Hubbry Logo
MinquiersMinquiersMain
Open search
Minquiers
Community hub
Minquiers
logo
8 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Minquiers
Minquiers
Minquiers
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

The Minquiers (French pronunciation: [mɛ̃kje]; Les Minquiers with definite article; Jèrriais: Les Mîntchièrs pronunciationⓘ; known as "the Minkies" in local English) are a group of islands and rocks, about 15 kilometres (8 nautical miles) south of Jersey. They form part of the Bailiwick of Jersey.[2] They are administratively part of the Parish of Grouville, and of its Vingtaine La Rocque.[3]

Key Information

The rock shelf around the Minquiers has a larger surface area than Jersey itself, but at high tide, only a few of the main heads remain above water.[4] The largest of these is Maîtresse, measuring approximately 50 metres (55 yards) in length and 20 metres (22 yards) in width, featuring around ten stone cottages in varying conditions of preservation. These are the most southerly buildings in the British Isles, but they have no permanent inhabitants; though fishermen, vraic (seaweed used for fertilizer) collectors, yachtsmen, kayakers, and even radio amateurs[5] make summer landfall.[2]

Name

[edit]

The etymology of the name is disputed, and could either come from the Breton language minihi, meaning a sanctuary, or from minkier, meaning a seller of fish.[6]

Geography

[edit]
Drone image

Thousands of years ago, around the time of the last glacial period, when sea level was lower, the Channel Islands were high ground on the plain connecting the European Continent and southern England.

Islets

[edit]

The most significant islands in the group are:

  • Maîtresse Île / Maîtr' Île
  • Les Maisons

Others include:

  • Le Niêsant
  • Les Faucheurs
  • La Haute Grune

Protection

[edit]

The Minquiers are designated as protected under the Ramsar Convention.[7]

History

[edit]

In 933 AD, the Duchy of Normandy annexed the islets, along with the other Channel Islands and the Cotentin Peninsula. After William, Duke of Normandy, conquered England in 1066, the islands remained united to the Duchy until Philip Augustus conquered mainland Normandy in 1204. In 1259, Henry III did homage to the French king for the Channel Islands. Edward III, in the 1360 Treaty of Brétigny, waived his claims to the crown of France and Normandy, but reserved various other territories to England, including the Channel Islands.[8]

By 1911, the 1911 Britannica recorded that Maîtresse Île "affords a landing and shelter for fishermen."

During World War Two, a small company of Wehrmacht soldiers on the Minquiers was among the last to surrender in the Second World War. A French fishing boat, skippered by Lucian Marie, approached the island of Minquiers and anchored nearby. A fully armed German soldier approached and asked for help saying, "We've been forgotten by the British, perhaps no one on Jersey told them we were here. I want you to take us over to England, we want to surrender". This was on 23 May 1945, three weeks after the war in Europe ended.[9]

In July 1970, the former French Prime Minister Félix Gaillard, who served in that office from 1957 until 1958, disappeared during a yachting journey; his body was found in the sea off Les Minquiers some days after his disappearance.

In August 2018, one of the twenty buildings on the islands was sold to private individuals using a Jersey company. Only five sales have been recorded in 50 years.[10]

Resolution of status

[edit]
Main article: Minquiers and Ecrehos case

In 1950, Britain and France went to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) for arbitration to decide which country the Minquiers and Ecrehos belonged.[2] The French fished in the waters, but Jersey exercised various administrative rights. The ICJ considered the historical evidence, and in its judgment of 17 November 1953, awarded the islands to Jersey (as represented by the United Kingdom).[8]

In 1998, some French individuals "invaded" the Minquiers on behalf of the "King of Patagonia" in "retaliation" for the British occupation of the Falkland Islands, and raised the French flag.[2][11] The Union Jack was restored the next day.[12]

In literature

[edit]

The Minquiers are mentioned at length by Victor Hugo in his novel Toilers of the Sea. He mentions how treacherous they are, and says that their combined area is bigger than mainland Jersey itself. Hugo lived in both Guernsey and Jersey at various points in his life, and so was familiar with local lore.

The British-French dispute over Les Minquiers is a plot element in Nancy Mitford's novel Don't Tell Alfred, as an occasional cause for dispute between the 'two old ladies' - France and Britain.

The Minquiers feature in the seafaring adventure novel The Wreck of the Mary Deare, by Hammond Innes, and its 1959 film adaptation.

See also

[edit]

Images

[edit]
  • Minquiers looking at the inner basin from the South.
    Minquiers looking at the inner basin from the South.
  • Minquiers looking at inner basin from the South.
    Minquiers looking at inner basin from the South.
  • Minquiers looking at inner basin from the South.
    Minquiers looking at inner basin from the South.

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Minquiers

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia

The Minquiers (French: Les Minquiers) are a group of uninhabited islets and rocks situated between the British Crown dependency of and the coast of in the .
They form part of the Bailiwick of and are administratively included within the Parish of Grouville.
Sovereignty over the Minquiers was contested between the and , but in 1953 the awarded them to the , citing evidence of longstanding effective administration by authorities dating back centuries, including the collection of dues and enforcement of rights.
The reefs extend over a large area that is mostly submerged at high tide, with only scattered rocks visible above water, while at low tide they reveal an expansive shallow plateau supporting diverse marine habitats and designated as a for its ecological value, hosting over 600 species across more than 40 biotopes.
Historically used for and occasional habitation by fishermen's huts, the Minquiers remain largely inaccessible except at low tide and serve primarily as a nature reserve today.

Etymology

Name and Linguistic Origins

The name Les Minquiers derives from Norman French linguistic traditions in the , with the form reflecting historical maritime for reef systems. In the local dialect, it appears as Les Mîntchièrs, illustrating phonetic adaptations in Norman vernacular speech. An anglicized colloquial variant, "the Minkies," emerged among English-speaking islanders, underscoring the bilingual Norman-English context of Jersey's naming conventions. Etymological origins remain contested, with one hypothesis tracing the term to the Breton word minihi, denoting a or protected site, potentially alluding to the reefs' role as navigational refuges. A competing interpretation links it to the minkier, signifying a fisherman's marker or , consistent with the area's historical use for inshore fishing and peril-marking in Norman coastal documentation. These derivations highlight influences from Celtic Breton substrates and Romance Norman French, without evident elements in primary attestations. Historical records and maps exhibit minor orthographic variations, such as Minquiers in English contexts or Les Minquiers in French administrative texts, but maintain consistency in denoting the specific reef cluster distinct from the nearby , whose name stems from separate Norman roots implying or rubble (escroues). This differentiation prevented in medieval charts and legal claims, preserving unique identities amid shared regional linguistic flux.

Geography

Location and Topography

The Minquiers form an extensive reef plateau situated approximately 14.5 kilometers (9 miles) south of within the Gulf of , with central coordinates at 48°58′ N, 2°05′ W. This positioning places the reefs amid strong tidal currents funneling through the English Channel's narrow approaches, influencing their dynamic exposure. Bathymetric surveys indicate the plateau spans roughly 9 by 6 kilometers, with surrounding depths increasing to 20-30 meters beyond the reef edges, though the core area remains shallow enough for frequent tidal influence. The region's macrotidal regime, with spring tidal ranges reaching 13 meters, results in most reef features submerging twice daily, exposing only the highest outcrops—such as those rising to 2-3 meters above chart datum—at low water. This cyclical wetting and drying, verified through hydrographic charting, creates a labyrinth of channels and basins that shift with each cycle, rendering the area navigable primarily at low tide for shallow-draft vessels. Geologically, the Minquiers comprise primarily foliated , an of Precambrian origin linked to the , overlain in places by weathered sediments. Formation involved intense post-glacial erosion during the , when lowered sea levels exposed the plateau as dry land, followed by Holocene transgression—driven by influx and isostatic adjustments—that raised relative sea levels by over 100 meters since the around 20,000 years ago, sculpting the current low-relief topography through abrasive tidal action.

Component Islets and Reefs

The Minquiers consist of an extensive rocky reef plateau measuring approximately 16 km east-west by 11 km north-south, with a low-tide surface area exceeding 100 km² that diminishes to about 0.1 km² at high tide. At high tide, only nine small islets and rocks remain visible above water, the largest of which is La Maîtresse Île, a Y-shaped feature roughly 100 m long and 50 m wide situated at the northern edge of the reef. This principal islet supports a cluster of around 12 stone fishermen's huts but lacks permanent human habitation due to frequent tidal inundation and limited soil cover of sand and peaty material. Smaller emergent features include unnamed rocky heads scattered across the plateau, with the western sub-reef known as La Pipette forming an interconnected hazard zone. The intertidal zones expose vast granite-derived rock shelves, composed of foliated granodiorite, diorite, and pegmatite, which interconnect during ebb tides but pose severe navigational risks from strong currents and abrupt shoals. Hydrographic surveys, such as those reflected in Admiralty Chart 3656 from the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office, delineate these reefs as treacherous, with black-and-white painted structures on La Maîtresse Île serving as rudimentary daymarks for approaching vessels during low water. Seasonal use by fishermen occurs on the exposed islets at low tide, but the absence of stable land prevents year-round settlement.

Ecology and Conservation

Biodiversity and Ecosystems

The Minquiers reefs support colonies of significance to the , including breeding populations of shags (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) and great cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo). These colonies utilize the rocky outcrops and islets for nesting, while extensive intertidal zones exceeding 100 km² at serve as feeding and roosting sites for passage and wintering waders and wildfowl. Marine fauna in the Minquiers includes a small breeding population of grey seals (Halichoerus grypus), which haul out on emergent rocks, and one of the largest (Tursiops truncatus) breeding populations in the , frequently observed in surrounding waters. The subtidal reefs and shallow intertidal pools function as nursery habitats for juvenile and , supporting diverse stocks of commercial species such as , lobsters, and mixed wet . Over 600 marine species have been recorded across more than 40 types, including cold-water communities with species at their range limits. Terrestrial and intertidal flora on the few emergent islets, such as La Maîtr' Île, consists primarily of salt-tolerant species like (Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima) and tree mallow (Lavatera arborea), adapted to rocky, saline conditions with limited soil. Subtidal and intertidal marine vegetation features extensive kelp forests dominated by species, fucoid algae on rocky platforms, and subtidal beds that stabilize sediments and provide structure. Vegetation cover has been impacted by applications in 1972–1973, leading to near-total destruction followed by slow natural recovery, alongside risks from introduced non-indigenous species.

Environmental Protection Measures

Les Minquiers were designated a of International Importance under the on 14 November 2005, encompassing approximately 9,575 hectares of offshore reefs and surrounding marine waters to conserve unique intertidal and subtidal habitats vulnerable to and physical disturbance. This status obligates authorities to implement management plans addressing threats such as unsustainable , which has historically depleted stocks like scallops and ormers in the area, prompting strategic restrictions to restore ecological balance. The 2012 Ramsar Management Plan for Les Minquiers emphasizes monitoring and zoning to mitigate habitat degradation from anchoring and extraction, linking observed declines in benthic communities to intensified commercial pressures post-1953. In 2017, Les Minquiers were established as a (MPA) by the Government of , building on the 2013 identification of the reefs as priority sites for offshore conservation amid evidence of reducing fish by up to 50% in comparable Channel Island habitats. The Sea Fisheries (Les Minquiers) (Jersey) Regulations 2007, effective from that year, prohibit specific destructive gear such as parlour pots and dredges within the zone to curb illegal and unreported fishing, which studies indicate persists at levels contributing 10-20% of catches in Jersey's MPAs despite patrols. by the States of Jersey's Fisheries and team includes vessel monitoring systems and fines exceeding £10,000 for violations, though efficacy is limited by cross-border incursions from French trawlers exploiting gaps. Further protections were enacted in January 2023, designating two specific areas—Maîtr'Île and surrounding islets—as Areas of Special Protection under the Wildlife (Jersey) Law 2021, targeting nesting sites for seabirds including common terns and great black-backed gulls threatened by recreational disturbance and nest predation linked to unregulated access. The Ports of Jersey Code of Conduct, revised in alignment with Ramsar guidelines, mandates anchor watches during high tide and restricts landing on sensitive islets to prevent trampling of breeding grounds, with compliance monitored via voluntary reporting and aerial surveys revealing persistent anchoring damage to seagrass beds. Despite these measures, empirical data from 2017-2022 diver surveys show localized habitat degradation, including 15-25% loss of maerl beds attributed to residual illegal dredging, underscoring challenges in fully countering overfishing's causal impacts without enhanced international cooperation.

Historical Development

Pre-Modern Usage and Settlement Efforts

Archaeological investigations on Maîtresse Île, the principal emergent landform within the Minquiers reef complex, have revealed evidence of prehistoric human activity, including remains of huts linked to seal hunters. These findings suggest the use of temporary migratory camps during periods of low tide to exploit marine mammals and other resources, consistent with broader patterns of and adaptation in the Channel region. Later prehistoric occupation, including artifacts, further indicates episodic visits for resource gathering, though erosion has diminished surviving traces. Medieval pottery sherds, hearthstones, flint tools, animal bones, and charcoal deposits recovered from the site point to continued intermittent usage, likely for fishing camps or seasonal exploitation of shellfish and fish stocks accessible at low water. These artifacts reflect practical, short-term human presence rather than sustained habitation, as the reef's extreme tidal range—up to 12 meters—submerges most features daily, rendering permanent structures unfeasible. Norman-era efforts to establish more enduring settlements or fortifications faltered for the same environmental reasons, with documentary evidence limited to transient visits by fishermen and salvors monitoring wrecks along vital sea lanes. The navigational perils of the Minquiers, evidenced by historical patterns, prompted medieval salvage practices under local seigneurial rights, where debris and goods from strandings were claimed to support coastal economies. This activity underscores the reefs' role as a hazardous rather than a viable settlement zone, prioritizing empirical extraction over territorial .

Norman Conquest and Medieval Claims

Following the of in , , as and King of , incorporated the , including the Minquiers reefs, into a unified Anglo-Norman realm under the English crown's ducal authority. This arrangement maintained continuity of Norman governance structures, with the islets treated as dependencies of within the . The pivotal divergence occurred in 1204, when King Philip II of France seized King John's continental Norman territories, but the , including Minquiers, affirmed loyalty to the English monarch by rejecting French overlordship and resisting temporary incursions. Retained by the Plantagenet kings as crown lands distinct from lost mainland possessions, Minquiers fell under 's administrative purview, as evidenced by King John's 1200 charter granting (with its dependencies) to constable Piers des Préaux. Medieval English oversight is substantiated by 13th-century royal inquisitions, such as the 1274 Extenta de Insula de under Edward I, which cataloged feudal tenures and over Jersey's insular extents, linking Minquiers to crown-supervised seigneuries. Further, a 1258 royal mandate directed the Sub-Warden to safeguard , , and "the king's other islands," while 1360 explicitly extended guardianship to adjacent islets. Tax rolls and manorial records from Jersey fiefs, including revenues from and salvage at Minquiers, confirm persistent English administrative control through the late medieval period.

Sovereignty Dispute

Historical French and British Assertions

The United Kingdom's historical assertions over the Minquiers emphasized effective control through integration into 's feudal structure, with the reefs forming part of fiefs such as Noirmont and Samarès mouvant, granting seigneurs rights over adjacent waters and islets since at least the medieval period. authorities exercised via court proceedings and administrative oversight, including a 1747 case before the involving property on the reefs and 19th-century grants of concessions by officials, reflecting continuous possession without significant interruption. British maps and naval surveys from the onward consistently depicted the Minquiers as appendages to , supported by periodic patrols to enforce local laws against unauthorized activities. France's pre-20th-century claims relied primarily on abstract feudal titles deriving from the Duchy of Normandy's 933 grant incorporating the , positing retention after the loss of continental territories, though without documented specific administration over the Minquiers. French maps occasionally included the reefs within national boundaries during the , and sporadic protests were lodged against perceived British encroachments, but these lacked corresponding acts of occupation or enforcement until a mission in 1888 erected temporary beacons on several islets to mark navigational hazards. This 1888 action triggered the initial formal bilateral dispute, as prior French engagement consisted mainly of fishing access under the 1839 Anglo-French convention without assertions of territorial dominion.

20th-Century Escalation and ICJ Proceedings

Following , the longstanding sovereignty dispute over the Minquiers islets resurged amid heightened fishing activities in the region and ambiguities in post-war maritime boundaries, prompting renewed diplomatic tensions between the and . These frictions, building on late-19th-century claims, involved assertions of fishing rights that underscored uncertainties in territorial jurisdiction, leading to protests over enforcement of local regulations by authorities. To resolve the matter, the two governments concluded a Special Agreement on September 6, 1950, referring the question of over the Minquiers and Ecrehos groups—insofar as their islets and rocks were capable of appropriation—to the for adjudication under . The Agreement specified that the Court's determination would apply to the islets and rocks capable of appropriation, excluding mere reefs or drying rocks, and emphasized proof of title through relevant facts and evidence. Written proceedings began with the United Kingdom's filed on January 30, 1952, asserting historic title via continuous and peaceful effective occupation since , evidenced by administrative acts such as Jersey's collection of dues from fishermen, installation of navigational aids, and exercise of judicial authority over incidents in the area. responded with its Counter-Memorial on April 30, 1952, countering with claims based on geographical proximity to the Norman coast and interpretations of medieval treaties like the 1259 Treaty of Paris, which it argued transferred the islets to French dominion following the 1204 loss of continental . Further pleadings included the United Kingdom's Reply on July 31, 1952, and 's Rejoinder on December 31, 1952, each elaborating evidentiary materials such as maps, royal charters, and records of state practice. Oral proceedings unfolded over nine sessions from September 17 to 25, 1953, at the in , where agents and counsel for both parties presented arguments and examined witnesses on acts of possession. The stressed the evidentiary weight of consistent displays of authority, including 18th- and 19th-century visits by officials and unchallenged assertions of control, rejecting proximity as dispositive absent proof of title. maintained that medieval legal presumptions and lack of effective British occupation favored its claim, introducing and usage patterns as supporting continuous rights. Throughout, the focused on standards requiring clear, of through state acts rather than presumptive or historical inferences alone, evaluating admissions, silences in protests, and the probative value of administrative records.

1953 Ruling and Subsequent Maritime Agreements

On 17 November 1953, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) issued a unanimous judgment in the Minquiers and Ecrehos case, ruling that sovereignty over the islets and rocks of the Minquiers and Ecrehos groups— insofar as they were capable of appropriation—belonged to the United Kingdom. The Court determined that the United Kingdom had maintained continuous and peaceful possession and effective administration of the islets since at least the early 13th century, following the separation of the Channel Islands from the Duchy of Normandy in 1204. It rejected France's claims rooted in medieval treaties and Norman origins, emphasizing that sovereignty disputes must be resolved based on demonstrated title through actual use and control rather than dormant historical arguments revived centuries later. The decision established a durable resolution to the , with both parties the outcome and no subsequent challenges to the attribution emerging in official state actions. This acceptance underscored the of judicial in prioritizing of possession over irredentist assertions, fostering long-term stability in the region without recorded incidents of French encroachment on Minquiers' land post-ruling. Subsequent maritime agreements addressed overlapping resource claims without revisiting territorial . In 2000, the and signed the Agreement Concerning Fishing in the Bay of Granville, which delimited maritime boundaries between (administering Minquiers on behalf of ) and , establishing exclusive economic zones and a joint advisory committee for in the bay. This pact modernized historical fishing arrangements, allocating rights based on sustainable practices and mutual consent, thereby preventing conflicts over adjacent waters while respecting the 1953 framework.

Cultural and Economic Significance

Representations in Literature and Folklore

In Victor Hugo's novel Toilers of the Sea (1866), the Minquiers reefs are described amid the treacherous navigation routes of the Channel Islands, highlighting their role in the perilous seascapes faced by fishermen, as in references to passages near the Hardent between the Minquiers and other hazards. Similarly, in Ninety-Three (1874), Hugo alludes to the Minquiers at length, portraying them as remote, storm-battered outcrops emblematic of the wild, unforgiving seas off Jersey during the French Revolution era. These depictions draw from Hugo's exile in Guernsey (1851–1870), where he observed local maritime lore, emphasizing the reefs' isolation and navigational threats without fabricating events beyond observed perils. Jersey folklore casts the Minquiers as hazardous reefs, often invoked in tales of shipwrecks and maritime dangers for unwary sailors en route to French ports like St. Malo, reinforcing their reputation as a graveyard for vessels due to shifting sands and tides. Local legends include ghost stories tied to the reefs, such as spectral fishermen or eerie presences, which featured in Jersey Post's 2022 Myths & Legends III stamp series depicting hauntings at the Minquiers alongside other island sites. These narratives, rooted in historical strandings like the 1934 incident of five fishermen sheltering there, blend empirical wreck records with oral traditions of supernatural warnings against the reefs' treachery. Broader Channel Island submergence myths extend to the Minquiers, recounting ancient lands swallowed by rising seas, preserved in folk memories of once-habitable terrains now reduced to tidal rocks, as analyzed in studies of indigenous oral histories from the and Minquiers groups. Such tales symbolize human vulnerability to natural forces, with the reefs embodying resilience in Jersey's against elemental isolation, though they prioritize cautionary realism over heroic embellishment.

Fishing Rights and Resource Utilization

The Minquiers reefs serve as a significant habitat for () and (), supporting 's static gear fisheries through potting and diving. Lobster potting dominates, comprising part of the island's highest-value that accounts for approximately 70% of landings value. Annual catch data from Jersey's reports indicate fluctuating lobster landings, with quantities decreasing in recent years to levels below historical averages, such as reduced volumes reported from 2020 onward amid broader stock pressures. Scallop diving remains permitted in the area, contributing to diversified harvests despite restrictions on mobile gear like since 2008. Following the 1953 International Court of Justice ruling affirming sovereignty over the Minquiers, primary fishing rights reside with authorities, integrating the reefs into regulated . This allocation prioritizes local vessels, with French access governed by bilateral arrangements such as the Granville Bay Agreement, which establishes shared management outside the three-nautical-mile limit but does not extend full rights into core zones. Post-Brexit quota negotiations have maintained limited French licenses, requiring demonstration of sustainable practices, though disputes persist over verification and access volumes. Resource utilization faces challenges from illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) activities, including unlicensed incursions by foreign vessels, which undermine stock assessments and enforcement in the Channel region. Climate-driven shifts exacerbate pressures, with warming waters altering and distributions and potentially reducing sustainable yields in localized areas like the Minquiers, as evidenced by ongoing declines in Jersey's reported catches. Empirical from annual monitoring highlight the need for evidence-based quotas over restrictive measures lacking yield projections, as overregulation in MPAs has not demonstrably reversed stock trends despite static gear allowances.

References

  1. https://www.icj-cij.org/case/17
  2. https://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Planning%20and%20building/R%20CountrysideAppraisalOffshoreReefsIslands%2020091007%20SH.pdf
  3. https://www.worldcourts.com/icj/eng/decisions/1953.11.17_minquiers_and_ecrehos.htm
  4. https://www.icj-cij.org/node/100199
  5. https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1456
  6. https://digimapmarinas.com/home/marinas/minquiers/
  7. https://www.jerripedia.org/wiki/Les_Minquiers
  8. https://wikishire.co.uk/wiki/Minquiers
  9. https://www.jerripedia.org/wiki/Coast:_Offshore
  10. https://www.jersey.com/things-to-do/points-of-interest/listings/les-minquiers/
  11. https://mapcarta.com/18430314
  12. https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20141210-danger-saint-malo-and-the-highest-tides-in-europe
  13. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/56a5/0b168f6cb05267977f169624c4b78dbe81b9.pdf
  14. https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/49174742/documents/GB1456_mgt221118072015__Site_Mgt_Plan_2012.pdf
  15. https://www.jerseylaw.je/laws/current/ro_61_2007
  16. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165783622003320
  17. https://www.gov.je/News/2023/pages/areasofspecialprotectionatlesminquiers.aspx
  18. https://cdn.ports.je/web/Les-Minquiers-Code-of-Conduct-Final.pdf
  19. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780081026984000216
  20. https://www.jerseyheritage.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Jersey-Resource-Assessment-Bronze-Age-Draft.pdf
  21. https://www.icj-cij.org/node/103124
  22. https://www.jerseylaw.je/publications/jglr/Pages/JLR1006_Falle.aspx
  23. https://dome-online.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Judgment-of-17-11-1953.pdf
  24. https://history.je/who-owns-minquiers-britain-asks-international-court/
  25. https://opil.ouplaw.com/display/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e172
  26. https://treaties.fcdo.gov.uk/awweb/pdfopener?md=1&did=69746
  27. https://statesassembly.je/publications/propositions/2000/p-81-2000
  28. https://www.online-literature.com/victor_hugo/toilers-of-the-sea/41/
  29. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/32338/32338-h/32338-h.htm
  30. https://www.jerseypost.com/about-us/news/2022/myths-and-legends-iii-stamps/
  31. https://history.je/stranded-fishermen-are-found-on-minquiers/
  32. https://patricknunn.org/ancient-stories-recalling-the-submergence-of-the-channel-islands-les-iles-de-la-manche/
  33. https://www.bluemarinefoundation.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/JerseyBriefing_2022_Digital_Final.pdf
  34. https://statesassembly.je/scrutiny/scrutiny-reports/2021/report-inclusion-of-the-bailiwick-of-jersey-in-the-uk-eu-trade-and-co-operation-agreement-%28fisheri
  35. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-jersey-59627914
  36. https://www.bailiwickexpress.com/news/minquiers-be-stage-international-fishing-protest/
  37. https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk/context/bms-research/article/1773/viewcontent/1_s2.0_S0165783622003320_main.pdf
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.