerce. Primarily English from and the , along with some French from , they established farms producing subsistence crops and early naval stores like from local pines, using the to to markets in . The river's hazardous features, including flash floods and whirlpools, prompted 18th-century colonists to name its upper reaches Drowning Creek, a designation that highlighted the risks while underscoring its importance as a corridor. By the late 1700s, settlements like Lumberton (founded ) emerged as hubs for these activities, blending European farming with the river's pre-existing indigenous pathways.

Industrial Era and Renaming

The North Carolina Legislature renamed Drowning Creek to the Lumber River in 1809, a change intended to highlight the region's burgeoning timber trade and facilitate commerce along its course. This renaming coincided with the river's increasing role as a vital waterway for transporting timber products from the surrounding pine forests to southern markets. During the 19th century, the Lumber River region experienced a significant boom in the lumber and naval stores industries, driven by the abundant longleaf pine forests that supplied lumber, turpentine, tar, and resin. Loggers felled trees and floated massive rafts of pine logs—often up to 100 feet long—down the river to the port of Georgetown, South Carolina, where they were processed into building materials and shipped internationally; this practice, which peaked in the mid-1800s, underscored the river's economic centrality to the coastal plain. Naval stores production, essential for waterproofing ships and preserving ropes, further fueled the industry, with stills and distilleries dotting the riverbanks to extract pitch and turpentine from the resin-rich pines. The establishment of mills and settlements along the river accelerated this industrial growth, with Lumberton founded in 1787 as the of newly formed Robeson County, strategically located for river access that supported early sawmills and trade routes. These developments attracted laborers and entrepreneurs, transforming remote swampy areas into hubs of activity where water-powered mills processed logs into boards and barrels for export. By the late 1800s, the lumber industry around the Lumber River began to decline due to widespread overharvesting that depleted accessible virgin stands and the emergence of railroads, which offered faster, more reliable transport and shifted operations to inland and western regions. This downturn had profound socioeconomic impacts on local communities, including the ancestors of the people, who formed a significant portion of the labor force in the river valley, providing manual work in felling trees, rafting logs, and operating stills amid the era's economic reliance on timber.

Ecology

Blackwater Features

The Lumber River exhibits classic blackwater characteristics, primarily defined by its dark, tea-colored appearance resulting from leached from decaying vegetation in the surrounding swamps and pocosins of the . As rainwater percolates through these organic-rich environments, it dissolves from decomposing leaves, roots, and wood, imparting a transparent hue to the water without significantly impairing visibility beneath the surface. This process is a natural feature of the river's , where the slow filtration through forested floodplains enhances the concentration of these dissolved organic compounds. Despite the pronounced coloration, the Lumber River maintains a low load and high clarity, attributable to the Sandy Coastal Plain's porous, sandy soils that act as natural filters, trapping particulates before they reach the main channel. This results in exceptionally clear water, allowing sunlight to penetrate deeply and supporting distinct aquatic dynamics compared to sediment-laden rivers. The minimal preserves the river's visual appeal and ecological integrity across its length. The river's water is typically acidic, with pH levels ranging from approximately 4 to 6, influenced by the and organic acids that lower and shape conditions for acid-tolerant organisms. This acidity, combined with the tannin-rich environment, fosters specialized chemical equilibria that differentiate blackwater systems from neutral or alkaline rivers. In comparison to other blackwater rivers in the Southeast U.S., such as the , , and Ogeechee, the Lumber stands out for its extensive pristine and undisturbed stretches, offering over 80 miles of continuous, minimally altered blackwater habitat designated as a National Wild and Scenic River—the only such in . These intact segments highlight the Lumber's relative freedom from anthropogenic disruptions, preserving its natural dynamics more comprehensively than many regional counterparts affected by development. The river's hydrological stability stems from its minimal gradients—averaging less than 1 foot per mile in the —resulting in slow flow velocities that promote gradual oxygenation and foster unique microbial processes adapted to low-dissolved-oxygen conditions. This sluggish movement limits turbulent mixing with atmospheric oxygen, creating hypoxic zones where anaerobic thrive on the abundant dissolved organics, driving specialized decomposition pathways that sustain the blackwater .

Flora and Fauna

The Lumber River's ecosystem supports a rich diversity of and adapted to its blackwater habitats, including endemic and that thrive in the nutrient-poor, acidic conditions of the surrounding wetlands. Riparian zones along the river feature extensive () and tupelo (Nyssa aquatica) swamps, which form dense bottomland forests flooded seasonally and providing critical for aquatic and semi-aquatic life. Adjacent and wetlands, characteristic of the , host unique plant communities with evergreen shrubs and carnivorous that capture to supplement nutrients in the sandy, low-fertility soils. Rare plants such as the Carolina bogmint (Macbridea caroliniana) grow in the floodplains. The river contributes to 12 Natural Heritage Priority Areas identified for conservation. Among the fish, the Sandhills chub (Semotilus lumbee) is a threatened endemic minnow unique to the Sandhills ecoregion, including the upper Lumber and Pee Dee river systems, where it inhabits clear, sandy-bottomed streams and pools. Birds in the area include the red-cockaded woodpecker (Leuconotopicus borealis), recently downlisted from endangered to threatened, which relies on mature longleaf pine forests in the river's headwaters for nesting cavities in infected heartwood. Insect endemics feature the yucca giant-skipper (Megathymus yuccae), a rare skipper butterfly whose caterpillars feed exclusively on yucca plants (Yucca spp.) in the riparian shrublands and open woodlands bordering the river. Mammals commonly sighted include river otters (Lontra canadensis), which forage in the river's slow-moving sections, along with beavers (Castor canadensis), minks (Neovison vison) that utilize the swampy banks for dens, and black bears (Ursus americanus) in the surrounding forests. Reptiles such as American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis), at the northern edge of their range, occasionally appear in the swamps, while various turtles like the (Chelydra serpentina) and sliders (Trachemys scripta) bask on logs and inhabit the shallow waters. These species face ongoing threats from due to development and altered , which disrupts contiguous wetland corridors essential for movement and breeding.

Recreation and Conservation

State Park Facilities

Lumber River was established in as 's first state park created under the State Parks Act of 1987. The park encompasses approximately 13,700 acres of land along with 115 miles of designated state natural and scenic river waterway, providing protected access to the river's blackwater ecosystem. Managed by the Division of Parks and Recreation, the park emphasizes low-impact development to maintain its wild, undeveloped character while offering essential infrastructure for visitors. The park features three access areas: Princess Ann, Chalk Banks, and Wire Pasture (the latter currently closed until further notice). Princess Ann and Chalk Banks are equipped with facilities to support day-use and overnight stays. At Princess Ann Access, visitors find 9 primitive campsites designed for tent camping, including paddle-in options, along with canoe and launches for river entry. Chalk Banks Access offers 14 family campsites with similar paddle-in capabilities, picnic areas with shelters and tables, and restrooms for convenience. Both areas include ample parking lots to accommodate vehicles and trailers, ensuring safe and organized access without compromising the surrounding natural habitat. Supporting exploration and education, the park maintains 24 public boat launches distributed along the river corridor for easy put-in and take-out points. Additionally, 5 miles of trails wind through the park's diverse terrain, focusing on interpretive opportunities that highlight the river's geological and ecological features. Educational kiosks at key locations provide information on the river's history, indigenous uses, and , enhancing visitor understanding while promoting conservation practices. Vault toilets and water spigots are available at developed sites to meet basic needs with minimal environmental footprint.

Activities and Designations

The Lumber River offers a range of recreational activities centered on its protected natural features, with canoeing and being primary pursuits along the state canoe trail, designated in 1984 for the lower river section. This trail provides flatwater paddling opportunities suitable for beginners in calmer stretches and more challenging navigation in upstream areas with strainers and low water levels. is also popular, targeting species such as and , though anglers must obtain a from the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission to comply with state regulations. Additional activities include primitive camping at designated sites without hookups, requiring permits for overnight stays, as well as at official birding locations where species like the can be observed. is permitted but restricted to designated areas to ensure safety amid potential boat traffic and river hazards. To preserve the river's scenic quality, motorized boats are prohibited or severely limited in certain primitive and scenic sections, emphasizing non-motorized access for activities like paddling. The river holds significant protective designations, including its inclusion in North Carolina's Natural and Scenic Rivers System in 1989, which safeguards approximately 115 miles from development and impoundments. Federally, 81 miles were added to the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System on September 25, 1998, classifying most segments as scenic or recreational to maintain free-flowing conditions and ecological integrity. In 2010, the Lumber River was recognized as one of North Carolina's Ten Natural Wonders through a public contest organized by Land for Tomorrow, highlighting its unique blackwater features and conservation value. Conservation efforts focus on mitigating threats from development and pollution through watershed partnerships, such as the Lumber River Conservancy, which collaborates with community groups to monitor water quality, enforce compliance against industrial discharges like PFAS, and promote land preservation easements. These initiatives include plans addressing from land use changes and stormwater runoff.

References

  1. https://rivers.gov/river/lumber
  2. https://www.ncparks.gov/ie-materials/nc-culture-kids-lumber-river-state-park-blackwater-river-discover-more/open
  3. https://www.deq.nc.gov/water-quality/planning/bpu/broad/broad-basin-plans/2003-plan/secach2/download
  4. https://www.ncparks.gov/state-parks/lumber-river-state-park
  5. https://carolinaoutdoorsguide.com/wild-scenic-rivers-in-north-carolina/
  6. https://www.deq.nc.gov/about/divisions/mitigation-services/planning/watershed-planning-documents/lumber-river-basin-documents
  7. https://www.gopaddlesc.com/waterways/trail/lumber-river
  8. https://waterdata.usgs.gov/monitoring-location/02132715/
  9. https://rivers.gov/sites/rivers/files/2023-01/lumber-study.pdf
  10. https://files.nc.gov/ncdeq/Water%20Quality/Planning/BPU/BPU/Lumber/Lumber%20Plan/2010%20Plan/Lumber%20River%202010%20Basin%20Plan%20March.pdf
  11. https://www.sac.usace.army.mil/Portals/43/docs/regulatory/Report13LumberRiverBasin.pdf
  12. https://www.lumberriverconservancy.org/the-lumber-river/
  13. https://ancientnc.web.unc.edu/indian-heritage/by-time/woodland/
  14. https://www.uncp.edu/community-and-culture/museum-of-the-southeast-american-indian/exhibits.html
  15. https://www.lumbeetribe.com/history-and-culture
  16. https://www.pbs.org/speak/seatosea/americanvarieties/lumbee/timeline/
  17. https://aaregistry.org/story/black-indians-the-lumbee-tribe/
  18. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA152069.pdf
  19. http://lumberriverbeauty.yolasite.com/lumber-river-indepth-history.php
  20. https://www.congress.gov/committee-report/108th-congress/senate-report/213/1
  21. https://www.fayobserver.com/story/lifestyle/2019/09/29/lumber-river-day-celebrates-river-that-shaped-history/2656355007/
  22. https://www.nps.gov/mocr/learn/historyculture/naval-stores-in-north-carolina.htm
  23. https://www.lumbertonnc.gov/238/History
  24. https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/gtr/gtr_srs221.pdf
  25. https://ncstateparks.wordpress.com/2017/07/13/black-tea-and-cypress-trees-at-lumber-river-state-park/
  26. https://www.dnr.sc.gov/water/river/pdf/LittlePeeDeeLumberSep1998.pdf
  27. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023WR035529
  28. https://www.ogeecheeriverkeeper.org/tannins-and-blackwater-rivers/
  29. https://p2infohouse.org/ref/37/36064.pdf
  30. https://www.carolinawetlands.org/types-of-wetlands
  31. https://auth1.dpr.ncparks.gov/flora/species_account.php?id=1770
  32. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102725/Semotilus_lumbee
  33. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/10/25/2024-23786/endangered-and-threatened-wildlife-and-plants-reclassification-of-the-red-cockaded-woodpecker-from
  34. https://www.lumbertonnc.gov/244/About-the-River
  35. https://www.ncparks.gov/planning-files/general-management-plan-lumber-river-state-park
  36. https://www.facebook.com/groups/754399302149716/posts/1594745151448456/
  37. https://www.ncwildlife.gov/fishing
  38. https://www.lumbertonnc.gov/243/Lumber-River
  39. https://www.ncparks.gov/state-parks/lumber-river-state-park/activities
  40. https://www.ncparks.gov/about-us/guidelines-park-rules-and-regulations
  41. https://www.lumbertonnc.gov/247/History
  42. https://www.wmbfnews.com/story/12827347/robeson-county-celebrates-lumber-river/
  43. https://www.lumberriverconservancy.org/
  44. https://www.selc.org/press-release/groups-seek-to-stop-active-energys-illegal-pfas-pollution-of-north-carolinas-lumber-river/
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