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Malin Craig
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Malin Craig (5 August 1875 – 25 July 1945) was a general in the United States Army who served as the 14th Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1935 to 1939. He served in World War I and was recalled to active duty during World War II.[1] He played a large role in preparing the U.S. Army for the conflict.[2]
Key Information
Early life
[edit]Craig was born on 5 August 1875, in Saint Joseph, Missouri, a son of Army officer Louis A. Craig and Georgie (Malin) Craig.[3] His siblings included Louis A. Craig and his paternal grandfather was James Craig.[3][4] He entered the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point, New York on 20 June 1894.[2][5] He graduated on 26 April 1898, and was ranked 33rd of 59. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Infantry branch. Craig's initial assignment was to the 4th Infantry Regiment.
Early career
[edit]On 23 June 1898, Craig transferred to the Cavalry branch, and he was assigned to the 6th Cavalry Regiment during the Santiago Campaign, the United States invasion of Cuba during the Spanish–American War.[6] After his return from Cuba, Craig transferred to the 4th Cavalry Regiment, serving in Wyoming and Oklahoma until 1900, when he served in the China Relief Expedition and in the Philippine Insurrection until 1902. He was promoted to first lieutenant on 2 February 1901,[6] transferring back to the 6th Cavalry.[7][2]
Craig attended the Infantry and Cavalry School from 1903 to 1904 and the Staff College from 1904 to 1905. He was promoted to captain on 7 May 1904,[6] assigned to the 10th Cavalry Regiment and later the 1st Cavalry Regiment. Craig was garrisoned as a regimental quartermaster at Fort Clark in Kinney, Texas from 1906 to 1909. He would go on to graduate from the Army War College in 1910, where Hunter Liggett was among his classmates, and serve in a variety of administrative positions, most notable of which was assigning troops to their regiments.[8]
He served with the 1st Cavalry Regiment in the western United States in 1912, then became an instructor at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas Army Service Schools, where he served in 1916 and 1917. He transferred to the General Staff Corps in 1917.[9]
World War I
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Craig was promoted to major on 15 May 1917, shortly after the American entry into World War I. He was promoted to temporary lieutenant colonel on 17 August and temporary colonel on 27 March 1918.[10][8]
Craig served in France during World War I as chief of staff to General Hunter Liggett in the 41st Division and later in I Corps, where he was promoted to temporary brigadier general on 11 July 1918. He then became chief of staff of the Third Army.[10] He received the Army Distinguished Service Medal for his service during the war. His citation reads as follows:
General Craig served in turn as Chief of Staff of a division, a corps, and an Army, in each of which capacities he exhibited great ability. His personal influence, aggressiveness, and untiring efforts were repeatedly displayed in the operations of the 1st Corps in the vicinity of Chateau-Thierry, on the Oureq, and the Vesle during the St. Mihiel and Argonne-Meuse offensives.[11]
Interwar period
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After the war, Craig reverted to his permanent rank of major on 15 August 1919, but was promoted to colonel on 1 July 1920, and to brigadier general only 15 days later.
When Craig was promoted to colonel, he was put in command of the District of Arizona in 1920 and became the commandant of the Cavalry School from 1921 to 1923, after his promotion to brigadier general in April 1921.[9] He served as Chief of Cavalry with the rank of major general from 24 July 1924, to 20 March 1926.[10] He was succeeded by Herbert B. Crosby, after which he was assigned to command the Panama Canal Zone from 1 April 1928 to 30 August 1930.
Craig served as the commander of the Ninth Corps Area, headquartered in San Francisco, from 21 November 1930 to 24 January 1935.
Chief of Staff
[edit]
Craig served as president of the Army War College in 1935, before being selected as Chief of Staff of the United States Army. He served as chief of staff from 2 October 1935 to 31 August 1939, succeeding General Douglas MacArthur and preceding George C. Marshall. That appointment carried with it a temporary promotion to full (four-star) general.[10]
As Chief of Staff of the Army, Craig pointed out to Congress the army's lack of preparedness in manpower and material, stressed the necessity of lead time in military preparedness, focused attention on army planning, and, within governmental constraints, prepared the army for World War II. Craig, who opposed any mission for the Air Corps except that of supporting ground forces, also actively opposed the movement for a separate air force, and also refused to acknowledge the superiority of a four-engined bomber over all other types. This caused the cut back on planned purchases of B-17s to procure smaller but cheaper (and inferior) twin-engine light and medium bombers such as the Douglas B-18.
He retired, with the rank of general, on 31 August 1939, after forty-one years of active duty service. Upon his retirement, he received a second Distinguished Service Medal for his service as Army Chief of Staff.
World War II and death
[edit]Craig's retirement was short-lived, however. On 26 September 1941, with war on the horizon, he was recalled to active duty to head the War Department's Personnel Board, a body responsible for selecting individuals who were to receive direct commissions in the army. He headed the board until shortly before his death.
Craig died at Walter Reed Hospital in Washington, D.C., on 25 July 1945, where he had been ill for the previous year.[1] He was posthumously awarded a third Distinguished Service Medal and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.[10]
Personal life
[edit]In April 1901, Craig married Genevieve Woodruff, a daughter of General Charles Woodruff.[7] They were the parents of a son, Malin Craig Jr. (1902–1981).[12] Malin Craig Jr. was a career Army officer and World War II veteran who retired as a colonel.[12] After his military retirement, he taught geometry in the public schools of Montgomery County, Maryland.[12]
Awards
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| 1st Row | Army Distinguished Service Medal with two oak leaf clusters | |||||||||||||||
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| 2nd Row | Spanish Campaign Medal | China Relief Expedition Medal | Philippine Campaign Medal | Mexican Border Service Medal | ||||||||||||
| 3rd Row | World War I Victory Medal with five battle clasps | Army of Occupation of Germany Medal | American Defense Service Medal | American Campaign Medal | ||||||||||||
| 4th Row | World War II Victory Medal | Companion of the Order of the Bath (United Kingdom) | Commandeur of the Legion of Honor (France) | Croix de guerre 1914–1918 with Palm (France) | ||||||||||||
| 5th Row | Commander of the Order of the Crown (Belgium) | Commander of the Order of the Crown of Italy | Order of Abdon Calderón, 1st Class (Ecuador) | Missouri State Medal of Merit | ||||||||||||
Dates of rank
[edit]| No insignia | Cadet, United States Military Academy: 20 June 1894 |
| No pin insignia in 1898 | Second lieutenant, Regular Army: 26 April 1898 |
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First lieutenant, Regular Army: 2 February 1901 |
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Captain, Regular Army: 7 May 1904 |
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Major, Regular Army: 15 May 1917 |
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Lieutenant colonel, National Army: 17 August 1917 (date of rank was 5 August 1917) |
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Colonel, National Army: 27 March 1918 (date of rank was 6 February 1918) |
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Brigadier general, National Army: 11 July 1918 (date of rank was 26 June 1918) |
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Major, Regular Army: 15 August 1919 (reverted to permanent rank) |
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Colonel, Regular Army: 1 July 1920 |
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Brigadier general, Regular Army: 16 July 1920 (date of rank was 3 July 1920) |
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Colonel, Regular Army: 4 March 1921 (reverted to permanent rank) |
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Brigadier general, Regular Army: 9 May 1921 (date of rank was 28 April 1921) |
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Major general, temporary: 24 July 1924 |
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Major general, Regular Army: 21 March 1926 |
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General, temporary: 2 October 1935 |
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General, retired list: 31 August 1939 |
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General, retired on active duty: 26 September 1941 (recalled to active duty) |
References
[edit]- ^ a b "Gen. Craig Is Dead". The New York Times. 26 July 1945.
- ^ a b c Zabecki & Mastriano 2020, p. 102.
- ^ a b "Mrs. Stout Dies, Sister of Gen. Craig". Plainfield Courier-News. Plainfield, NJ. 10 April 1944. p. 13 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Mrs. Stout Dies, Sister of General Craig". Courier News. Bridgewater, NJ. 10 April 1944. p. 13 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Davis 1998, p. 85−86.
- ^ a b c Davis 1998, p. 85.
- ^ a b Bell 2013, p. 124.
- ^ a b Zabecki & Mastriano 2020, p. 103.
- ^ a b Tucker, Spencer C., ed. World War II: the definitive encyclopedia and document collection. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, an imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2016. Web. p. 475
- ^ a b c d e Davis 1998, p. 86.
- ^ "Malin Craig". Military Times Hall of Valor. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
- ^ a b c "Malin Craig Jr., 79, a Retired Colonel in Army Field Artillery". Washington Post. Washington, DC. 24 June 1981.
- ^ Official Register of Commissioned Officers of the United States Army, 1944. pg. 1122.
Bibliography
[edit]- Bell, William G. (2013). Commanding generals and chiefs of staff, 1775–2013 : portraits & biographical sketches of the United States Army's senior officer (PDF). Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 June 2014.
- Davis, Henry Blaine Jr. (1998). Generals in Khaki. Raleigh, North Carolina: Pentland Press. ISBN 1571970886. OCLC 40298151.
- Zabecki, David T.; Mastriano, Douglas V., eds. (2020). Pershing's Lieutenants: American Military Leadership in World War I. New York, NY: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-3863-6.
- Official Register of the United States Army. 1945. The Adjutant General. Washington, D.C. p. 1,135.
Further reading
[edit]- "Craig, Malin". 1999. American National Biography. 5.
External links
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Malin Craig
View on Grokipediafrom Grokipedia
Early Life and Education
Family Background and Upbringing
Malin Craig was born on August 5, 1875, in St. Joseph, Missouri, to Louis A. Craig, a career U.S. Army officer and West Point graduate, and Georgie Malin Craig.[5][8] His father, who served as a second lieutenant in the Army, exemplified a family tradition of military service that extended to Craig's younger brother, Louis Aleck Craig Jr., who also pursued a career in the Army and rose to major general.[9][8] As the son of an active-duty officer, Craig's early years were shaped by the mobility inherent to military life, with the family relocating based on postings, though specific details of his childhood residences prior to adolescence remain limited in primary records.[2] By his mid-teens, the family had ties to Pennsylvania, where Craig attended school and earned a gold medal for putting the 12-pound shot in 1891 at age 16.[7] This environment, combined with his father's profession, fostered an early exposure to military discipline and values, culminating in his appointment to the United States Military Academy from Pennsylvania on June 30, 1894, at age 18.[7][1]United States Military Academy
Craig entered the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, on June 20, 1894, after receiving an appointment from Pennsylvania.[10] [11] During his tenure, he demonstrated leadership capabilities, serving as First Captain of the Corps of Cadets for the Class of 1898, a position recognizing seniority and merit among cadets.[12] The Class of 1898 faced an abbreviated curriculum due to the outbreak of the Spanish-American War in April 1898, leading to an early graduation on April 26, 1898—several weeks ahead of the standard June schedule.[11] Craig ranked 33rd out of 59 graduates in the final standings, which emphasized military discipline, engineering, and tactical studies alongside physical training and horsemanship relevant to his future cavalry career.[10] Upon commissioning, he received promotion to second lieutenant in the Cavalry branch, reflecting the academy's role in preparing officers for immediate field service amid national mobilization.[1] [5]Pre-World War I Career
Initial Assignments in Cavalry
Craig graduated from the United States Military Academy on April 26, 1898, and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the infantry, with an initial assignment to the 4th Infantry Regiment.[7] On June 23, 1898, he transferred to the cavalry branch and joined the 6th Cavalry Regiment for operations in the Santiago campaign during the Spanish-American War, serving in Cuba from June 12 onward.[10] [1] After the war's conclusion, Craig transferred to the 4th Cavalry Regiment, where he performed garrison duties in Wyoming and Oklahoma territories from 1898 to 1900.[7] On February 2, 1901, he was promoted to first lieutenant in the cavalry and reassigned to the 6th Cavalry, with which he participated in the China Relief Expedition from 1900 to 1902 to suppress the Boxer Rebellion.[7] [13] Craig attended the Cavalry School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, from 1903 to 1904, followed by the Staff College there in 1904–1905.[13] He was promoted to captain on May 7, 1904, and assigned to the 10th Cavalry Regiment, transferring to the 1st Cavalry Regiment on December 27, 1904.[10] [7] In July 1905, he commanded a cavalry troop at Fort Clark, Texas, on the Mexican border, an isolated post typical of early 20th-century frontier cavalry service.[5] These assignments involved routine mounted patrols, training, and border security amid ongoing tensions with irregular forces.[5]Promotions and Frontier Service
Craig was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the 4th Infantry upon graduating from the United States Military Academy on April 26, 1898. He briefly served in that capacity before transferring to cavalry units, participating in the Santiago campaign in Cuba with the 6th Cavalry from June to July 1898. Following the campaign, he joined the 4th Cavalry at Fort Yellowstone, Wyoming, and later transferred to the 6th Cavalry at Fort Reno, Oklahoma, on January 9, 1899—posts emblematic of the waning U.S. frontier era, involving garrison duties amid residual Native American conflicts and territorial expansion enforcement.[10][1] Promoted to first lieutenant in the 6th Cavalry on February 2, 1901, Craig continued frontier-oriented service, though interrupted by the China Relief Expedition (1900) and Philippine Insurrection campaigns (1900–1902), where he served as adjutant and aide-de-camp. Returning to the continental United States, he advanced to captain in the 10th Cavalry—a regiment renowned for its frontier patrols against Apache and other threats—on May 7, 1904, before transferring to the 1st Cavalry on December 31, 1905. Assigned to Fort Clark, Texas, from July 1905, he acted as regimental quartermaster from January 1906 to June 1909, overseeing logistics at this strategic outpost near the Rio Grande, amid tensions with Mexican revolutionaries and border banditry.[10][1] Subsequent prewar assignments reinforced his frontier experience, including staff roles in San Antonio, Texas (1911), as chief of staff for maneuver divisions simulating border operations, and regimental adjutant with the 1st Cavalry in Douglas, Arizona, from March to September 1916—directly on the U.S.-Mexico border during the Pancho Villa raids, under General John J. Pershing's punitive expeditions. These postings honed Craig's expertise in mobile cavalry tactics, supply lines across arid terrains, and rapid response to cross-border incursions, amid the Army's shift from Indian Wars to modern border security. No further promotions occurred until wartime expansion in 1917, as peacetime cavalry advancement remained deliberate.[10][1]World War I Service
Mobilization and Deployment to France
In August 1917, shortly after the United States declared war on Germany, Lieutenant Colonel Malin Craig was appointed chief of staff of the 41st Infantry Division, a newly activated unit under Major General Hunter Liggett comprising National Guard elements from Idaho, Oregon, and Washington.[4][10] The division mobilized at Camp Mills, New York, where Craig oversaw training, organization, and logistical preparations for deployment as part of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF), emphasizing rapid buildup of combat-ready units amid the urgency of Allied needs on the Western Front. Craig sailed from the United States in early October 1917 and arrived in France on October 5, establishing initial coordination with AEF headquarters at Chaumont under General John J. Pershing.[14] The main body of the 41st Division followed, with advance elements departing Hoboken, New Jersey, on November 26, 1917, via troopships in convoys protected against U-boat threats; subsequent echelons arrived progressively, with the final units reaching French ports by February 6, 1918.[15] This staggered deployment reflected broader AEF shipping constraints, prioritizing experienced Regular Army officers like Craig for early liaison roles to facilitate infrastructure setup, including rail transport and supply depots at Brest and other bases. Upon full assembly in the Saint-Mihiel and Lorraine sectors, the 41st Division was reorganized as a replacement and training depot rather than a tactical combat formation, supplying personnel to understrength frontline units amid high casualties from ongoing Allied offensives.[2] Craig's responsibilities included streamlining administrative processes for inductee processing and unit integration, drawing on his prewar staff experience to address challenges such as equipment shortages and language barriers with French allies.[5] He retained the chief of staff position until January 20, 1918, when the division's depot role stabilized, enabling his reassignment to higher echelons.[4]Staff Roles and Operational Contributions
In August 1917, Malin Craig was appointed chief of staff of the 41st Division, initially under Major General Hunter Liggett, following his promotion to major in the cavalry and temporary rank of lieutenant colonel in the field artillery.[1][7] The division arrived in France in November 1917 as part of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF), where Craig contributed to early organizational and training efforts amid the unit's defensive roles in the Toul and Marne sectors.[5][1] In January 1918, Craig transferred to serve as chief of staff of I Corps, still under Liggett, a role in which he coordinated operations, logistics, and intelligence staffs while supervising the issuance of orders to subordinate divisions such as the 1st, 2nd, 32nd, 42nd, 77th, 78th, 80th, and 90th Infantry Divisions.[5][1] Promoted to colonel in 1918 and brigadier general (National Army) by summer of that year, Craig played a pivotal part in the St. Mihiel Offensive starting September 12, 1918, facilitating the rapid redeployment of I Corps forces over 65 miles to the Meuse-Argonne sector immediately after, which enabled the First Army's subsequent assault.[5][1] During the Meuse-Argonne campaign, he approved a memorandum from Lieutenant Colonel George S. Patton on innovative tank tactics just five days before I Corps' attack, enhancing armored support integration, and oversaw logistical adaptations that sustained the corps' advance amid heavy casualties and terrain challenges.[5] Craig's staff work earned him the Distinguished Service Medal for "exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services" in coordinating I Corps operations across the Toul, Marne, St. Mihiel, and Meuse-Argonne offensives, with Liggett later crediting him for providing clear battlefield oversight through streamlined command processes.[7][1] Following the Armistice on November 11, 1918, he briefly served as chief of staff under Major General Joseph T. Dickman for the nascent Third Army's organization prior to its Rhineland occupation duties.[5]Interwar Military Service
Post-War Commands and Staff Positions
Following World War I, Malin Craig reverted to the permanent rank of major on August 15, 1919, while serving as Director of the Army War College in Washington, D.C., until July 1, 1920.[10][4] He was promoted to colonel on July 1, 1920, and assumed command of the District of Arizona at Douglas, Arizona, from July 15, 1920, to September 1, 1921.[10][1] From September 2, 1921, to September 1, 1923, Craig served as Commandant of the Cavalry School at Fort Riley, Kansas, where he was promoted to brigadier general in the Regular Army on April 28, 1921.[10][4] In November 1923, he took command of the Coast Artillery District of Manila and Subic Bay in the Philippines, serving until July 10, 1924.[4] Promoted to major general on July 24, 1924, Craig was appointed Chief of Cavalry, a position he held until March 20, 1926, overseeing the branch's doctrine, equipment, and training amid debates over mechanization.[10][1] From March 21, 1926, to March 31, 1927, he served as Assistant Chief of Staff for Operations and Training (G-3) at the War Department in Washington, D.C.[10][4] Craig briefly commanded the Fourth Corps Area in Atlanta, Georgia, from April 1 to October 7, 1927, before assuming command of the Panama Canal Division on October 13, 1927, which evolved into the Panama Canal Department by April 1, 1928; he led this command until August 10, 1930, focusing on defense of the canal zone.[4][1] From November 21, 1930, to January 24, 1935, he commanded the Ninth Corps Area at the Presidio of San Francisco, California, concurrently taking command of the Fourth Army on October 3, 1933, and overseeing West Coast forces during a period of limited funding and modernization efforts.[10][4] In February 1935, Craig was appointed Commandant of the Army War College at Fort Belvoir, Virginia (then Fort Humphreys), serving until October 1, 1935, where he influenced senior officer education on strategic and operational issues.[10][1] These assignments positioned him for selection as Chief of Staff later that year.[4]Leadership in Cavalry Modernization
As Chief of the Cavalry from 1924 to 1926, following his promotion to major general, Malin Craig oversaw the branch during a period of post-World War I reassessment, where lessons from mechanized elements in European armies prompted initial explorations of motorization to augment traditional horse cavalry roles in reconnaissance and pursuit.[1][16] Under his leadership, the cavalry emphasized professional training and the gradual incorporation of trucks and light armored cars for logistical support, though full doctrinal shifts to mechanized units awaited later developments like the 1928 Experimental Mechanized Force.[16] Craig's prior command of the U.S. Army Cavalry School at Fort Riley, Kansas, in 1923 positioned him to foster innovative thinking, including mentoring officers such as George S. Patton, who championed the integration of tanks and tracked vehicles into cavalry tactics.[5] Craig advocated for selecting capable leaders to drive branch evolution, recommending progressive officers for key instructional roles to instill adaptability amid emerging technologies.[5] His approach balanced preservation of cavalry's traditional esprit de corps—rooted in mobility and shock action—with pragmatic acknowledgment of mechanical aids' potential to extend operational range and firepower, as evidenced by early experiments with motorized platoons in cavalry regiments during the mid-1920s.[16] This reflected a cautious modernization strategy, prioritizing enhanced readiness over radical overhaul, given fiscal constraints and the Army's limited resources post-war.[17] Even after leaving the post in 1926 for staff duties as Assistant Chief of Staff G-3, Craig's influence persisted through correspondence and advisory roles, where he urged maintaining cavalry identity while advancing mechanization to counter perceptions of obsolescence among junior officers.[16] In a 1934 letter to Major General Leon B. Kromer, he stressed reviving "the old esprit and love of its arm" to sustain morale amid modernization pressures, underscoring his view that technological progress required cultural reinforcement to avoid diluting the branch's core competencies.[16] These efforts laid incremental groundwork for the cavalry's transition, though Craig later, as Chief of Staff, critiqued the branch's pace and centralized mechanization policy in 1938 to accelerate armored development independent of service-specific silos.[5][16]Chief of Staff of the United States Army
Appointment and Organizational Challenges
President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed Malin Craig as Chief of Staff of the United States Army on October 2, 1935, succeeding General Douglas MacArthur, with the endorsement of General John J. Pershing.[5][18] Craig, who had served as commandant of the Army War College, was promoted directly from major general to full general upon taking the position.[2] His selection marked a shift toward a leader focused on quiet administrative reform amid the Army's post-World War I contraction. Upon assuming office, Craig confronted an Army plagued by severe organizational weaknesses, including understrength units and outdated structures. The Regular Army's enlisted manpower had fallen to 118,000 by 1935, well below the 165,000 authorized under the National Defense Act of 1920, leaving it unable to assemble even one complete square infantry division from its nine deficient ones.[19] Budgetary austerity driven by the Great Depression further constrained resources, hampering equipment procurement, training, and modernization efforts despite Craig's advocacy for expanded funding.[5][20] Bureaucratic inertia and complacency within the War Department compounded these material shortages, with existing war plans deemed "completely unrealistic" due to reliance on obsolete World War I tactics and phantom equipment inventories.[5] Craig battled resistance from branch chiefs and congressional skeptics, who prioritized isolationist fiscal conservatism over preparedness warnings.[19] To counter structural rigidity, he directed a comprehensive review of organization and tactics upon taking office and established the Modernization Board on January 16, 1936, to streamline divisions toward a more agile triangular configuration, though early implementation faced internal opposition and limited testing scope.[19][20] These challenges persisted through his tenure, forcing incremental reforms amid broader political reluctance to expand forces beyond a proposed 40,000-troop increase, of which only 17,000 were authorized in 1939.[5]Efforts to Expand and Reform the Army
Upon taking office as Chief of Staff on October 2, 1935, Malin Craig confronted an understrength U.S. Army of approximately 118,000 regular soldiers, severely limited by post-World War I demobilization, the Great Depression's fiscal constraints, and prevailing isolationist sentiment in Congress.[19] He prioritized highlighting these deficiencies in manpower and materiel to civilian leaders, advocating incremental increases in funding and personnel to modernize the force despite resistance from budget-conscious legislators.[13] Craig's strategy emphasized internal reorganization over dramatic expansion, focusing on enhancing combat readiness through equipment upgrades and doctrinal shifts to counter bureaucratic inertia and outdated structures.[5] A cornerstone of Craig's reforms was the promotion of the triangular infantry division, which replaced the cumbersome square division of four regiments with a more agile formation of three infantry regiments supported by enhanced artillery and service units, improving mobility and command efficiency for mechanized warfare.[21] This transformation, debated since the early 1930s, gained traction under Craig's advocacy; he ordered comprehensive reviews of organization and tactics in 1935 and established the Modernization Board in 1936 to test prototypes, culminating in formal adoption by 1939 after field evaluations confirmed its superiority in maneuverability.[20] Complementing structural changes, Craig directed the modernization of equipment, including tanks and vehicles, and in November 1937 initiated the first large-scale maneuvers since World War I, involving multiple divisions across states to simulate realistic combat conditions and expose logistical shortcomings.[13] Craig's culminating effort was the Protective Mobilization Plan (PMP) of 1939, developed by the War Plans Division under his guidance and completed in December 1938, which outlined a two-phase expansion: an initial protective force for immediate defense followed by rapid buildup to over 1,000,000 troops within 240 days of mobilization, backed by a proposed $575 million procurement program for modern weaponry.[5][22] In February 1939, he dispatched senior officers, including George C. Marshall, to testify before Congress urging end-strength increases to support this framework, emphasizing the need for prewar stockpiling to equip the envisioned force amid rising European tensions.[13] Though limited by isolationism, the PMP laid groundwork for wartime scaling, influencing subsequent mobilizations while underscoring Craig's foresight in linking tactical reforms to strategic imperatives.[23]Strategic Planning Amid Isolationism
During the mid-1930s, U.S. isolationist policies, reinforced by the Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937, constrained military expansion and emphasized non-intervention in foreign conflicts, leaving the Army with approximately 188,000 personnel and limited materiel amid the Great Depression's fiscal austerity.[22] As Chief of Staff from October 2, 1935, to August 31, 1939, Malin Craig prioritized strategic planning to address these deficiencies, initiating a comprehensive review of obsolete war plans in 1935 that highlighted unrealistic assumptions about rapid mobilization and enemy threats.[5] He directed the War Plans Division to develop defensive frameworks focused on homeland and hemispheric protection rather than offensive operations, underscoring the necessity of extended lead times for industrial and manpower buildup to counter potential aggressors like Germany.[22] A cornerstone of Craig's efforts was the Protective Mobilization Plan (PMP), approved on December 16, 1936, and finalized on April 10, 1939, which outlined a phased expansion for territorial defense without relying on immediate large-scale offensives.[22] The plan envisioned activating an Initial Protective Force of roughly 430,000 troops—combining 270,000 Regular Army personnel and 160,000 National Guardsmen—within 30 days of mobilization (M+30), scaling to 500,000 by M+60 and 1,000,000 by M+180 through conscription, training, and zone-of-interior organization.[22] Structured in five sections and 27 annexes, it detailed personnel procurement, supply chains, harbor defenses, and reinforcements for overseas garrisons such as Hawaii and Panama, supported by a proposed $575 million arms program to equip the force.[5][22] Complementing the PMP, Craig oversaw revisions to the Rainbow war plans beginning in May 1938, adapting them to isolationist realities by emphasizing phased hemispheric defense and limited liability commitments, which were completed in October 1939 shortly after his tenure.[5] These initiatives, though hampered by congressional resistance—such as partial approvals for only 17,000 of a requested 40,000 troop increase in 1939—laid essential groundwork for later expansions under the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, enabling the Army to reach over 1 million personnel by mid-1941.[5][22] Craig's planning countered complacency by integrating realistic assessments of global threats with domestic constraints, prioritizing mobilization readiness over unattainable immediate preparedness.[1]Interactions with Congress and Civilian Leadership
During his tenure as Chief of Staff, Malin Craig frequently testified before congressional committees and submitted reports emphasizing the U.S. Army's deficiencies in manpower, equipment, and industrial mobilization capacity, urging incremental expansions to counter isolationist resistance and secure funding for modernization.[5] In February 1939, he dispatched George C. Marshall to request authorization for an additional 40,000 troops, resulting in approval for 17,000 new soldiers along with appropriations for M1 Garand rifles and M2A1 105mm howitzers, though short of the full ask amid budgetary constraints.[5] Craig's submissions, such as the June 1939 report accompanying budget requests, advocated doubling the Regular Army to approximately 243,000 personnel to support defensive postures in key outposts like Hawaii and Panama, highlighting the multi-year lead times required for munitions production.[23] He consistently framed these pleas as essential for national security without aggressive intent, navigating skepticism from figures prioritizing domestic spending over military buildup.[5] Craig collaborated closely with Secretaries of War George Dern and Harry H. Woodring to advance reforms, including a 1934 letter to Dern critiquing seniority-based promotions that disadvantaged merit-driven officers like Marshall, and joint advocacy with Woodring from 1936 onward for streamlined, mobile infantry divisions as an "Initial Protective Force."[5] Their unified approach to Congress and the President underscored the Army's obsolescent equipment and understrength units—operating at 118,000 personnel against an authorized 165,000—pushing for centralized mechanization policies in 1938 that enabled future armored divisions.[19] Relations with President Franklin D. Roosevelt were professional and aligned on selective preparedness measures; Craig endorsed Roosevelt's 1939 "cash and carry" neutrality policy and overruled Air Corps objections to permit Britain’s purchase of early-model B-17 bombers in 1938, facilitating indirect support for allies.[5] He presented the Protective Mobilization Plan of 1939 directly to Roosevelt via Woodring, outlining a phased expansion to 400,000 troops within 30 days of mobilization and 1.15 million within 240 days, underwritten by a $575 million supplemental arms program designed to equip a balanced force for hemispheric defense.[5][24] As his 1939 retirement neared, Craig and Woodring lobbied Roosevelt to name Marshall as successor, ensuring continuity in strategic planning despite the administration's initial hesitations.[5]Later Career and World War II Era
Retirement and Advisory Contributions
Craig retired from active duty on August 31, 1939, at the age of 64, following the mandatory retirement provisions under the National Defense Act, though he had advocated for extensions to retain experienced officers amid rising international tensions.[7] Upon retirement, he received his second Army Distinguished Service Medal for his service as Chief of Staff, recognizing his efforts in planning for potential mobilization despite limited resources.[7] In September 1941, following the U.S. entry into World War II, Craig was recalled to active duty in his retired rank of general to chair the Secretary of War's Personnel Board under Henry L. Stimson.[1][11] The board's primary function was to evaluate and recommend commissions for civilian candidates entering military service, addressing the rapid expansion of the officer corps necessitated by wartime demands.[11] This role leveraged Craig's extensive experience in personnel management and strategic planning, ensuring qualified leadership amid the Army's growth from approximately 200,000 to over 8 million personnel by war's end. Craig also provided informal advisory support to his successor, George C. Marshall, particularly in the politically sensitive task of retiring or demoting senior officers deemed unfit for command due to age or performance—often referred to as clearing out "deadwood."[5] This process affected around 40 general officers and was critical for injecting vitality into the high command, though it risked internal resistance and required careful navigation of seniority norms.[5] His involvement underscored a continuity in prewar reform efforts, prioritizing merit over tenure in preparation for global conflict. Craig continued in these capacities until his death on July 25, 1945, at Walter Reed Hospital.[11]Role in Early Mobilization Efforts
Following his mandatory retirement on August 31, 1939, at age 64, General Malin Craig was recalled to active duty on September 26, 1941, with the rank of full general to chair the newly established War Department Personnel Board under Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson.[5][4] This appointment occurred amid escalating global tensions and U.S. preparations for potential entry into World War II, just months before the Pearl Harbor attack on December 7, 1941.[5] The board's primary mandate was to evaluate, select, and recommend senior officers for promotion and command assignments, ensuring competent leadership for the rapid expansion of Army forces from approximately 1.4 million personnel in late 1941 to over 8 million by 1945.[5][25] Craig's leadership of the Personnel Board directly supported early mobilization by streamlining officer cadre development, a critical bottleneck in scaling the peacetime Army into a global expeditionary force.[5] He advised his successor as Chief of Staff, General George C. Marshall, on personnel strategies for swift Army growth, drawing on his interwar experience in organizational planning to prioritize merit-based selections over seniority or favoritism.[5] Under Craig's oversight, the board processed thousands of promotions, including key figures like Dwight D. Eisenhower and Omar Bradley, facilitating the decentralization of command authority to field theaters.[5] This effort mitigated risks of leadership shortages during the 1940–1942 buildup phases, when Selective Service drafts and volunteer enlistments surged.[5] Craig continued in this role until his death on July 25, 1945, providing continuity amid wartime disruptions and contributing to the Army's ability to field experienced commanders for operations in Europe and the Pacific.[4][25] His post-retirement service underscored the value of retaining institutional knowledge from prewar planners, though it operated within constraints of congressional funding delays and isolationist sentiments until 1941.[5]Death and Funeral
General Malin Craig died on July 25, 1945, at Walter Reed General Hospital in Washington, D.C., following an extended illness that had persisted for approximately one year.[11] [1] He was 69 years old at the time of his death.[26] Funeral services for Craig were conducted on July 30, 1945, at the Fort Myer chapel in Arlington, Virginia, with burial following in Arlington National Cemetery.[27] [26] General George C. Marshall, then Chief of Staff of the United States Army and Craig's successor, delivered the eulogy during the ceremony.[27] The burial proceeded with full military honors, reflecting Craig's distinguished service as a career officer and former Army Chief of Staff.[27]Legacy and Historical Assessment
Key Achievements in Military Preparedness
Craig directed the formulation of the Protective Mobilization Plan, completed by the War Plans Division in December 1938, which outlined an initial protective force of approximately 400,000 troops—comprising Regular Army and National Guard units—within 30 days of mobilization, expanding to 1,150,000 troops within 240 days, backed by a proposed $575 million arms procurement initiative.[5][6] This framework provided a blueprint for phased expansion without immediate full-scale war declaration, addressing peacetime constraints while enabling quicker industrial and personnel scaling for potential conflict.[5] To modernize tactical organization, Craig championed the shift from square (four-regiment) to triangular (three-regiment) infantry divisions for greater mobility, firepower concentration, and adaptability to mechanized warfare. He established the Modernization Board on January 16, 1936, to assess restructuring, overseeing experimental maneuvers with the 2nd Infantry Division in September-November 1937 and summer 1939 that validated the triangular model's efficiency over the larger, less agile square formations of about 28,000 men versus the triangular's roughly 14,000.[21][5] These efforts culminated in formal adoption on September 14, 1939, facilitating the rapid activation and deployment of 67 such divisions by 1945.[21] In broader strategic preparation, Craig initiated revisions to War Plan Orange in May 1938, evolving into the Rainbow Plans by October 1939 to address multi-theater threats, including a two-ocean war scenario.[5] He warned Congress repeatedly of the Army's manpower and materiel shortfalls, stressing extended lead times for effective buildup amid isolationist policies, and directed the Plattsburg Maneuvers in August 1939—the largest U.S. peacetime exercises—to refine air-ground integration.[1][5] Additionally, he advanced equipment readiness by endorsing early B-17 bomber exports to Britain in 1938 and prioritizing weapons like the M-1 Garand rifle and M2A1 howitzer, despite resistance from entrenched branches.[5]Criticisms and Counterarguments
Critics of Craig's tenure have highlighted his emphasis on traditional infantry and artillery roles, viewing mechanized forces and air power as mere auxiliaries rather than integral to primary combat operations. In a 1938 address, he asserted that warfare "must be carried out by the traditional arms; that well-trained infantry and artillery form the bulk of armies," limiting tanks to "close support of [the] infantry."[28] This stance, shaped by interpretations of the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) that stressed tanks' vulnerabilities to antitank weapons, mechanical breakdowns, and tactical misuse without infantry support, perpetuated branch-specific conservatism and delayed fuller integration of combined-arms mechanization.[28] Craig's push for the triangular infantry division—reducing regiments from four to three for enhanced mobility and command efficiency—faced sharp internal resistance and early implementation failures. Proponents of the World War I-era square division, including branch chiefs empowered by the National Defense Act of 1920, argued the changes diminished firepower, shock action, and logistical flexibility, as voiced by Major General Lynch in critiques of 1937 maneuvers regarding antitank allocations and rear-area command.[21] Initial 1935 reorganization attempts stalled due to disagreements among the Infantry School, Infantry Board, and Chief of Infantry, with prior 1929 tests dismissed by officers like Major Charles Bolte for their limited scope in assessing motorization under varied conditions.[21] Defenders counter that such critiques overlook the era's severe constraints, including Depression-era budgets that shrank the Army to 118,000 personnel by 1935 and entrenched isolationism limiting congressional support for innovation.[5] Craig circumvented opposition by establishing the 1936 Modernization Board to bypass branch vetoes, conducting pivotal 1937 and 1939 tests with the 2nd Division that empirically validated the triangular structure's advantages in mobility and sustainability—reforms swiftly adopted under his successor.[21] He also centralized mechanization oversight in March 1938, divesting control from parochial cavalry and infantry branches, and authored the Protective Mobilization Plan, which projected expansion to 400,000 troops and informed World War II scaling, underscoring adaptive foresight amid institutional inertia.[5]Influence on Successors like George C. Marshall
Malin Craig's professional relationship with George C. Marshall dated to 1905, when both officers served at Fort Clark, Texas, and evolved into close collaboration during World War I, particularly in coordinating the Saint-Mihiel Offensive and Meuse-Argonne campaign in 1918.[5] As Army Chief of Staff from 1935 to 1939, Craig deliberately positioned Marshall for leadership by appointing him chief of the War Plans Division in July 1938 and deputy chief of staff in October 1938, confiding that these roles were preparatory steps for greater responsibility.[5] [29] Craig also advocated for Marshall's promotion to brigadier general in 1936, challenging the Army's rigid seniority system in favor of merit-based selection, a principle that shaped the officer cadre Marshall later relied upon.[5] Craig's strategic foresight directly enabled Marshall's wartime expansions, most notably through the Protective Mobilization Plan finalized in early 1939, which outlined Stage I mobilization of approximately 400,000 troops (Regular Army and National Guard) within 30 days and Stage II growth to 1,150,000 personnel within 240 days, backed by a $575 million arms procurement program.[6] [5] This plan, developed under Craig's direction by the War Plans Division—then led by Marshall—provided a blueprint for rapid Army scaling, which Marshall activated and extended following the September 1, 1939, outbreak of war in Europe.[6] Complementing this, Craig oversaw the adoption of triangular infantry divisions for enhanced mobility and firepower, equipment modernization efforts, and the Plattsburg Maneuvers of August 1939, which tested mobilization procedures and informed the larger Louisiana Maneuvers of 1941 under Marshall.[5] In June 1939, as mandatory retirement approached, Craig lobbied President Franklin D. Roosevelt alongside Secretary of War Harry Woodring to select Marshall as his successor, ensuring continuity in leadership amid rising global tensions; Marshall assumed the role on September 1, 1939.[5] Post-retirement, Craig's advisory role extended into World War II when Marshall recalled him in 1941 to chair the War Department Personnel Board, which facilitated the removal of around 600 senior officers deemed unfit for command, streamlining the high command for effective mobilization.[5] [6] This pattern of grooming capable subordinates and prioritizing competence over tenure influenced not only Marshall but also the broader selection of wartime leaders, embedding a meritocratic ethos that persisted in Army reforms.[5]Personal Life and Character
Marriage and Family
Craig married Genevieve Woodruff, daughter of Brigadier General Charles E. Woodruff, on April 1, 1901.[30][1] The couple had one son, Malin Craig Jr. (1902–1981), who pursued a military career and retired as a colonel in the U.S. Army Field Artillery.[30][31]Personal Traits and Interests
Craig was characterized as kindly, quiet, and straightforward in his interactions, though his abrupt manner and stern voice occasionally conveyed a more severe impression to those unfamiliar with him.[11] He was known among peers for a mild-mannered demeanor, often appearing unassuming in physical description—balding and bespectacled—yet possessed an underlying tenacity as a meticulous and thorough worker.[5][11] A lighter aspect of his personality included a fondness for practical jokes, revealing a playful side amid his disciplined life.[11] Craig demonstrated deep empathy for enlisted personnel, prioritizing their welfare, work, joys, and challenges, which reflected his grounded and soldier-centric character shaped by a boyhood spent at Army posts.[11] No specific hobbies beyond these personal inclinations are documented in contemporary accounts.Military Honors
Awards and Decorations
Craig was awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal three times, recognizing his exceptionally meritorious service: first as chief of staff of I Corps during World War I operations including Château-Thierry, St. Mihiel, and Meuse-Argonne; second with a bronze oak leaf cluster for his tenure as Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1935 to 1939, during which he advanced military modernization and preparedness; and third with a second oak leaf cluster for contributions in the World War II era.[32][10] His foreign decorations included the French Légion d'Honneur in the grade of Officer, the British Order of the Bath as Companion, the Belgian Order of the Crown as Commander, the Italian Order of the Crown as Commendatore, the French Croix de Guerre with two palms, and the Venezuelan Order of the Liberator as Knight Commander.[10] Craig's service medals encompassed the Spanish Campaign Medal, Philippine Campaign Medal, and China Campaign Medal, as depicted in his early portrait ribbons reflecting participation in those expeditions.[33] He further received the Mexican Border Service Medal for border duty, the World War I Victory Medal with campaign clasps, the Army of Occupation of Germany Medal, the American Defense Service Medal, the American Campaign Medal, and the World War II Victory Medal, corresponding to his extended career spans across major U.S. military engagements and the interwar and wartime periods.[32]Dates of Rank
Malin Craig received his initial commission upon graduation from the United States Military Academy.[10] His subsequent promotions followed standard Army progression, with temporary wartime advancements during World War I in the National Army before reverting to permanent Regular Army ranks postwar.[10] He achieved the rank of general directly from major general upon appointment as Chief of Staff of the United States Army.[10][2]| Date | Rank | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| April 26, 1898 | Second Lieutenant, Infantry | Assigned to 4th Infantry; initial commission upon West Point graduation.[10] |
| February 2, 1901 | First Lieutenant, Cavalry | Transferred to 6th Cavalry.[10] |
| May 7, 1904 | Captain, Cavalry | Assigned to 10th Cavalry.[10] |
| May 15, 1917 | Major, Cavalry | Regular Army promotion.[10] |
| August 5, 1917 | Lieutenant Colonel, Field Artillery | National Army; temporary wartime rank.[10] |
| February 6, 1918 | Colonel | National Army; temporary wartime rank.[10] |
| June 26, 1918 | Brigadier General | National Army; temporary wartime rank.[10] |
| July 1, 1920 | Colonel, Cavalry | Regular Army; post-war permanent rank after reversion from wartime temporary ranks.[10] |
| April 28, 1921 | Brigadier General | Regular Army (U.S.A.).[10] |
| July 24, 1924 | Major General | Temporary as Chief of Cavalry.[10] |
| March 21, 1926 | Major General | Regular Army (U.S.A.); permanent.[10] |
| October 2, 1935 | General | Upon appointment as Chief of Staff; four-star rank, skipping lieutenant general.[10][2] |